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Paul Whitelaw of ''[[The Courier (Dundee)|The Courier]]'' described it as a "poignant genealogy series" and said, "Dooley is good choice of host, she’s likeable and empathetic but the star of the show is Professor Turi King, who explains the science and gently guides the contributors through the entire process. She radiates kindness."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Whitelaw|first=Paul|title=TV Previews: Paul Whitelaw looks at the tragic tale of Caroline Flack and finds some Comic Relief -|url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/lifestyle/2029285/tv-caroline-flack-preview/|access-date=2021-04-13|website=The Courier|language=en-GB}}</ref>
Paul Whitelaw of ''[[The Courier (Dundee)|The Courier]]'' described it as a "poignant genealogy series" and said, "Dooley is good choice of host, she’s likeable and empathetic but the star of the show is Professor Turi King, who explains the science and gently guides the contributors through the entire process. She radiates kindness."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Whitelaw|first=Paul|title=TV Previews: Paul Whitelaw looks at the tragic tale of Caroline Flack and finds some Comic Relief -|url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/lifestyle/2029285/tv-caroline-flack-preview/|access-date=2021-04-13|website=The Courier|language=en-GB}}</ref>


=== Selected bibliography<ref name="peopleking" /><ref name="scopus" /><ref name="epmc" /> ===
=== Selected bibliography ===
Sources: <ref name="peopleking" /><ref name="scopus" /><ref name="epmc" />
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/01419870.2016.1105991 |title=Becoming a Viking: DNA testing, genetic ancestry and placeholder identity |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=162–180 |year=2015 |last1=Scully |first1=Marc |last2=Brown |first2=Steven D. |last3=King |first3=Turi |s2cid=55505069 |url=https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/19565 |type=Submitted manuscript }}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/01419870.2016.1105991 |title=Becoming a Viking: DNA testing, genetic ancestry and placeholder identity |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=162–180 |year=2015 |last1=Scully |first1=Marc |last2=Brown |first2=Steven D. |last3=King |first3=Turi |s2cid=55505069 |url=https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/19565 |type=Submitted manuscript }}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/ncomms6631 |pmid=25463651 |pmc=4268703 |title=Identification of the remains of King Richard III |journal=Nature Communications |volume=5 |pages=5631 |year=2014 |last1=King |first1=Turi E. |last2=Fortes |first2=Gloria Gonzalez |last3=Balaresque |first3=Patricia |last4=Thomas |first4=Mark G. |last5=Balding |first5=David |last6=Delser |first6=Pierpaolo Maisano |last7=Neumann |first7=Rita |last8=Parson |first8=Walther |last9=Knapp |first9=Michael |last10=Walsh |first10=Susan |last11=Tonasso |first11=Laure |last12=Holt |first12=John |last13=Kayser |first13=Manfred |last14=Appleby |first14=Jo |last15=Forster |first15=Peter |last16=Ekserdjian |first16=David |last17=Hofreiter |first17=Michael |last18=Schürer |first18=Kevin |bibcode=2014NatCo...5.5631K }}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/ncomms6631 |pmid=25463651 |pmc=4268703 |title=Identification of the remains of King Richard III |journal=Nature Communications |volume=5 |pages=5631 |year=2014 |last1=King |first1=Turi E. |last2=Fortes |first2=Gloria Gonzalez |last3=Balaresque |first3=Patricia |last4=Thomas |first4=Mark G. |last5=Balding |first5=David |last6=Delser |first6=Pierpaolo Maisano |last7=Neumann |first7=Rita |last8=Parson |first8=Walther |last9=Knapp |first9=Michael |last10=Walsh |first10=Susan |last11=Tonasso |first11=Laure |last12=Holt |first12=John |last13=Kayser |first13=Manfred |last14=Appleby |first14=Jo |last15=Forster |first15=Peter |last16=Ekserdjian |first16=David |last17=Hofreiter |first17=Michael |last18=Schürer |first18=Kevin |bibcode=2014NatCo...5.5631K }}

Revision as of 14:06, 2 October 2022

Turi King
King in 2015
Born
Turi Emma King[4]

(1969-12-31) 31 December 1969 (age 54)[4]
Nottingham, England
NationalityCanadian[citation needed]
British
Alma mater
Known for
AwardsHaldane Lecture (2018)[1]
Scientific career
FieldsGenetics
Archaeology
History
Forensics
Genetic genealogy
Surnames[2]
InstitutionsUniversity of Leicester
ThesisThe relationship between British surnames and Y-chromosomal haplotypes (2008)
Academic advisorsAlec Jeffreys[3]
Websitewww.turiking.co.uk

Turi Emma King (born 31 December 1969)[4] is a Canadian-British professor of Public engagement and Genetics at the University of Leicester.[6][7][8] She is best known for her work in "cracking one of the biggest forensic DNA cases in history"[9] during the exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England.[5] She is also known for featuring with Stacey Dooley on the BBC Two genealogy series DNA Family Secrets[10] which was recommissioned for a second series in 2021.[11]

Education and early life

King was born in Nottingham, England, as the eldest of three children born to Alan King, an engineer, and Daphne King, a housewife.[9] She moved to Canada at an early age and was brought up in Vancouver, British Columbia. She studied at the University of British Columbia and worked on archaeological sites in Canada, Greece, and England[6][when?], before moving to the Jesus College, Cambridge[9] to read Archaeology and Anthropology.[12] There she was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree.[13] She won a scholarship to study for a Master of Science degree in Molecular Genetics at the University of Leicester, gaining a First with Distinction.[when?] In 2000 she started her doctoral research as a Wellcome Trust Prize Student at the University of Leicester, specialising in genetic genealogy and "in tracing migration patterns by using genetics."[9] Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys, the inventor of DNA fingerprinting, was on her PhD supervisory panel.[14]

Her award-winning thesis on the relationship between British surnames and Y-chromosomal haplotypes[15][16] was published in 2007, and eventually formed the basis of the book Surnames, DNA and Family History, which she co-authored with David Hey and George Redmonds.[17][2][18]

Career and research

Turi King
King working in the laboratory

King's research[7][8] initially centred around genetics, genetic genealogy, forensics and surnames, and using aspects of human DNA such as the Y chromosome to track past human migrations.[7] Her work has included tracing "the signal of the Viking migration to the north of England", resulting in her appearance in Michael Wood's The Great British Story – A People's History on BBC Two,[16] and in Michael Wood's Story of England. Her research themes involve combinations of molecular genetics with history, forensics, archaeology, geography, and genetic genealogy.

It was this background that made her ideally placed to lead the genetic analysis[19] involved during the exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England,[20] confirming the identity of remains discovered underneath a Leicester car park through the use of DNA from living relatives.[21][19]

In March 2021 she presented the BBC Radio 4 documentary "Genetics and the longer arm of the law".[22]

Public speaking and consultancy

As Professor of Public Engagement, King regularly undertakes public speaking at universities,[citation needed] schools and public events such as the Cheltenham Science Festival,[23] the Moscow Science Festival,[24] a Congressional Breakfast on Capitol Hill[25][citation needed], the Galway Science and Technology Festival,[26] and the Queen's Lecture in Berlin.[27] She guest-presented the Royal Institution's Christmas Lectures in Japan in 2019 stepping in for Alice Roberts.[28][29]

She advises on numerous television programmes and provides genetic expertise to authors such as Patricia Cornwell,[30][31] Philippe Sands,[32] Edward Glover, and David McKie.[33]

King has also appeared in a number of television and radio documentaries as an expert in genetic genealogy, forensics, and/or ancient DNA.[34][35][36][37]

TV, video and radio appearances

King has appeared in numerous television and radio documentaries, programmes and videos as well as advising on television and radio productions such as BBC's Who Do You Think You Are?[38]

  • Presented the BBC Radio 4 documentary: Genetics and the longer arm of the law[22]
  • Guest on The Life Scientific as DNA Detective Turi King
  • Britain's Lost Battlefields with Rob Bell[39]
  • Richard III: The King in the Car Park[40]
  • Britain's Secret Treasures[41]
  • Richard III: Solving a 500 Year Old Cold Case (TEDx Leicester)[42]
  • Richard III – The DNA Analysis & Conclusion (University of Leicester)[43]
  • Richard III: The Resolution of A 500-Year-Old Cold Case (Irving K. Barber Learning Centre Lecture, UBC)[44]

DNA Family Secrets

File:Stacey Dooley and Turi King DNAFS.jpg
Stacey Dooley with King in DNA Family Secrets

DNA Family Secrets is a television series which began airing on BBC Two in March 2021.[10] Presented by Stacey Dooley and King, it uses the latest DNA technology to solve family mysteries around ancestry, missing relatives and genetic disease. It is made by the production company Minnow Films and was recommissioned for a second series in 2021.[11]

The series has received good reviews both from inside the scientific community and from the general public. Elpida Fragouli writing for BioNews wrote "The concept of DNA Family Secrets is unusual, and one would argue educational for the general public. Professor King, an expert in determining genealogy through DNA testing, is a good communicator and demonstrates true empathy towards the individuals that sit down with her."[45]

Stuart Jeffries of The Guardian praised the series called it "a touching, timely portrait of mixed-race Britain" saying the "show doesn’t need celebrities to gild it's drama."[46]

Sara Wallis of the Daily Mirror gave it a positive review writing that "it makes for gripping TV", "emotional, with fascinating DNA facts" with results delivered by King with "wonderful empathy".[47]

Paul Whitelaw of The Courier described it as a "poignant genealogy series" and said, "Dooley is good choice of host, she’s likeable and empathetic but the star of the show is Professor Turi King, who explains the science and gently guides the contributors through the entire process. She radiates kindness."[48]

Selected bibliography

Sources: [6][7][8]

  • Scully, Marc; Brown, Steven D.; King, Turi (2015). "Becoming a Viking: DNA testing, genetic ancestry and placeholder identity". Ethnic and Racial Studies (Submitted manuscript). 39 (2): 162–180. doi:10.1080/01419870.2016.1105991. S2CID 55505069.
  • King, Turi E.; Fortes, Gloria Gonzalez; Balaresque, Patricia; Thomas, Mark G.; Balding, David; Delser, Pierpaolo Maisano; Neumann, Rita; Parson, Walther; Knapp, Michael; Walsh, Susan; Tonasso, Laure; Holt, John; Kayser, Manfred; Appleby, Jo; Forster, Peter; Ekserdjian, David; Hofreiter, Michael; Schürer, Kevin (2014). "Identification of the remains of King Richard III". Nature Communications. 5: 5631. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.5631K. doi:10.1038/ncomms6631. PMC 4268703. PMID 25463651.
  • Appleby, Jo; Rutty, Guy N.; Hainsworth, Sarah V.; Woosnam-Savage, Robert C.; Morgan, Bruno; Brough, Alison; Earp, Richard W.; Robinson, Claire; King, Turi E.; Morris, Mathew; Buckley, Richard (2015). "Perimortem trauma in King Richard III: A skeletal analysis". The Lancet. 385 (9964): 253–259. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60804-7. hdl:2381/33280. PMID 25238931. S2CID 13248948.
  • Bowden, G. R.; Balaresque, P.; King, T. E.; Hansen, Z.; Lee, A. C.; Pergl-Wilson, G.; Hurley, E.; Roberts, S. J.; Waite, P.; Jesch, J.; Jones, A. L.; Thomas, M. G.; Harding, S. E.; Jobling, M. A. (2008). "Excavating Past Population Structures by Surname-Based Sampling: The Genetic Legacy of the Vikings in Northwest England". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 25 (2): 301–309. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm255. PMC 2628767. PMID 18032405.
  • Balaresque, Patricia; Bowden, Georgina R.; Adams, Susan M.; Leung, Ho-Yee; King, Turi E.; Rosser, Zoë H.; Goodwin, Jane; Moisan, Jean-Paul; Richard, Christelle; Millward, Ann; Demaine, Andrew G.; Barbujani, Guido; Previderè, Carlo; Wilson, Ian J.; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Jobling, Mark A. (2010). "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for European Paternal Lineages". PLOS Biology. 8 (1): e1000285. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000285. PMC 2799514. PMID 20087410.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  • Hallast, P.; Batini, C.; Zadik, D.; Maisano Delser, P.; Wetton, J. H.; Arroyo-Pardo, E.; Cavalleri, G. L.; De Knijff, P.; Destro Bisol, G.; Dupuy, B. M.; Eriksen, H. A.; Jorde, L. B.; King, T. E.; Larmuseau, M. H.; Lopez De Munain, A.; Lopez-Parra, A. M.; Loutradis, A.; Milasin, J.; Novelletto, A.; Pamjav, H.; Sajantila, A.; Schempp, W.; Sears, M.; Tolun, A.; Tyler-Smith, C.; Van Geystelen, A.; Watkins, S.; Winney, B.; Jobling, M. A. (2014). "The Y-Chromosome Tree Bursts into Leaf: 13,000 High-Confidence SNPs Covering the Majority of Known Clades". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 32 (3): 661–673. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu327. PMC 4327154. PMID 25468874.
  • King, Turi (2014). "What can Genetics Tell us about Vikings in the Wirral and West Lancashire?". In Harding, Stephen E.; Griffiths, David; Royles, Elizabeth (eds.). In Search of Vikings: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Scandinavian Heritage of North-West England. pp. 165–78. ISBN 9781482207590.

Current projects

The following is a list of projects King is either heading or has been involved with:

  • The King's DNA: whole genome sequencing of Richard III[6]
  • What's in a Name? Applying Patrilineal Surnames to Forensics, Population History, and Genetic Epidemiology[6][49]
  • HALOGEN (History, Archaeology, Linguistics, Onomastics, and GENetics)[6][50]
  • The Irish Surnames Project[6][citation needed]
  • The Mary Jane Kelly Project, dedicated to confirming the identity of Jack the Ripper's final confirmed victim.[6][51]

Awards and honours

In 2016, King was appointed an honorary fellow of the British Science Association in recognition of her contribution to public engagement in science.[52] She gave the J. B. S. Haldane prize lecture of The Genetics Society in 2018, at the Royal Institution, London.[1] She is the current president of the Galton Institute as of the Summer of 2020 as announced in the Galton Review.

Personal life

King is married.[53] It can be assumed that she has a good relationship with her father, as she relayed a secret message to him during the 2013 press conference announcing the findings concerning Richard III's remains; though sworn to secrecy by the University on the findings until the announcement, when she went onstage, King wore "a particular strand of pearls" to let her father watching from Vancouver immediately know that the DNA had been a match.[26]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "JBS Haldane Lecture 2018 - Turi King - Genetics Society". Archived from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  2. ^ a b King, Turi E.; Jobling, Mark A. (2009). "What's in a name? Y chromosomes, surnames and the genetic genealogy revolution". Trends in Genetics. 25 (8): 351–360. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2009.06.003. hdl:2381/8106. ISSN 0168-9525. PMID 19665817.
  3. ^ "The DNA of a King: Dr Turi King on the genome sequencing of Richard III - Culture24". www.culture24.org.uk. Archived from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  4. ^ a b c Anon (2010). "Turi Emma KING". companieshouse.gov.uk. London: Companies House. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018.
  5. ^ a b King, Turi E.; Fortes, Gloria Gonzalez; Balaresque, Patricia; Thomas, Mark G.; Balding, David; Delser, Pierpaolo Maisano; Neumann, Rita; Parson, Walther; Knapp, Michael; Walsh, Susan; Tonasso, Laure; Holt, John; Kayser, Manfred; Appleby, Jo; Forster, Peter; Ekserdjian, David; Hofreiter, Michael; Schürer, Kevin (2014). "Identification of the remains of King Richard III". Nature Communications. 5: 5631. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.5631K. doi:10.1038/ncomms6631. PMC 4268703. PMID 25463651. Open access icon
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Anon (2015). "Prof Turi King". le.ac.uk. University of Leicester. Archived from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  7. ^ a b c d Turi King publications indexed by the Scopus bibliographic database. (subscription required)
  8. ^ a b c Turi King publications from Europe PubMed Central
  9. ^ a b c d Waldie, Paul (5 February 2013). "Two Canadian links to Richard III". theglobeandmail.com. Toronto: The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  10. ^ a b "DNA Family Secrets". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  11. ^ a b "Minnow Films". www.minnowfilms.co.uk. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  12. ^ http://www.aflse.org/article.html?aid=2180&nl=1433
  13. ^ https://turiking.co.uk/about/
  14. ^ Solving a 500 Year Old Cold Case - with Turi King, retrieved 4 July 2021
  15. ^ King, Turi Emma (2007). The relationship between British surnames and Y-chromosomal haplotypes. copac.jisc.ac.uk (PhD thesis). University of Leicester. OCLC 505387627. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.484806. Archived from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  16. ^ a b "The Great British Story: A People's History. Dr. Turi King". BBC Two. Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  17. ^ "Surnames, DNA, and Family History | George Redmonds | 9780198736486 | Oxford University Press Canada". www.oupcanada.com. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  18. ^ Redmonds, George; King, Turi; Hey, David (2011). Surnames, DNA, and Family History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19958-264-8. Archived from the original on 30 December 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  19. ^ a b King, Turi E.; Fortes, Gloria Gonzalez; Balaresque, Patricia; Thomas, Mark G.; Balding, David; Delser, Pierpaolo Maisano; Neumann, Rita; Parson, Walther; Knapp, Michael; Walsh, Susan; Tonasso, Laure; Holt, John; Kayser, Manfred; Appleby, Jo; Forster, Peter; Ekserdjian, David; Hofreiter, Michael; Schürer, Kevin (2014). "Identification of the remains of King Richard III". Nature Communications. 5: 5631. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.5631K. doi:10.1038/ncomms6631. PMC 4268703. PMID 25463651.
  20. ^ "Dr Turi King – genetic analysis". The Discovery of Richard III. University of Leicester. Archived from the original on 15 January 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  21. ^ "Richard III: a 'car park king' timeline". History Extra. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  22. ^ a b "BBC Radio 4 - Genetics and the longer arm of the law". BBC. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  23. ^ "The Times Cheltenham Science Festival 2015". Issuu. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  24. ^ Фестиваль NAUKA 0+ Archived 2019-12-05 at the Wayback Machine www.mos.ru. 7 October 2016
  25. ^ Hall, Lynsey (January 2018). "JBS Haldane Lecture" (PDF). Genetics Society News. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  26. ^ a b "Solve the 500 Year Old Mystery of Richard III". www.galwayscience.ie. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  27. ^ "Queen's Lecture 2016". TU Berlin (in German). 1 November 2016. Archived from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  28. ^ "Royal Institution Blog".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  29. ^ "Who Am I? — 2019 Royal Institution Christmas Lectures at Tokyo Tech". Tokyo Institute of Technology (in Japanese). Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  30. ^ "University of Leicester scientist lends expertise to new Jack the Ripper book". University of Leicester. 27 February 2017. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  31. ^ "The Mary Jane Kelly Project". University of Leicester. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  32. ^ 6794673. "Philippe sands east west street wn 2016". Issuu. Retrieved 13 April 2021. {{cite web}}: |last= has numeric name (help)
  33. ^ Leith, Sam (28 August 2013). "What's in a Surname? A Journey from Abercrombie to Zwicker by David McKie – review". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  34. ^ "Britain's Secret Treasures (2012– ) Full Cast & Crew". IMDb. 16 July 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  35. ^ "Secrets (2013– ) Full Cast & Crew". IMDb. 4 August 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  36. ^ "Richard III: The King in the Car Park (2013) Full Cast & Crew". IMDb. 4 February 2013. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  37. ^ "Inside Science: Orion Launch; Fake Mars trip; XDNA; Richard the Third's skeleton". BBC Radio 4. 4 December 2014. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  38. ^ "Turi King". IMDb. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  39. ^ Britain's Lost Battlefields with Rob Bell (TV Mini Series 2020) - IMDb, retrieved 30 August 2021
  40. ^ Osmond, Louise; Woods, Pete (4 February 2013). Richard III: The King in the Car Park (TV movie). UK: Darlow Smithson Productions, Channel 4 Television Corporation. tt2677712 at IMDb.
  41. ^ Britain's Secret Treasures (TV Series 2012– ) - IMDb, retrieved 30 August 2021
  42. ^ TEDx Leicester Richard III: Solving a 500 Year Old Cold Case (Webcast). Leicester: TEDx Leicester. 21 November 2016. Archived from the original on 12 January 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  43. ^ Richard III – The DNA Analysis & Conclusion (Webcast). Leicester: University of Leicester. 2 December 2014. Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  44. ^ Irving K. Barber Learning Centre Lecture, UBC. Richard III: The Resolution of A 500-Year-Old Cold Case (Webcast). Vancouver: UBC. 16 March 2016. Archived from the original on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  45. ^ "TV Review: DNA Family Secrets - BioNews". www.bionews.org.uk. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  46. ^ "DNA Family Secrets review – a touching, timely portrait of mixed-race Britain". The Guardian. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  47. ^ Wallis, Sara (6 March 2021). "'Stacey Dooley's DNA Family Secrets is like Who Do You Think You Are? on speed'". mirror. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  48. ^ Whitelaw, Paul. "TV Previews: Paul Whitelaw looks at the tragic tale of Caroline Flack and finds some Comic Relief -". The Courier. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  49. ^ "What's in a name? Applying patrilineal surnames to forensics, population history and genetic epidemiology". www.le.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  50. ^ jat26. "HALOGEN - History Archaeology Linguistics Onomastics and GENetics — University of Leicester". www2.le.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  51. ^ er134. "The Mary Jane Kelly Project — University of Leicester". www2.le.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  52. ^ "2016 Honorary Fellows revealed". britishscienceassociation.org. British Science Association. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  53. ^ https://theposthole.org/read/article/216
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