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[[Image:Crystal in VCGS furnace.jpg|thumb|A crystal in the VCGS furnace]]
[[Image:Crystal in VCGS furnace.jpg|thumb|A crystal in the VCGS furnace]]
He then was offered a job at [[EG&G Corporation]] Energy Measurements in [[Goleta, California]] working in crystal growth. EG&G was a [[defense contractor]] of the United States government and their business handled sensitive information in the field of science. Van den Berg was required to become a naturalized US citizen and became a US citizen in 1975. Van den Berg worked many years in research and acquired management experience in the preparation of [[crystalline]] materials—in particular, the growth of single crystals of chemical compounds, and the investigation of associated defect chemistry and electronic properties. He became an international authority on vapor growth techniques with an emphasis on [[Mercury(II) iodide|mercuric iodide]] crystals and its application in the nuclear industry as [[gamma ray]] detectors. While working at [[EG&G]], Van den Berg asked NASA for permission to conduct crystal growth experiments in space and NASA agreed.<ref name="nasa-bio" />
He then was offered a job at [[EG&G Corporation]] Energy Measurements in [[Goleta, California]], working in crystal growth. EG&G was a [[defense contractor]] of the United States government and their business handled sensitive information in the field of science. Van den Berg was required to become a naturalized US citizen and became a US citizen in 1975. Van den Berg worked many years in research and acquired management experience in the preparation of [[crystalline]] materials—in particular, the growth of single crystals of chemical compounds, and the investigation of associated defect chemistry and electronic properties. He became an international authority on vapor growth techniques with an emphasis on [[Mercury(II) iodide|mercuric iodide]] crystals and its application in the nuclear industry as [[gamma ray]] detectors. While working at [[EG&G]], Van den Berg asked NASA for permission to conduct crystal growth experiments in space and NASA agreed.<ref name="nasa-bio" />


==Spaceflight==
==Spaceflight==

Revision as of 02:49, 20 October 2022

Lodewijk van den Berg
Born(1932-03-24)March 24, 1932
Sluiskil, Netherlands
DiedOctober 16, 2022(2022-10-16) (aged 90)
Citizenship
  • Netherlands (before 1975)
  • United States (from 1975)
OccupationChemical engineer
Space career
EG&G Payload Specialist
Time in space
7d 00h 08m
MissionsSTS-51-B
Mission insignia

Lodewijk van den Berg (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈloːdəʋɛik fɑn dəm ˈbɛr(ə)x];[a] March 24, 1932 – October 16, 2022) was a Dutch-born American chemical engineer. He studied crystal growth and flew on a 1985 Space Shuttle Challenger mission as a payload specialist.

Van den Berg was born in the Netherlands and was an astronaut; he was a naturalized American and not a Dutch citizen when he flew on the Challenger.[b] He was married and had two children.[1] He lived in Florida and worked as a chief scientist at the Constellation Technology Corporation.[2][3]

Education and early career

Van den Berg was born in Sluiskil, Netherlands. He was educated in the Netherlands and attended the Delft University of Technology from 1949 to 1961. He earned a degree in chemical engineering.[2] He moved to the United States and went to the University of Delaware getting an MSc degree in applied science which was followed by a PhD degree in applied science in 1974.[1]

A crystal in the VCGS furnace

He then was offered a job at EG&G Corporation Energy Measurements in Goleta, California, working in crystal growth. EG&G was a defense contractor of the United States government and their business handled sensitive information in the field of science. Van den Berg was required to become a naturalized US citizen and became a US citizen in 1975. Van den Berg worked many years in research and acquired management experience in the preparation of crystalline materials—in particular, the growth of single crystals of chemical compounds, and the investigation of associated defect chemistry and electronic properties. He became an international authority on vapor growth techniques with an emphasis on mercuric iodide crystals and its application in the nuclear industry as gamma ray detectors. While working at EG&G, Van den Berg asked NASA for permission to conduct crystal growth experiments in space and NASA agreed.[1]

Spaceflight

Selection

The Vapor Crystal Growth System Furnace experiment of STS-51-B
Lodewijk van den Berg observes the crystal growth aboard Spacelab.

Van den Berg and his colleagues designed the EG&G Vapor Crystal Growth System experiment apparatus for a Space Shuttle flight. The experiment required an in-flight operator and NASA decided that it would be easier to train a crystal growth scientist to become an astronaut, than it would be the other way around. NASA asked EG&G and Van den Berg to compile a list of eight people who would qualify to perform the science experiments in space and to become a Payload Specialist. Van den Berg and his chief, Dr. Harold A. Lamonds could only come up with seven names. Lamonds proposed adding Van den Berg to the list, joking with Van den Berg that due to his age, large glasses, and little strength he would probably be dropped during the first selection round; but at least they would have eight names. Van den Berg agreed to be added to the list, but didn't really consider himself being selected to be a realistic scenario.[2][4]

Van den Berg easily passed the first round of tests. The final four candidates had to pass physical and mental exams while two of the other candidates failed the exams due to possible heart issues. He was now part of the final two; NASA always trains two astronauts, a prime and a back-up. In 1983 he started to train as an astronaut and six months before the launch he was told that he would be the prime astronaut, much to his own surprise. He was 53 years old when he went to space becoming one of the oldest rookie astronauts.[2][4]

STS-51B

Van den Berg was a payload specialist on STS-51B Challenger (April 29 – May 6, 1985). STS-51B, the Spacelab-3 mission, was launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida and returned to land at Edwards Air Force Base, California. It was the first operational Spacelab mission. The seven-man crew aboard Challenger conducted experiments in crystal growth, drop dynamics leading to container-less material processing, and atmospheric trace gas spectroscopy. Solar and planetary atmospheric simulation, cosmic rays, and laboratory-animal, and human medical monitoring experiments were performed.[5]

While a co-investigator of the Vapor Crystal Growth System (VCGS) experiment, Van den Berg supervised crystal growth aspects of the VCGS experiment.[6]

During the mission Van den Berg traveled over 2.9 million miles orbiting Earth 110 times and logged more than 168 hours in space.[1]

Career after NASA

After returning to Earth, Van den Berg continued to work on crystal growth experiments at EG&G in California and he became the head of the materials science section. He moved to Florida becoming a chief scientist at the Constellation Technology Corporation. At age 72 he continued to work up to 40 hours a week and grow crystals, a process he compared to gardening.[4] The mercuric iodide crystals he grew[7] are used to make precision detectors for nuclear radiation. The detectors are used in medical applications, by the defense industry, and by the International Atomic Energy Agency.[4]

Personal life

Van den Berg visited the Netherlands every two years,[2] and was the subject of a short 2004 documentary by Netwerk called The "Forgotten Astronaut".[4] In Terneuzen, which is a city five miles from Sluiskil, a middle school was named after him: Lodewijk College.[8]

Van den Berg died on October 16, 2022, at the age of 90.[3]

Asteroid

On September 28, 2007, a main belt asteroid 11430 (9560 P-L) was named after him; it is now known as 11430 Lodewijkberg. The asteroid was discovered on October 17, 1960, by Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld at Leiden Observatory. They were studying photographic plates taken by Tom Gehrels using the Palomar Observatory's Samuel Oschin telescope.[9][10]

Selected academic publications

  • "Fabrication of mercuric iodide radiation detectors", Lodewijk van den Berg and Ron D. Vigil, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 458, Issues 1–2, February 1, 2001, Pages 148–151[11]
  • "Improved yield of high resolution mercuric iodide gamma-ray spectrometers", Vernon Gerrish and Lodewijk van den Berg, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 299, Issues 1–3, December 20, 1990, Pages 41–44[12]
  • "Vapor growth of HgI2 by periodic source or crystal temperature oscillation", by M. Schieber, W.F. Schnepple, L. Van den Berg. Journal of Crystal Growth, Volume 33, Issue 1, April 1976, Pages 125–135[13]

Notes

  1. ^ In isolation, van and den are pronounced, respectively, [vɑn] and [dɛn].
  2. ^ Van den Berg became a naturalized citizen of the US in 1975. According to Dutch regulations a person automatically loses the Dutch nationality if he voluntarily accepted another nationality before April 1, 2003. Van den Berg has stated that as of 2004 he never verified his Dutch citizenship status.

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Payload Specialist Astronaut Bio: Lodewijk van den Berg" (PDF). NASA. May 1985. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e van Engelen, Gert (2005). "Niet Wubbo maar Lodewijk van den Berg was de eerste" (PDF). Delft Integraal (in Dutch). No. 3. pp. 23–26. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 24, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  3. ^ a b "Zeeuwse astronaut Lodewijk van den Berg overleden". Omroep Zeeland (in Dutch). October 17, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e De `vergeten astronaut` (documentary). Netwerk, NCRV and EO. Archived from the original on October 14, 2009. Retrieved April 9, 2008.
  5. ^ Fisher, James (April 28, 1985). "Men and Monkeys Team Up on Shuttle – Spacelab Research Highlights Mission that Begins Monday". Orlando Sentinel. p. A1. ProQuest 276634927. Retrieved October 17, 2022 – via ProQuest.
  6. ^ Croft, Melvin; Youskauskas, John (February 1, 2019). Come Fly with Us: NASA's Payload Specialist Program. University of Nebraska Press. p. 108. ISBN 9788070041413.
  7. ^ "Mercuric Iodide Detectors". Constellation Technology. Archived from the original on October 19, 2004.
  8. ^ "Lodewijk van den Berg" (in Dutch). Lodewijk College. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  9. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Lookup: 11430 Lodewijkberg (9560 P-L)". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  10. ^ "Elf Nederlanders geven naam aan planetoïde". Astronomie.nl. September 28, 2007. Archived from the original on September 23, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  11. ^ van den Berg, Lodewijk; Vigil, Ron D. (February 1, 2001). "Fabrication of mercuric iodide radiation detectors". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. Proc. 11th Inbt. Workshop on Room Temperature Semiconductor X- and Gamma-Ray Detectors and Associated Electronics. 458 (1): 148–151. doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(00)00858-5. ISSN 0168-9002.
  12. ^ Gerrish, Vernon; van den Berg, Lodewijk (December 20, 1990). "Improved yield of high resolution mercuric iodide gamma-ray spectrometers". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 299 (1): 41–44. doi:10.1016/0168-9002(90)90744-Q. ISSN 0168-9002.
  13. ^ Schieber, M.; Schnepple, W. F.; Van den Berg, L. (April 1, 1976). "Vapor growth of HgI2 by periodic source or crystal temperature oscillation". Journal of Crystal Growth. 33 (1): 125–135. doi:10.1016/0022-0248(76)90087-7. ISSN 0022-0248.
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