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== Controversies ==
== Controversies ==
One of the political goals of the Blue Stream project was to block the path of rival countries aiming to use the territory of Turkey to bring gas from the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian area]] to [[Europe]].<ref name="edm110809" /> In November 1999, the presidents of [[Turkmenistan]], [[Turkey]], [[Azerbaijan]], and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] signed a four-party inter-governmental agreement on building a rival [[Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline|Trans-Caspian gas pipeline]]. Within a few months, major oil and engineering companies—[[General Electric]], [[Bechtel]], [[Royal Dutch Shell]]—had established a [[joint venture]] to work on the competing project. By spring 2000, however, an argument had arisen among the Trans-Caspian participant nations over allocating quotas for Azerbaijan's use of the pipeline; as a result, all construction work was halted.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}
One of the political goals of the Blue Stream project was to block the path of rival countries aiming to use the territory of Turkey to bring gas from the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian area]] to [[Europe]].<ref name="edm110809" />

The construction of Blue Stream was accompanied by [[environmentalism|environmentalist]] protests; but these had no significant effect, since the official environmental impact assessment found no transgressions. Meanwhile, some Russian economic analysts objected that building a pipeline to [[Ankara]] meant tying Russia to a monopolist consumer, and Turkey was not a reliable partner. In the lead-up to Blue Stream's opening ceremony, the United States publicly criticized the pipeline, calling on Europe to avoid becoming any more dependent on Russia for energy.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 12:21, 22 October 2022

This article is about the major trans-Black Sea gas pipeline. For other uses, see Blue Stream (disambiguation).
Blue Stream
Location of Blue Stream
Location of Blue Stream
Location
CountryRussia, Turkey
General directionnorth–south
FromIzobilny gas plant, Stavropol Krai, Russia
Passes throughBeregovaya compressor station, Black Sea, Durusu terminal
ToAnkara, Turkey
General information
Typenatural gas
PartnersGazprom, Eni, BOTAŞ
OperatorGazprom, Blue Stream Pipeline B.V., BOTAŞ
Commissioned2005
Technical information
Length1,213 km (754 mi)
Maximum discharge16 billion cubic metres per year

Blue Stream is a major trans-Black Sea gas pipeline that carries natural gas to Turkey from Russia. The pipeline has been constructed by the Blue Stream Pipeline B.V., the Netherlands based joint venture of Russian Gazprom and Italian Eni. The Blue Stream Pipeline B.V. is an owner of the subsea section of pipeline, including Beregovaya compressor station, while Gazprom owns and operates the Russian land section of the pipeline and the Turkish land section is owned and operated by the Turkish energy company BOTAŞ. According to Gazprom the pipeline was built with the intent of diversifying Russian gas delivery routes to Turkey and avoiding third countries.

History

Preparations of the pipeline project started in 1997.[1] In 1997, Gazprom and BOTAŞ signed a 25-year gas sale contract.[2]

The construction of the Russian land section took place in 2001–2002 and the offshore section in 2001–2002.[3] The offshore section of the pipeline was built by Italian constructor Saipem and the Russian onshore section by Stroytransgaz, a subsidiary of Gazprom.[4] The offshore pipe was laid by the pipe-laying vessel Saipem 7000.[5] Gas flows from Russia to Turkey started in February 2003.[6] However, because of the price dispute between Russia and Turkey, the official inauguration ceremony at the Durusu gas metering station took place only on 17 November 2005.[1][7] Attending the inauguration were Russian President Vladimir Putin, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi.

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Vladimir Putin and Silvio Berlusconi at the opening of the Blue Stream gas pipeline in November 2005

Technical features

Blue Stream full capacity is 16 billion cubic meters (bcm) of natural gas per year.[8] Total length of the pipeline is 1,213 kilometres (754 mi). The Russia's land section is 373 kilometres (232 mi) long from the Izobilnoye gas plant, Stavropol Krai, up to Arkhipo-Osipovka, Krasnodar Krai. The land section consists of the Stavropolskaya and Krasnodarskaya compressor stations. The offshore section is 396 kilometres (246 mi) long laying from the Beregovaya compressor station in Arkhipo-Osipovka to the Durusu terminal locating 60 kilometres (37 mi) from Samsun (Turkey). Turkey's land section is 444 kilometres (276 mi) long up to Ankara.[citation needed]

The pipeline uses pipes with different diameters: mainland section 1,400 millimetres (55 in), mountainous section 1,200 millimetres (47 in) and submarine section 610 millimetres (24 in). The gas pressure in submarine section is 25 MPa (250 atm). Being laid in depths as low as 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi), it is considered among the deepest subsea pipelines of this diameter.[9]

Operations

Gas from Blue Stream started to flow in February 2003, and the pipeline delivered 1.3 bcm to BOTAŞ in 2003.[10] Gas flows have progressively increased towards the pipeline's capacity of 16 bcm per year. From 2010 to 2014, supplies averaged 14.1 bcm per year, with a high point of 14.7 bcm in 2012.[11][12] The BOTAŞ contract expires at the end of 2025.[13][14]

Financing

The total cost of the Blue Stream pipeline came to US$3.2 billion, including US$1.7 billion for its submarine segment.[citation needed]

Blue Stream 2

Blue Stream 2 was first proposed in 2002. In 2005, Vladimir Putin and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan discussed building a second line, and an expansion of the Blue Stream by the Samsun-Ceyhan link and by branch to southeast Europe. This second pipeline, and extension of it up through Bulgaria, Serbia and Croatia to western Hungary was suggested after five countries planned to construct the Nabucco Pipeline from Turkey to Central and Western Europe. However, this expansion was replaced by the South Stream project, which proposed laying subsea pipeline directly from Russia to Bulgaria, which in turn was later replaced by TurkStream. In 2009, Russian prime minister Putin proposed a line parallel to Blue Stream 1 under the Black Sea, and further from Samsun to Ceyhan. From Ceyhan natural gas would have been transported to Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Cyprus.[15] The export to Israel would have been through the proposed Ceyhan-Ashkelon subsea pipeline.[16]

Controversies

One of the political goals of the Blue Stream project was to block the path of rival countries aiming to use the territory of Turkey to bring gas from the Caspian area to Europe.[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Economic Brief: The Blue Stream Gas Pipeline". The Power and Interest News Report (PINR). 2005-11-22. Archived from the original on 2007-07-02. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
  2. ^ "Russia's Gazprom Export Signs New 4-Year Gas Supply Deal with Turkey's BOTAŞ". caspiannews.com. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
  3. ^ "Gazprom boosts Blue Stream flows". Upstream Online. NHST Media Group. 2006-09-14. (subscription required). Retrieved 2008-05-31.
  4. ^ "Spring in Saipem's step". Upstream Online. NHST Media Group. 2002-11-12. (subscription required). Retrieved 2008-05-31.
  5. ^ "Blue Stream on course". Upstream Online. NHST Media Group. 2001-10-18. (subscription required). Retrieved 2008-05-31.
  6. ^ "Blue Stream gas starts flowing". Upstream Online. NHST Media Group. 2003-02-20. (subscription required). Retrieved 2008-05-31.
  7. ^ "Blue Stream stalemate". Upstream Online. NHST Media Group. 2003-07-11. (subscription required). Retrieved 2008-05-31.
  8. ^ "The Blue Stream Pipeline Project, Europe - Hydrocarbons Technology". www.hydrocarbons-technology.com. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
  9. ^ "Проект "Голубой поток"" [Blue Stream Project] (in Russian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russian Federation. 2005-11-18. Archived from the original on 2007-06-29. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
  10. ^ ENI, " ENI Fact Book 2003, p. 41. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
  11. ^ Gazprom, Blue Stream Pipeline Archived 2014-10-30 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved August 10, 2015.
  12. ^ International Energy Agency, European Gas Trade Flows, Retrieved August 2015.
  13. ^ Gas Supply Changes in Turkey (PDF). Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. 2018. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  14. ^ "Russia's Gazprom Export Signs New 4-Year Gas Supply Deal with Turkey's BOTAŞ". caspiannews.com. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
  15. ^ a b Vladimir Socor (2009-08-11). "Gazprom, Turkey Revive and Reconfigure Blue Stream Two". Eurasia Daily Monitor. The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
  16. ^ "Israel sets sights on Russian gas". Upstream Online. NHST Media Group. 2007-02-08. (subscription required). Retrieved 2008-05-31.

Further reading

  • [1], Gazprom website

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