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The Life and Legacy of Ralph Waldo Emerson

Although he was renowned and remembered as one of the greatest American philosophers of all time, Ralph Waldo Emerson is now mostly unknown. Born May 25, 1803 to Reverend William Emerson, he had great writing and oratory skills since birth. His ancestry almost predetermined his path in life as a minister, but he chose a different path. He had shown non-conformity as a child, which gave people the notion that he was headed for nowhere. Few people ever guessed that he would go on to be one of the greatest philosophers man has ever known, joining the ranks of Plato, Rene Descartes, and John Locke. His words have been revered and immortalized by many throughout the centuries. He was born to Reverend William Emerson, Ruth Haskins Emerson and a long line of venerated Unitarian ministers. From his birth, Emerson was expected to follow this path. As a child, he was not extremely bright. His father noted that he was a “rather dull scholar” and Emerson did not perform exceptionally in school. Due to his family’s specialization in religion, as a child, he was frequently exposed to Christianity. However, Emerson was soon burdened with the death of his father on May 12, 1811, two week short of Emerson’s eighth birthday. However, even as a child, Emerson showed signs of his writing ability. He wrote various poems about religion and patriotism. The family moved to Concord in 1814 due to the threat of the blockade on Boston during the war of 1812. At the age of 15, he applied for Harvard and was accepted. He performed superbly in most of his subjects. However, he had difficulty in mathematics during his duration at Harvard. After graduating with numerous honors and distinctions, including two Bowdoin awards for his essays. He started teaching at one of the schools his family owned, which he highly despised. He stated that it “takes a philosopher of a fool to build a fire or teach a school” and called his tenure his “miserable employment,” all the while writing numerous essay, poems, and pamphlets ender the pseudonym H.O.N. In 1825, Emerson closed the school and attended Harvard Ministry School, where he learned his great oratory skills and strengthened his religious background. There, he was taught the Unitarian doctrine, which he learned splendidly. He would become a renowned preacher and minister when he left the school. Meanwhile, he became engaged to Ellen Louisa Tucker, a young woman who Emerson described as “the fairest and best of her kind.” During this time, Ellen started to fall sick, and Emerson worried for her. However, Emerson received a job offer from the Second Church that would significantly raise his salary but make him go away from Ellen. Emerson reluctantly agreed. On September 30th, Ellen and Emerson were married. It was 1829. For the next two years, Emerson loved and stood by Ellen, but her health was quickly declining. By February 18, 1831, Ellen had died of Tuberculosis. Emerson was grieved by the incident. She was only 19. For the coming years would “sit alone from month to month filled with a deep desire to exchange thoughts with a friend who does not reappear.” He started to wonder about life and philosophy. He wondered about the faultlessness of religion. Meanwhile, his job as a minister in the Second Church continued. He started to doubt portions of the Unitarian teachings, including his sermon on the Lord’s Supper. Emerson started to question more and more. He took a bold move. He requested the permission to change portions of his sermon on the Lord’s Supper from the Second Church. Audaciously, in his argument about the Lord’s Supper, Emerson dismisses it due to the fact that is does not suit him. He fought with the Church vehemently, which would soon lead to his resignation as minister. Jobless and confused about life, Emerson set off for Europe. During his trip to Europe, which he would later recount in his “English Traits”, he explored all corners of Europe. He visited many historical places, such as Malta, Italy, England, and Scotland. He also met numerous writers and other historical figures including William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Stuart Mill, Pope Gregory XVI, and Thomas Carlyle, the latter of whom he would have a good relationship. They regularly exchanged letters and Emerson would serve as Carlyle’s agent and advocate in the United States. During this trip, Emerson was exposed to an assortment of philosophies and ideals set forth by famous European philosophers and leaders over the centuries such as Plato, Swedenborg, Montaigne, Shakespeare, Napoleon, and Goethe. He would later list these influential men as “Representative Men” in his essay of the same title. These men had a strong influence on Emerson’s thoughts about life and philosophy. Emerson returned and landed in New York on October 7, 1833. In 1835, Emerson returned to Concord, where he wedded Mrs. Lydia Jackson. Emerson then went on to form the Hedge Club, who included people with the same view as him in religion. The club was formed by a few dozens of Boston’s most educated citizens, though they tended not to be particularly rich. This club, later dubbed the Transcendental Club, led to the Transcendentalist movement in religion by 1840. They published Transcendental pamphlets and journals including The Dial. Transcendentalism stated that only human logic and intuition could lead to a deeper understanding of mysticism and nature. The movement also goes against the state of intellectualism, or ideas that things could only be understood through rational thought and reasoning, which was dominant in academic communities like Harvard. However, Emerson’s philosophy of Transcendentalism believed in the usage of human intuition or immediate formation of knowledge to further his understanding of the world. He anonymously published these ideas in a short, 95-page book called Nature in 1836. This was the start of the Transcendentalist movement. However, it mostly stated the importance of nature, a revolutionary idea. Since most areas had been industrialized in Europe, Emerson attempted to convince others that Nature needed to be protected. The publication of Nature, nonetheless, was eventually credited to Emerson. His popularity grew overnight. He was requested to speak in numerous places. In 1837, Emerson gave his speech, The American Scholar. In his speech, Emerson states the importance of the single “scholar”. This was a part of Emerson’s strong belief in Individualism. It was strongly patronized, with Oliver Wendell Holmes, a great poet and writer, called The American Scholar America’s “Intellectual Declaration of Independence.” At the same time, Harvard Divinity School invited Emerson back to give the school’s annual graduation address. After his lecture, where he stated that Jesus was a great man, but not God, a barrage of criticism bombarded him. Unitarian Andrew Norton published the Latest Form of Infidelity, which was used as an attack on Emerson’s teachings about religion. He was labeled an “atheist” and a “poisoner of young men’s minds.” Harvard did not invite Emerson back to speak for another forty years. By this time, Emerson was an acclaimed speaker. He toured around the United States to give his lectures on a variety of ideals. He was a great orator, known to be able to persuade and move large hordes of people. He frequently wrote down his speeches and published them into essays, including The Transcendentalist. Meanwhile, Emerson wrote many books and poems that expressed his Transcendentalist Ideals. In 1841, Emerson wrote his Compensation, and Self-Reliance. In Compensation, Emerson wrote that there is a balance between excess and defects/taxes and that every thing is compensated for. He also discussed his hatred and disapproval of mob mentality. In one of his more famous essays, Self-Reliance, Emerson stresses the importance to follow one’s own thoughts and intuition instead of following those created by others. In the essay, Emerson expresses his Transcendentalist ideals and that we should “trust ourselves, for God will not have his work manifest by cowards.” In 1837, Emerson wrote his poem titled Concord Hymn, origin of the phrase “shot heard ‘round the world.” In January 1842, Emerson’s son Waldo died of Scarlet Fever. Emerson published his poem Threnody to grieve his death. Emerson also lectured on his political position, including his strong Abolitionist stance. Ralph Waldo Emerson also had a teetering relationship with fellow Transcendentalist, Henry Thoreau, for who was 15 years Emerson’s junior. Emerson acted as a mentor to Thoreau, who believed in Transcendentalism and peaceful resistance. Thoreau is famous for his book about his stay at Walden Pond appropriately titled Walden. Emerson owned that patch of land. Emerson supported him by giving him odd jobs in exchange for rent, board, and other necessities. When Thoreau left Walden Pond, he stayed at Emerson’s home while Emerson was on a lecturing tour. However, when Emerson advised Thoreau to publish A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, it turned out to be a big failure. After the incident, animosity grew and they antagonized each other. Even by Thoreau’s death in 1862, their relationship never rekindled. For the last 30 years of his life, Emerson did not write as frequently as he did previously. He would occassionally write a book, but he continued to give many speeches, including numerous ones about the growing tensions that would lead to the War Between the States. He has strong support for Old Abe, endorsed John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry, celebrated the Emancipation Proclamation, and grieved the assasination of Lincoln. By 1872, he was losing his memory as others were dying around him. In 1867, his brother and last remaining sibling, William, died. He grieved about it for months. Lydia Emerson and Emerson’s numerous correspondences tried everything to salvage Emerson’s health and even his life. They took his to numerous doctors and took numerous excursions, including one to Egypt. On one of the last trips of his life, Emerson “enjoyed heartily the watery journey” along the Nile. Emerson’s own journey was coming to an end. In February of 1882, he insisted on walking through snowdrifts to hear F. B. Sanborn’s “Life of Thoreau”. Determined to hear the story of his old friend, Emerson contracted Pneumonia. Emerson died on April 27, 1882 at ten minutes to nine. On April 30, over one thousand people arrived from all around to watch as one of the greatest philosophers in American history was laid to rest in the Sleepy Hollow cemetary beside his lifelong friends, Hawthorne and Thoreau, who had helped him shape a whole new direction for religion. Emerson’s legacy remains with us. He sent a shockwave throughout religion and changed the way we think about life. I had known nothing about him before this project, and I have been enlightened on this wonderful philosopher. It was challenging to read through and understand philosophical texts, but in the end, I have had the pleasure of meeting Ralph Waldo Emerson through his works. He has my admiration, like many before me, and many more to come. I would gladly enjoy recommending others the life of this great man. We know surprisingly little about this philosopher of many others like him. We are mostly a nation in the dark. Throughout this project, I have learned many things about this man. For one, he was an aquaintance with Thoreau, a man who created the idea of nonviolent protest. He was the writer who was the creater of the phrase, “shot heard ‘round the world,” a phrase that has been extended far beyond its original intentions and meaning. He also led the Transcendentalist movement, a movement that changed religion in America. I would like to understand it more thouroughly if I could change this project and might even consult an actual Unitarian minister. Further understanding Transcendentalism is further understanding Emerson, which is further understanding life.

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стран соединяйтесь!!!

Со смертью пожизненного президента Сапармурата Ниязова у правительства Туркменистана появляется шанс положить конец многолетним репрессиям и открыть новую главу для прав человека в этой богатой газом центральноазиатской стране. За 21 год своего правления Ниязов превратил Туркменистан в одно из самых закрытых и репрессивных государств мира. Туркменбаши не терпел никакой оппозиции и гражданского общества, отправляя за решетку или в эмиграцию оппозиционеров, правозащитников, журналистов и членов их семей. Постоянные политически чистки и гротескный культ личности напоминали сталинизм. Социально-экономическая политика Ниязова отбрасывала страну назад. Хьюман Райтс Вотч призывает правительство Туркменистана немедленно освободить всех политзаключенных, отменить ограничения на свободу передвижения в стране, а также на въезд и выезд, и провести свободные и справедливые президентские выбор В условиях, когда голос Соединенных Штатов утратил вес из-за использования администрацией Буша-младшего пыток и содержания под стражей без суда, образовавшуюся брешь в глобальном правозащитном лидерстве должен заполнить Евросоюз, говорится в публикуемом сегодня Всемирном докладе Хьюман Райтс Вотч

75.82.205.58 12:36, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Hey B**j*m*n Z***

good job on the geo bee! I award you this-

		2 Years With Victory in the GeoBee
		For winning the geobee two times in a row. hope you make it to state and represent the sate! Josephseagullstalin 03:48, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

you're welcome! its fine im over it- i still have next year. This is the last chance you will ever get, so i think you deserve it fair and square!