Yemeni peace process: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Attempts to resolve the crisis in Yemen}} |
{{Short description|Attempts to resolve the crisis in Yemen}} |
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{{Update|date = July 2019}} |
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{{Yemeni Crisis (2011–present)}} |
{{Yemeni Crisis (2011–present)}} |
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'''Yemeni peace process''' refers to the proposals and negotiations to pacify the [[Yemeni crisis (2011-present)|Yemeni Crisis]] by arranging a power transfer scheme within the country and later cease-fire attempts within the [[Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)|raging civil war]]. While initially unsuccessful, the reconciliation efforts resulted with [[2012 Yemeni presidential election|presidential elections, held in Yemen in February 2012]]. The violence in Yemen, however, continued during the elections and after, culminating in [[Houthi takeover in Yemen|Houthi successful grip of power]] and the ensuing civil war. |
'''Yemeni peace process''' refers to the proposals and negotiations to pacify the [[Yemeni crisis (2011-present)|Yemeni Crisis]] by arranging a power transfer scheme within the country and later cease-fire attempts within the [[Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)|raging civil war]]. While initially unsuccessful, the reconciliation efforts resulted with [[2012 Yemeni presidential election|presidential elections, held in Yemen in February 2012]]. The violence in Yemen, however, continued during the elections and after, culminating in [[Houthi takeover in Yemen|Houthi successful grip of power]] and the ensuing civil war. |
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{{Empty section|date=May 2016}} |
{{Empty section|date=May 2016}} |
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==2015 |
==2015 == |
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On 4 April 2015, the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] called for a 24-hour ceasefire to deliver aid and supplies after the Saudi-led coalition blocked three aid shipments to Yemen.<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news |date=25 March 2015 |title=Arab League to discuss Yemen intervention plea on Thursday |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-arabs-idUSKBN0ML1B420150325 |url-status=live |access-date=25 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325162838/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/25/us-yemen-security-arabs-idUSKBN0ML1B420150325 |archive-date=25 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="icrc.org">{{cite web |date=4 April 2015 |title=Yemen: Immediate 24-hour humanitarian pause needed to bring in medical help |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/document/yemen-humanitarian-pause |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407004412/https://www.icrc.org/en/document/yemen-humanitarian-pause |archive-date=7 April 2015 |work=International Committee of the Red Cross}}</ref> On 5 April, [[Reuters]] quoted a Houthi leader as saying the group would be willing to sit down for peace talks if the airstrikes stopped and a neutral party acted as mediator.<ref name="Death">{{cite news |last=Bayoumy |first=Yara |date=5 April 2015 |title=Yemen's Houthis ready for talks if air strikes stop: senior member |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-houthis-idUSKBN0MW0F020150405 |url-status=live |access-date=9 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408214143/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/05/us-yemen-security-houthis-idUSKBN0MW0F020150405 |archive-date=8 April 2015}}</ref> On 7 April, China added its support of a ceasefire in Yemen, following an appeal by the [[ICRC]] and Russia for a humanitarian pause.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 April 2015 |title=China adds voice to call for Yemen ceasefire |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/yemen-security-china-idINKBN0MY0LV20150407 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723103722/http://in.reuters.com/article/2015/04/07/yemen-security-china-idINKBN0MY0LV20150407 |archive-date=23 July 2015 |access-date=7 April 2015 |publisher=Reuters India}}</ref> |
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Despite [[Saudi Arabia]] asking for [[Pakistan]]'s support to join the coalition,<ref name="USA News">{{cite news |last1=Riedel |first1=Bruce |date=15 April 2015 |title=Why Pakistan Said No to King Salman |work=U.S. News & World Report |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/04/14/why-pakistan-said-no-to-king-salman |url-status=live |access-date=15 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415062608/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/04/14/why-pakistan-said-no-to-king-salman |archive-date=15 April 2015}}</ref> the [[Pakistani Government|Pakistan government]] also called for a ceasefire in order to help negotiate a diplomatic solution.<ref name="USA Today, Asif">{{cite news |last1=Shahzad |first1=Asif |date=13 April 2015 |title=Pakistani premier urges Iran to help bring Yemen's Shiite rebels to negotiations |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2015/04/13/pakistani-pm-urges-iran-to-persuade-yemens-rebels-to-talks |url-status=live |access-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716232115/http://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2015/04/13/pakistani-pm-urges-iran-to-persuade-yemens-rebels-to-talks |archive-date=16 July 2015}}</ref> Alongside [[Turkey]], Pakistan has taken initiatives to arrange a ceasefire in Yemen.<ref name="McClatchy Foreign Staff">{{cite news |last1=Hussain |first1=Tom |date=13 April 2015 |title=How long can Pakistan stay out of Yemen fight in face of Saudi pressure? |publisher=McClatchy Foreign Staff |agency=McClatchy |url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2015/04/13/263004/how-long-can-pakistan-stay-out.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417025334/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2015/04/13/263004/how-long-can-pakistan-stay-out.html |archive-date=17 April 2015}}</ref> According to analysis written in [[U.S. News & World Report|''U.S. News'']], Pakistan's [[Threat Matrix (database)|strategic calculations]] firmly believes that if the [[Saudi Arabian Army|Saudis]] enter into a [[Ground warfare|ground war]] in Yemen – with or without [[Pakistani military]] – it will become a [[stalemate]]; therefore, Pakistan is increasing its efforts to potentially help [[Engineering analysis|engineer]] a face-saving solution to achieve a ceasefire and end the war.<ref name="USA News" /> |
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On 12 April, Saudi Arabia rejected [[Iran]]'s request about a ceasefire in Yemen. [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Saudi Arabia)|Saudi Foreign Minister]] [[Saudi Prince|Prince]] [[Saud bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud|Saud al-Faisal]] said in the Saudi capital, [[Riyadh]], at a news conference with his [[France|French]] [[French Foreign Minister|counterpart]] [[Laurent Fabius]], that "[[Saudi Arabia]] is a responsible for establishing legitimate government in Yemen and Iran should not interfere."<ref>{{cite web |author=Mukhashaf and McDowall, Mohammed and Angus |date=12 April 2015 |title=Saudi Arabia Dismisses Iran Calls For Yemen Ceasefire |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/12/yemen-war-saudi-arabia-ceasefire_n_7049570.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413140847/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/12/yemen-war-saudi-arabia-ceasefire_n_7049570.html |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=13 April 2015 |work=Huffington Post}}</ref> [[Australia]] called for the ceasefire in Yemen, because of the civilian casualties numbers.<ref>{{cite news |author=Hurst Daniel |date=12 April 2015 |title=Australia calls for Yemen ceasefire on eve of Julie Bishop's visit to Iran |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/apr/12/australia-calls-for-yemen-ceasefire-on-eve-of-julie-bishops-visit-to-iran |url-status=live |access-date=13 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412223226/http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/apr/12/australia-calls-for-yemen-ceasefire-on-eve-of-julie-bishops-visit-to-iran |archive-date=12 April 2015}}</ref> On 16 April, Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]] requested an immediate ceasefire in Yemen. Also he said all parties must stop war as soon as possible.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 April 2015 |title=In Washington, UN chief calls for immediate ceasefire by all parties in Yemen |url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=50601#.VTEnj9yUd9Q |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731035149/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=50601#.VTEnj9yUd9Q |archive-date=31 July 2015 |access-date=17 April 2015 |publisher=UN News Center}}</ref> |
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On 17 April, Iranian foreign minister [[Mohammad Javad Zarif]] submitted four-point Yemen peace plan to United Nations. In this letter he pointed to enormous civilian casualties and destruction of civilian infrastructure. He said the only way to stop the war is to require that Yemeni parties form a national unity government without any foreign military intervention.<ref>{{cite web |author=Charbonneau Louis |date=17 April 2015 |title=Iran submits four-point Yemen peace plan to United Nations |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-iran-idUSKBN0N823820150417 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420011009/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/17/us-yemen-security-iran-idUSKBN0N823820150417 |archive-date=20 April 2015 |access-date=20 April 2015 |publisher=reuters}}</ref> |
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In June 2015, a solution to ending the Saudi intervention in Yemen sought the participation of a Yemeni delegation to the Geneva peace talks; the delegation came under attack in the Geneva peace talks.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 June 2015 |title=Houthi Delegation Came under Attack in Geneva Peace Talks + Pics |url=http://en.abna24.com/service/middle-east-west-asia/archive/2015/06/19/696106/story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621125719/http://en.abna24.com/service/middle-east-west-asia/archive/2015/06/19/696106/story.html |archive-date=21 June 2015 |publisher=ABNA}}</ref> |
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===May 2015 cease-fire=== |
===May 2015 cease-fire=== |
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A five-day ceasefire proposed by Saudi Arabia was accepted by the Houthis and their allies in the military on 10 May 2015. The ceasefire was intended to allow the delivery of humanitarian aid to the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/yemens-houthi-rebels-accept-five-day-truce-proposal-1431250255|agency=The Wall Street Journal|title=Yemen's Houthi Rebels Accept Five-Day Truce Proposal|date=10 May 2015|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref> The temporary truce began on the night of 12 May to allow the delivery of food, water, medical, and fuel aid throughout the country.<ref name="trucetakes">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-32719194|agency=BBC News|title=Yemen conflict: Aid effort begins as truce takes hold|date=13 May 2015|access-date=13 May 2015}}</ref> |
A five-day ceasefire proposed by Saudi Arabia was accepted by the Houthis and their allies in the military on 10 May 2015. The ceasefire was intended to allow the delivery of humanitarian aid to the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/yemens-houthi-rebels-accept-five-day-truce-proposal-1431250255|agency=The Wall Street Journal|title=Yemen's Houthi Rebels Accept Five-Day Truce Proposal|date=10 May 2015|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref> The temporary truce began on the night of 12 May to allow the delivery of food, water, medical, and fuel aid throughout the country.<ref name="trucetakes">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-32719194|agency=BBC News|title=Yemen conflict: Aid effort begins as truce takes hold|date=13 May 2015|access-date=13 May 2015}}</ref> |
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*An international aid conference attended by donor states. |
*An international aid conference attended by donor states. |
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*Yemen entering the Gulf Cooperation Council. |
*Yemen entering the Gulf Cooperation Council. |
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== 2016 == |
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=== Kuwait Initiative === |
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Kuwait hosted the Yemen peace talks for three months in April 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yemen Peace Talks: Drafting a Roadmap to a Destination Unknown |url=https://chronicle.fanack.com/yemen/history-past-to-present/war-in-yemen/yemen-peace-talks/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011223321/https://chronicle.fanack.com/yemen/history-past-to-present/war-in-yemen/yemen-peace-talks/ |archive-date=11 October 2017 |access-date=20 July 2016 |website=Fanack.com}}</ref> However, the negotiations broke down in August, after they failed to yield a deal between the parties involved in the war.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peace Talks in Yemen Back on After Pressure from World Leaders |url=https://lawstreetmedia.com/news/peace-talks-yemen-back-pressure-world-leaders/ |access-date=26 April 2016 |website=Law Street}}</ref> A second Yemeni ceasefire attempt on 21 November 2016, collapsed within 48 hours.<ref>{{cite web |date=2017-01-15 |title=Yemen: Populations at Risk – Current Crisis (15 January 2017) – Yemen | ReliefWeb |url=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen-populations-risk-current-crisis-15-january-2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011224052/https://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen-populations-risk-current-crisis-15-january-2017 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |access-date=2017-07-14 |website=Reliefweb.int}}</ref> |
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== 2018 == |
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The U.S. and U.K. put immense pressure on Saudi Arabia following the bombing campaign in Yemen and the brutal [[killing of Jamal Khashoggi]], a [[Washington Post]] journalist. On 30 October 2018, US Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] said "It is time to end this conflict, replace conflict with compromise, and allow the Yemeni people to heal through peace and reconstruction." Pompeo emphasized that the Houthi rebels must stop firing missiles at Saudi and the UAE, but he also added that "subsequently, coalition airstrikes must cease in all populated areas in Yemen," aiming at Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harris |first1=Gardiner |last2=Schmitt |first2=Eric |last3=Gladstone |first3=Rick |date=31 October 2018 |title=U.S. and Britain Seek Yemen Cease-Fire as Relations With Saudis Cool |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/31/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-yemen-cease-fire.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=31 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031201216/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/31/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-yemen-cease-fire.html |archive-date=2018-10-31}}</ref> Defense Secretary [[Jim Mattis]] said all the parties involved in the war need to take part in peace talks initiated by the UN within 30 days.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yemen war: US presses Saudi Arabia to agree ceasefire |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-46040789 |access-date=31 October 2018}}</ref> On 10 November 2018, the U.S. announced it would no longer refuel coalition aircraft operating over Yemen. The Saudi-led coalition issued a statement confirming the decision, saying the cessation of aerial refueling was made at the request of the coalition due to improvements in their own refueling capabilities. The move was expected to have minimal impact on the Saudi effort.<ref name="cnn-20181110">{{cite news |author=Ryan Browne, Barbara Starr |date=10 November 2018 |title=US to stop air refueling of Saudi-led coalition in Yemen |publisher=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/11/09/politics/us-yemen-houthis-missile/index.html |access-date=11 November 2018}}</ref> The U.S. still provides support for the Saudi-led intervention via weapons sales and intelligence sharing.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=5 November 2018 |title=U.N.: A Yemeni Child Dies Every 10 Min. from War-Caused Disease, Hunger |work=[[Democracy Now!]] |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2018/11/5/headlines/un_a_yemeni_child_dies_every_10_min_from_war_caused_disease_hunger |access-date=7 November 2018}}</ref> |
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Many U.S. senators were upset with Trump's response on the murder of Khashoggi. The disapproval of the [[Presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration's]] support then took another turn as U.S. senators advanced a motion to withdraw American support from the Saudi-led coalition fighting in Yemen. The senators voted 63–37 to take forward the bipartisan motion, giving a severe blow to Trump administration, which was in favor of Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yemen war: Vote in US Senate delivers rebuke to Trump |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46376807 |access-date=29 November 2018}}</ref> |
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==2019== |
==2019== |
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The [[UN Mission to Support the Hodeidah Agreement]], was initiated by the [[United Nations]] in Yemen. On 13 March 2019, the U.S. Senate voted 54–46 in favor of ending U.S. support for the Saudi-led war in Yemen and called on the President to revoke U.S. forces from the Saudi-led coalition.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sukin |first=Gigi |date=13 March 2019 |title=Senate votes to rebuke Trump, end U.S. military support for Saudi-led war in Yemen |url=https://www.axios.com/senate-vote-yemen-saudi-arabia-war-22c68da5-6205-4eb2-a548-dd122eacb001.html |access-date=2019-03-17 |website=Axios}}</ref> On 27 September, [[Kuwait]] reiterated its willingness to host the parties involved in the Yemen war for another round of peace talks, in order to seek a political solution to the prolonged crisis.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 September 2019 |title=Kuwait reiterates willingness to host Yemeni peace talks |url=https://debriefer.net/en/news-11557.html |access-date=26 September 2019 |website=Debriefer}}</ref> |
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The [[UN Mission to Support the Hodeidah Agreement]], is initiated by the [[United Nations]] in Yemen. |
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=== Riyadh Agreement on Yemen === |
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{{See also|Riyadh Agreement}}On 5 November, a power-sharing deal, [[Riyadh]] Agreement on [[Yemen]] was signed between the Saudi-backed Yemeni government and the UAE-backed southern separatists, in the presence of [[Mohammed bin Salman]], [[Mohammed bin Zayed]], [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]], [[Southern Transitional Council|Southern Transitional Council's]] chief [[Aidarus al-Zoubaidi]] and other senior officials. It was signed in Saudi Arabia and was hailed as a wider political solution to end the multifaceted conflict in Yemen.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peace deal announced amongst Yemeni govt, separatists |url=https://gotechdaily.com/peace-deal-announced-amongst-yemeni-govt-separatists/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106093524/https://gotechdaily.com/peace-deal-announced-amongst-yemeni-govt-separatists/ |archive-date=6 November 2019 |access-date=5 November 2019 |website=Go Tech Daily}}</ref> Despite the agreement, clashes between the STC and Hadi government forces took place in December.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gulf of Aden Security Review – December 5, 2019 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/gulf-of-aden-security-review/gulf-of-aden-security-review-december-5-2019 |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> |
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== 2020 == |
== 2020 == |
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=== 2020 ceasefire in response to the COVID-19 pandemic === |
=== 2020 ceasefire in response to the COVID-19 pandemic === |
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After the United Nations urged both sides to pursue peace talks in order to respond to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen]],<ref>{{cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=As coronavirus spreads, U.N. seeks Yemen urgent peace talks resumption|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security/as-coronavirus-spreads-u-n-seeks-yemen-urgent-peace-talks-resumption-idUSKBN21K1P4|access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref> the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen|Saudi-led coalition]] called a unilateral ceasefire beginning 9 April at noon, to support efforts to mitigate the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news|date=9 April 2020|title=Ceasefire begins in Yemen to help combat virus|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-52224358|access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> However, despite pledging ceasefire in [[Yemen]], the Saudi-led coalition carried out dozens of airstrikes in the span of a week. The Yemen Data Project stated that at least 106 Saudi-led airstrikes, across 26 raids in Yemen had been carried out by the Kingdom in just one week.<ref>{{cite news|title=Saudi-led coalition bombs Yemen 'dozens' of times despite declaring ceasefire last week to combat coronavirus|website=Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/coronavirus-yemen-coalition-bombs-saudi-ceasefire-news-a9470801.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/coronavirus-yemen-coalition-bombs-saudi-ceasefire-news-a9470801.html |archive-date=2022-05-07 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=18 April 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On July 2, coalition fighter jets launched scores of airstrikes on several Yemeni provinces. The operation was a response to ballistic missile and drone launchings by the Houthis against Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite news|date=2 July 2020|title=Saudi-led coalition hits Houthi-held areas in renewed air raids|work=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/saudi-led-coalition-hits-houthi-held-areas-renewed-air-raids-200702072034014.html}}</ref> |
After the United Nations urged both sides to pursue peace talks in order to respond to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen]],<ref>{{cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=As coronavirus spreads, U.N. seeks Yemen urgent peace talks resumption|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security/as-coronavirus-spreads-u-n-seeks-yemen-urgent-peace-talks-resumption-idUSKBN21K1P4|access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref> the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen|Saudi-led coalition]] called a unilateral ceasefire beginning 9 April at noon, to support efforts to mitigate the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news|date=9 April 2020|title=Ceasefire begins in Yemen to help combat virus|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-52224358|access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> However, despite pledging ceasefire in [[Yemen]], the Saudi-led coalition carried out dozens of airstrikes in the span of a week. The Yemen Data Project stated that at least 106 Saudi-led airstrikes, across 26 raids in Yemen had been carried out by the Kingdom in just one week.<ref>{{cite news|title=Saudi-led coalition bombs Yemen 'dozens' of times despite declaring ceasefire last week to combat coronavirus|website=Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/coronavirus-yemen-coalition-bombs-saudi-ceasefire-news-a9470801.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/coronavirus-yemen-coalition-bombs-saudi-ceasefire-news-a9470801.html |archive-date=2022-05-07 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=18 April 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On July 2, coalition fighter jets launched scores of airstrikes on several Yemeni provinces. The operation was a response to ballistic missile and drone launchings by the Houthis against Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite news|date=2 July 2020|title=Saudi-led coalition hits Houthi-held areas in renewed air raids|work=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/saudi-led-coalition-hits-houthi-held-areas-renewed-air-raids-200702072034014.html}}</ref> |
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In July 2020, [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] said he would be prepared to mediate between the hostile parties in Yemen to end the war.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 July 2020 |title=Iran's Ahmadinejad sends letter to Saudi crown prince offering to mediate in Yemen conflict |work=Middle East Eye |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-ahmadinejad-saudi-mbs-yemen-war-offer-mediation}}</ref> |
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===Prisoner Exchange=== |
===Prisoner Exchange=== |
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== 2022 == |
== 2022 == |
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On April 1, 2022, the warring parties in Yemen's seven-year conflict agreed to a statewide cease-fire. A UN envoy, [[Hans Grundberg(UN envoy)|Hans Grundberg]], said "The aim of this Truce is to give Yemenis a necessary break from violence, relief from the humanitarian suffering and most importantly hope that an end to this conflict is possible".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-01 |title=UN welcomes announcement of two-month truce in Yemen |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/04/1115392 |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=UN News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 April 2022 |title=Yemen's warring parties agree two-month truce in major breakthrough |work=Reuters |publisher=Reuters |agency=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/yemen-govt-help-with-release-prisoners-open-sanaa-airport-truce-moves-2022-04-01/ |access-date=3 April 2022}}</ref> Two weeks into the truce period, the Houthis signed an action plan with the UN that committed them to cease use of child soldiers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-19 |title=Houthis Commit to End Violations Against Children in Yemen |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/04/19/houthis-commit-end-violations-against-children-yemen |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> |
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=== UN brokered ceasefire === |
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The UN brokered a two month nationwide truce on 2 April 2022 between Yemen's warring parties, which included allowing fuel imports into Houthi-held areas and some flights operating from Sana'a airport to Jordan and Egypt.<ref name="Ghobari-2022">{{Cite news |last1=Ghobari |first1=Mohammed |last2=Swilam |first2=Alaa |date=1 April 2022 |title=Yemen's warring parties agree two-month truce in major breakthrough |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/yemen-govt-help-with-release-prisoners-open-sanaa-airport-truce-moves-2022-04-01/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503075645/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/yemen-govt-help-with-release-prisoners-open-sanaa-airport-truce-moves-2022-04-01/ |archive-date=3 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Jalal-2022">{{Cite web |last=Jalal |first=Ibrahim |date=29 July 2022 |title=One sided and incomplete, Yemen's truce faces implementation hurdles as extension deadline nears |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/one-sided-and-incomplete-yemens-truce-faces-implementation-hurdles-extension-deadline |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729133815/https://www.mei.edu/publications/one-sided-and-incomplete-yemens-truce-faces-implementation-hurdles-extension-deadline |archive-date=29 July 2022 |publisher=The Middle East Institute}}</ref> The UN announced on 2 June 2022 that the nationwide truce had been further extended by two months.<ref name="al-Sakani-2022">{{Cite web |last=al-Sakani |first=Ali |title=Yemen truce extended for two months, but warring sides far apart |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/2/yemen-truce-extended-for-two-months-but-warring-sides-far-apart |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> [[United States]] welcomed the truce extension in Yemen, praising [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Jordan]], [[Egypt]], and [[Oman]] in helping to secure the truce.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2022 |title=President Biden Statement on the UN-Mediated Truce Extension in Yemen |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/06/02/president-biden-statement-on-the-un-mediated-truce-extension-in-yemen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602144344/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/06/02/president-biden-statement-on-the-un-mediated-truce-extension-in-yemen/ |archive-date=2 June 2022 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref> In August 2022 the truce was renewed with commitment to ‘an expanded truce agreement as soon as possible’.<ref name="Al-Jazeera-2-August-2022">{{Cite news |date=2 August 2022 |title=Yemen's warring sides agree to renew existing truce: UN |publisher=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/2/yemens-warring-sides-agree-to-renew-existing-truce-un |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802213410/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/2/yemens-warring-sides-agree-to-renew-existing-truce-un |archive-date=2 August 2022}}</ref> Two weeks into the truce period, the Houthis signed an action plan with the UN that committed them to cease use of child soldiers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-19 |title=Houthis Commit to End Violations Against Children in Yemen |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/04/19/houthis-commit-end-violations-against-children-yemen |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
Revision as of 21:24, 20 October 2022
Part of a series on the Yemeni crisis |
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Yemeni peace process refers to the proposals and negotiations to pacify the Yemeni Crisis by arranging a power transfer scheme within the country and later cease-fire attempts within the raging civil war. While initially unsuccessful, the reconciliation efforts resulted with presidential elections, held in Yemen in February 2012. The violence in Yemen, however, continued during the elections and after, culminating in Houthi successful grip of power and the ensuing civil war.
Yemeni Revolution reconciliation
2011 mediation attempts
In April, the Gulf Co-operation Council attempted to mediate an end to the crisis, drafting several proposals for a transition of power. Toward the end of the month, Saleh signaled he would accept a plan that would see him leave power one month after signing and provided for a national unity government in the lead-up to elections.[1] Though some protesters ballyhooed the deal, criticizing provisions that granted the president immunity from prosecution and required the opposition to join with Saleh and his ministers in the national unity government,[2] opposition leaders eventually agreed to sign it.[3] By the end of the month, though, Saleh reversed course and the government announced he would not sign it, putting the GCC initiative on hold.[4][5]
In early May, officials again indicated that Saleh would sign the GCC deal, and the opposition agreed to sign as well if Saleh signed it personally in his capacity as president.[6] However, Saleh again backed away, saying the deal did not require his signature, and the opposition followed suit, accusing Saleh of negotiating in bad faith.[7] Protests and violence across the country intensified in the wake of this second reversal by Saleh.[8][9]
In late May, opposition leaders received assurances that Saleh would sign the GCC plan after all, and they signed the deal the day before the president was scheduled to ink it as well.[10] But Saleh once again decided not to sign, and a brief but tense standoff occurred on 22 May when Saleh's supporters surrounded the embassy building of the United Arab Emirates in Sana'a, trapping international diplomats (including the secretary-general of the GCC) inside until the government dispatched a helicopter to ferry them to the presidential palace.[11]
On 23 November 2011, Saleh flew to Riyadh in Saudi Arabia to sign the Gulf Co-operation Council plan for political transition, which he had previously spurned. Upon signing the document, he agreed to legally transfer the powers of the presidency to his deputy, Vice President Abdu-Rabbo Mansour al-Hadi within 30 days and formally step down by the 21 February 2012 presidential elections, in exchange of immunity from prosecution for him and his family.[12]
Saleh step-down agreement and elections
On 21 January 2012, the Assembly of Representatives of Yemen approved the immunity law. It also nominated Vice President Hadi as its candidate for the upcoming presidential election.[13] Saleh left Yemen on the next day to seek medical treatment in the United States, and is reportedly seeking exile in Oman.[14]
A presidential election was held in Yemen on 21 February 2012. With a report claims that it has 65 percent of its turnout, Hadi wons 99.8% of the vote. Abd Rabbuh Mansur al-Hadi was sworn in as president of Yemen on 25 February 2012, officially removing Saleh from power, who has ruled the country for 33-years. Saleh returned home at the same day to attend Hadi's presidency inauguration.[15]
Reconciliation process 2013-14
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (May 2016) |
2015
On 4 April 2015, the International Committee of the Red Cross called for a 24-hour ceasefire to deliver aid and supplies after the Saudi-led coalition blocked three aid shipments to Yemen.[16][17] On 5 April, Reuters quoted a Houthi leader as saying the group would be willing to sit down for peace talks if the airstrikes stopped and a neutral party acted as mediator.[18] On 7 April, China added its support of a ceasefire in Yemen, following an appeal by the ICRC and Russia for a humanitarian pause.[19]
Despite Saudi Arabia asking for Pakistan's support to join the coalition,[20] the Pakistan government also called for a ceasefire in order to help negotiate a diplomatic solution.[21] Alongside Turkey, Pakistan has taken initiatives to arrange a ceasefire in Yemen.[22] According to analysis written in U.S. News, Pakistan's strategic calculations firmly believes that if the Saudis enter into a ground war in Yemen – with or without Pakistani military – it will become a stalemate; therefore, Pakistan is increasing its efforts to potentially help engineer a face-saving solution to achieve a ceasefire and end the war.[20]
On 12 April, Saudi Arabia rejected Iran's request about a ceasefire in Yemen. Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud al-Faisal said in the Saudi capital, Riyadh, at a news conference with his French counterpart Laurent Fabius, that "Saudi Arabia is a responsible for establishing legitimate government in Yemen and Iran should not interfere."[23] Australia called for the ceasefire in Yemen, because of the civilian casualties numbers.[24] On 16 April, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon requested an immediate ceasefire in Yemen. Also he said all parties must stop war as soon as possible.[25]
On 17 April, Iranian foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif submitted four-point Yemen peace plan to United Nations. In this letter he pointed to enormous civilian casualties and destruction of civilian infrastructure. He said the only way to stop the war is to require that Yemeni parties form a national unity government without any foreign military intervention.[26]
In June 2015, a solution to ending the Saudi intervention in Yemen sought the participation of a Yemeni delegation to the Geneva peace talks; the delegation came under attack in the Geneva peace talks.[27]
May 2015 cease-fire
A five-day ceasefire proposed by Saudi Arabia was accepted by the Houthis and their allies in the military on 10 May 2015. The ceasefire was intended to allow the delivery of humanitarian aid to the country.[28] The temporary truce began on the night of 12 May to allow the delivery of food, water, medical, and fuel aid throughout the country.[29]
On the fourth day of the truce, the fragile peace unraveled as fighting broke out in multiple southern governorates. At least three civilians in Aden and 12 in Taiz were killed on 16 May, despite the ceasefire.[30] Agence France-Presse reported that "dozens" were killed in southern Yemen by the clashes, including 26 Houthi and 12 pro-Hadi fighters.[31]
Omani Initiative
Around this same time in 2015 reports surfaced in the media suggesting that Oman, which is the only Middle Eastern Monarchy not taking part in the coalition and has a border with Yemen, has presented a 7-point plan to both Iran and Saudi Arabia. Oman has played a vital role as a bridge between Tehran and the West in the past to help in the nuclear negotiations and thus enjoy good relations with Iran as well as its GCC neighbors. It has also been suggested that Oman was responsible to mediate a 24-hour ceasefire although analysts doubt if Oman can help bring about more rigid negotiations.[32][33]
The following parts constituted the planned initiative:
- The withdrawal of the Houthis and forces loyal to deposed president Ali Abdullah Saleh from all Yemeni cities and the return of military hardware and munitions seized from the Yemeni Army.
- The restoration of the president Abd Rabbo Mansour Hadi and the government of Khaled Bahah.
- Early parliamentary and presidential elections.
- An agreement signed by all Yemeni parties.
- The conversion of Ansarullah into a political party.
- An international aid conference attended by donor states.
- Yemen entering the Gulf Cooperation Council.
2016
Kuwait Initiative
Kuwait hosted the Yemen peace talks for three months in April 2016.[34] However, the negotiations broke down in August, after they failed to yield a deal between the parties involved in the war.[35] A second Yemeni ceasefire attempt on 21 November 2016, collapsed within 48 hours.[36]
2018
The U.S. and U.K. put immense pressure on Saudi Arabia following the bombing campaign in Yemen and the brutal killing of Jamal Khashoggi, a Washington Post journalist. On 30 October 2018, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said "It is time to end this conflict, replace conflict with compromise, and allow the Yemeni people to heal through peace and reconstruction." Pompeo emphasized that the Houthi rebels must stop firing missiles at Saudi and the UAE, but he also added that "subsequently, coalition airstrikes must cease in all populated areas in Yemen," aiming at Saudi Arabia.[37] Defense Secretary Jim Mattis said all the parties involved in the war need to take part in peace talks initiated by the UN within 30 days.[38] On 10 November 2018, the U.S. announced it would no longer refuel coalition aircraft operating over Yemen. The Saudi-led coalition issued a statement confirming the decision, saying the cessation of aerial refueling was made at the request of the coalition due to improvements in their own refueling capabilities. The move was expected to have minimal impact on the Saudi effort.[39] The U.S. still provides support for the Saudi-led intervention via weapons sales and intelligence sharing.[40]
Many U.S. senators were upset with Trump's response on the murder of Khashoggi. The disapproval of the Trump administration's support then took another turn as U.S. senators advanced a motion to withdraw American support from the Saudi-led coalition fighting in Yemen. The senators voted 63–37 to take forward the bipartisan motion, giving a severe blow to Trump administration, which was in favor of Saudi Arabia.[41]
2019
The UN Mission to Support the Hodeidah Agreement, was initiated by the United Nations in Yemen. On 13 March 2019, the U.S. Senate voted 54–46 in favor of ending U.S. support for the Saudi-led war in Yemen and called on the President to revoke U.S. forces from the Saudi-led coalition.[42] On 27 September, Kuwait reiterated its willingness to host the parties involved in the Yemen war for another round of peace talks, in order to seek a political solution to the prolonged crisis.[43]
Riyadh Agreement on Yemen
On 5 November, a power-sharing deal, Riyadh Agreement on Yemen was signed between the Saudi-backed Yemeni government and the UAE-backed southern separatists, in the presence of Mohammed bin Salman, Mohammed bin Zayed, Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, Southern Transitional Council's chief Aidarus al-Zoubaidi and other senior officials. It was signed in Saudi Arabia and was hailed as a wider political solution to end the multifaceted conflict in Yemen.[44] Despite the agreement, clashes between the STC and Hadi government forces took place in December.[45]
2020
2020 ceasefire in response to the COVID-19 pandemic
After the United Nations urged both sides to pursue peace talks in order to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen,[46] the Saudi-led coalition called a unilateral ceasefire beginning 9 April at noon, to support efforts to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic.[47] However, despite pledging ceasefire in Yemen, the Saudi-led coalition carried out dozens of airstrikes in the span of a week. The Yemen Data Project stated that at least 106 Saudi-led airstrikes, across 26 raids in Yemen had been carried out by the Kingdom in just one week.[48] On July 2, coalition fighter jets launched scores of airstrikes on several Yemeni provinces. The operation was a response to ballistic missile and drone launchings by the Houthis against Saudi Arabia.[49]
In July 2020, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said he would be prepared to mediate between the hostile parties in Yemen to end the war.[50]
Prisoner Exchange
On 27 September 2020, the United Nations announced that the Iran-backed Houthi rebels and the Hadi government supported by the Saudi-led military coalition, agreed to exchange about 1,081 detainees and prisoners related to the conflict as part of a release plan reached in early 2020. The deal stated the release of 681 rebels along with 400 Hadi government forces, which included fifteen Saudis and four Sudanese. The deal was finalized after a week-long meeting held in Glion, Switzerland, co-chaired by UN Special Envoy for Yemen, Martin Griffiths. The prisoner-swap deal was done by the UN during 2018 peace talks in Sweden and both parties were agreed on several measures including the cease-fire in the strategic port city of Hodeida. A prisoner swap deal was made as part of the 2018 peace talks held in Sweden. However, the implementation of the plan clashed with military offensives from Houthis and the Saudi-led coalition, which aggravated the humanitarian crisis in Yemen, leaving millions suffering medical and food supply shortages.[51]
2021
The US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced in January 2021 that he would designate three leaders of the Houthi movement in Yemen as Specially Designated Global Terrorists. The aid workers and diplomats raised concerns following the announcement, saying that it would hamper the peace process and the aid delivery to Yemen.[52]
2022
UN brokered ceasefire
The UN brokered a two month nationwide truce on 2 April 2022 between Yemen's warring parties, which included allowing fuel imports into Houthi-held areas and some flights operating from Sana'a airport to Jordan and Egypt.[53][54] The UN announced on 2 June 2022 that the nationwide truce had been further extended by two months.[55] United States welcomed the truce extension in Yemen, praising Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Egypt, and Oman in helping to secure the truce.[56] In August 2022 the truce was renewed with commitment to ‘an expanded truce agreement as soon as possible’.[57] Two weeks into the truce period, the Houthis signed an action plan with the UN that committed them to cease use of child soldiers.[58]
See also
References
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