Prince Bernhard's titi monkey: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of New World monkey}} |
{{Short description|Species of New World monkey}} |
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| name = Prince Bernhard's titi |
| name = Prince Bernhard's titi monkey |
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| image = Callicebus bernhardi.JPG |
| image = Callicebus bernhardi.JPG |
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| status = LC |
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'''Prince Bernhard's titi monkey''' ('''''Plecturocebus bernhardi''''') is a [[species]] of [[titi]] in the genus ''[[Plecturocebus]]'', first described in 2002. It is named after [[Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands]]. They have varying coloration of gray, black, and [[agouti (coloration)|aguoti]], with dark orange in certain regions. They are endemic to [[Brazil]], found mostly in disturbed forest environments. While officially listed as [[least-concern]] by the [[International Union for the Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN), they may, in fact, be at-risk of human-caused [[deforestation]]. |
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'''Prince Bernhard's titi monkey''' ('''''Plecturocebus bernhardi''''') is a [[species]] of [[titi]], within the subfamily Callicebinae. |
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==Etymology== |
==Etymology== |
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Prince Bernhard's titi monkey belongs to the genus ''[[Plecturocebus]]''. It was originally described by [[Marc van Roosmalen]] ''et al.'' in 2002 as ''Callicebus bernhardi''.<ref name=Roosmalen/> In 2016, the genus was split into four new genera, with ''bernhardi'' ending up in the ''moloch'' group of the newly-created genus ''Plecturocebus''. Other members of that group include ''[[Plecturocebus moloch|P. moloch]]'', ''[[Plecturocebus cinerascens|P. cinerascens]]'', ''[[Plecturocebus hoffmannsi|P. hoffmannsi]]'', ''[[Plecturocebus baptista|P. baptista]]'', and ''[[Plecturocebus brunneus|P. brunneus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Byrne |first1=H |last2=Rylands |first2=AB |last3=Carneiro |first3=JC |last4=Alfaro |first4=JW |last5=Bertuol |first5=F |last6=da Silva |first6=MN |last7=Messias |first7=M |last8=Groves |first8=CP |last9=Mittermeier |first9=RA |last10=Farias |first10=I |last11=Hrbek |first11=T |last12=Schneider |first12=H |last13=Sampaio |first13=I |last14=Boubli |first14=JP |title=Phylogenetic relationships of the New World titi monkeys (Callicebus): first appraisal of taxonomy based on molecular evidence. |journal=Frontiers in zoology |date=2016 |volume=13 |pages=10 |doi=10.1186/s12983-016-0142-4 |pmid=26937245 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4774130/ |language=en |issn=1742-9994}}</ref> |
Prince Bernhard's titi monkey belongs to the genus ''[[Plecturocebus]]''. It was originally described by [[Marc van Roosmalen]] ''et al.'' in 2002 as ''Callicebus bernhardi''.<ref name=Roosmalen/> In 2016, the genus was split into four new genera, with ''bernhardi'' ending up in the ''moloch'' group of the newly-created genus ''Plecturocebus''. Other members of that group include ''[[Plecturocebus moloch|P. moloch]]'', ''[[Plecturocebus cinerascens|P. cinerascens]]'', ''[[Plecturocebus hoffmannsi|P. hoffmannsi]]'', ''[[Plecturocebus baptista|P. baptista]]'', and ''[[Plecturocebus brunneus|P. brunneus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Byrne |first1=H |last2=Rylands |first2=AB |last3=Carneiro |first3=JC |last4=Alfaro |first4=JW |last5=Bertuol |first5=F |last6=da Silva |first6=MN |last7=Messias |first7=M |last8=Groves |first8=CP |last9=Mittermeier |first9=RA |last10=Farias |first10=I |last11=Hrbek |first11=T |last12=Schneider |first12=H |last13=Sampaio |first13=I |last14=Boubli |first14=JP |title=Phylogenetic relationships of the New World titi monkeys (Callicebus): first appraisal of taxonomy based on molecular evidence. |journal=Frontiers in zoology |date=2016 |volume=13 |pages=10 |doi=10.1186/s12983-016-0142-4 |pmid=26937245 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4774130/ |language=en |issn=1742-9994}}</ref> |
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== Description == |
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== Physical characteristics == |
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''C. bernhardi'' has dark orange sideburns, underparts, and inner limbs. The upper regions of the body and head are grayish black, while on the back, it is mixed with brownish [[agouti (coloration)|agouti]] or reddish brown. The ears are also black, with whitish tufts. The mostly-black tail is contrasted by a white tip. Its hairs are {{convert|5|cm|in}} long.<ref name=Roosmalen>{{cite journal |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.177.4220&rep=rep1&type=pdf |title=A taxonomic review of the titi monkeys, genus Callicebus Thomas, 1903, with the description of two new species, Callicebus bernhardi and Callicebus stephennashi, from Brazilian Amazonia |first1=Marc G. M. |last1=Van Roosmalen |first2=Tomas |last2=Van Roosmalen |first3=Russell A. |last3=Mittermeier |author-link3=Russell A. Mittermeier |author-link1=Marc van Roosmalen |year=2002 |journal=Neotropical Primates |volume=10 |issue=suppl|citeseerx=10.1.1.177.4220 }}</ref> |
''C. bernhardi'' has dark orange sideburns, underparts, and inner limbs (of a more uniform shade than ''P. cinerascens''). The upper regions of the body and head are grayish black, while on the back, it is mixed with brownish [[agouti (coloration)|agouti]] or reddish brown. The face is black, with white hairs around the nose and mouth. The ears are also black, with whitish tufts. The mostly-black tail is contrasted by a white tip. Its hairs are {{convert|5|cm|in}} long.<ref name=Roosmalen>{{cite journal |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.177.4220&rep=rep1&type=pdf |title=A taxonomic review of the titi monkeys, genus Callicebus Thomas, 1903, with the description of two new species, Callicebus bernhardi and Callicebus stephennashi, from Brazilian Amazonia |first1=Marc G. M. |last1=Van Roosmalen |first2=Tomas |last2=Van Roosmalen |first3=Russell A. |last3=Mittermeier |author-link3=Russell A. Mittermeier |author-link1=Marc van Roosmalen |year=2002 |journal=Neotropical Primates |volume=10 |issue=suppl|citeseerx=10.1.1.177.4220 }}</ref> |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
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===Distribution=== |
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The Prince Bernhard's titi monkey is of [[least concern]] by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN). It is considered to not be at risk due to its large range and lack of [[Human impact on the environment|human impact]] on its habitat. It has a stable population and no known threats.<ref name=iucn/> |
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The Prince Bernhard's titi monkey is [[endemic]] to [[Brazil]], specifically the states of [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]] and [[Rondônia]], and possibly [[Mato Grosso]], although its presence in the third is uncertain, having possibly been sighted in [[Alta Floresta]]. It is found between the [[Madeira River|Madeira]] and [[Aripuana River|Aripuanã]] rivers. The range of ''P. bernhardi'' overlaps with those of ''P. cinerascens'' and ''P. hoffmannsi'' at the [[headwaters]] of the [[Juruena River|Juruena]], Aripuanã, and [[Roosevelt River|Roosevelt]] rivers. They occur in protected areas, including [[Catuá-Ipixuna Extractive Reserve|Ipixuna Indigenous Land]].<ref name=iucn/> |
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===Habitat=== |
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''P. bernhardi'' prefer to live in disturbed forest, either naturally disturbed or disturbed by humans. Specifically, they enjoy to live in ''blow-downs'' (swathes of secondary forest affected by massive storms), [[liana]] forests, and forests near [[plantations]] and fields.<ref name="Roosmalen" /> |
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==Behavior== |
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===Diet=== |
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Prince Bernhard's titi monkeys have been observed feeding on the fruits of ''[[Oenocarpus distichus]]'' and ''[[Orbignya phalerata]]'', younger leaves and fruit of plants of the genus ''[[Inga]]'', and [[shrubs]] and lianas of unknown classification.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Quintino |first1=Erika Patrícia |last2=Bicca-Marques |first2=Júlio César |title=Occurrence of Callicebus bernhardi in Rolim De Moura, Rondônia, Brazil |journal=Neotropical Primates |date=June 2013 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=62–63 |doi=10.1896/044.020.0114 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270905315_Occurrence_of_Callicebus_bernhardi_in_Rolim_De_Moura_Rondonia_Brazil#pf1 |access-date=27 October 2022}}</ref> |
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===Vocalizations=== |
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In the early morning, before dawn, all the pairs in one area will often begin to perform duet calls together.<ref name="Roosmalen" /> |
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===Thermoregulation=== |
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Keeping their bodies at the correct temperature is important for Prince Bernhard's titi monkeys to keep their metabolism functioning as it should. They display [[thermoregulation]] behaviors when they are not at their ideal temperature. In higher levels of heat, especially over {{convert|31|C|F}}, they avoid sunny places, although they begin to use heat-dissipating postures at as low as {{convert|27|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lopes |first1=Karine G.D. |last2=Bicca-Marques |first2=Júlio César |title=Ambient temperature and humidity modulate the behavioural thermoregulation of a small arboreal mammal ( Callicebus bernhardi ) |journal=Journal of Thermal Biology |date=October 2017 |volume=69 |pages=104–109 |doi=10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.06.010 |url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S030645651730075X?via%3Dihub |access-date=27 October 2022 |issn=0306-4565}}</ref> |
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The Prince Bernhard's titi monkey is of [[least-concern]] by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN). The organization considered it to not be at risk due to its large range and lack of [[Human impact on the environment|human impact]] on its habitat. They concluded that it has a stable population and no known threats.<ref name=iucn/> However, later research efforts found that its habitat, in the [[Arc of Deforestation]] (an area in the southeastern [[Amazon rainforest]] defined by heavy [[deforestation]]), was at risk. It is estimated that it will lose 44.5% of its current range over the next 24 years (three generations). From this study, the research team concluded that its status should be changed to [[vulnerable species|vulnerable]].<ref name="pop surveys">{{cite journal |last1=Silva |first1=Felipe Ennes |last2=Pacca |first2=Luciana Gosi |last3=Lemos |first3=Lisley Pereira |last4=Gusmão |first4=Almério Câmara |last5=Silva |first5=Odair Diogo da |last6=Dalponte |first6=Júlio César |last7=Franco |first7=Caetano L. B. |last8=Santana |first8=Marcelo Ismar |last9=Buss |first9=Gerson |last10=Bizri |first10=Hani R. El |title=Using population surveys and models to reassess the conservation status of an endemic Amazonian titi monkey in a deforestation hotspot |journal=Oryx |date=29 September 2022 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1017/S0030605322000655 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/using-population-surveys-and-models-to-reassess-the-conservation-status-of-an-endemic-amazonian-titi-monkey-in-a-deforestation-hotspot/D7DA56E269C62FBA2CA328397F59E317|access-date=26 October 2022}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 03:11, 27 October 2022
| Prince Bernhard's titi monkey | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Haplorhini |
| Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
| Family: | Pitheciidae |
| Genus: | Plecturocebus |
| Species: | P. bernhardi
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| Binomial name | |
| Plecturocebus bernhardi (van Roosmalen,van Roosmalen and Mittermeier, 2002)
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| Geographic range | |
| Synonyms | |
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Callicebus bernhardi van Roosmalen, van Roosmalen and Mittermeier, 2002, 2002 | |
Prince Bernhard's titi monkey (Plecturocebus bernhardi) is a species of titi in the genus Plecturocebus, first described in 2002. It is named after Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands. They have varying coloration of gray, black, and aguoti, with dark orange in certain regions. They are endemic to Brazil, found mostly in disturbed forest environments. While officially listed as least-concern by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), they may, in fact, be at-risk of human-caused deforestation.
Etymology
The species is known to locals of the regions it inhabits as a zog-zog or zogue-zogue. Its English common name was selected in honor of Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, who created the Order of the Golden Ark, an award equivalent to knighthood, presented each year to a group of conservationists.[2]
Taxonomy
Prince Bernhard's titi monkey belongs to the genus Plecturocebus. It was originally described by Marc van Roosmalen et al. in 2002 as Callicebus bernhardi.[2] In 2016, the genus was split into four new genera, with bernhardi ending up in the moloch group of the newly-created genus Plecturocebus. Other members of that group include P. moloch, P. cinerascens, P. hoffmannsi, P. baptista, and P. brunneus.[3]
Description
C. bernhardi has dark orange sideburns, underparts, and inner limbs (of a more uniform shade than P. cinerascens). The upper regions of the body and head are grayish black, while on the back, it is mixed with brownish agouti or reddish brown. The face is black, with white hairs around the nose and mouth. The ears are also black, with whitish tufts. The mostly-black tail is contrasted by a white tip. Its hairs are 5 centimetres (2.0 in) long.[2]
Distribution and habitat
Distribution
The Prince Bernhard's titi monkey is endemic to Brazil, specifically the states of Amazonas and Rondônia, and possibly Mato Grosso, although its presence in the third is uncertain, having possibly been sighted in Alta Floresta. It is found between the Madeira and Aripuanã rivers. The range of P. bernhardi overlaps with those of P. cinerascens and P. hoffmannsi at the headwaters of the Juruena, Aripuanã, and Roosevelt rivers. They occur in protected areas, including Ipixuna Indigenous Land.[1]
Habitat
P. bernhardi prefer to live in disturbed forest, either naturally disturbed or disturbed by humans. Specifically, they enjoy to live in blow-downs (swathes of secondary forest affected by massive storms), liana forests, and forests near plantations and fields.[2]
Behavior
Diet
Prince Bernhard's titi monkeys have been observed feeding on the fruits of Oenocarpus distichus and Orbignya phalerata, younger leaves and fruit of plants of the genus Inga, and shrubs and lianas of unknown classification.[4]
Vocalizations
In the early morning, before dawn, all the pairs in one area will often begin to perform duet calls together.[2]
Thermoregulation
Keeping their bodies at the correct temperature is important for Prince Bernhard's titi monkeys to keep their metabolism functioning as it should. They display thermoregulation behaviors when they are not at their ideal temperature. In higher levels of heat, especially over 31 °C (88 °F), they avoid sunny places, although they begin to use heat-dissipating postures at as low as 27 °C (81 °F).[5]
Conservation
The Prince Bernhard's titi monkey is of least-concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The organization considered it to not be at risk due to its large range and lack of human impact on its habitat. They concluded that it has a stable population and no known threats.[1] However, later research efforts found that its habitat, in the Arc of Deforestation (an area in the southeastern Amazon rainforest defined by heavy deforestation), was at risk. It is estimated that it will lose 44.5% of its current range over the next 24 years (three generations). From this study, the research team concluded that its status should be changed to vulnerable.[6]
References
- ^ a b c Röhe, F.; Boubli, J.P. (2018). "Plecturocebus bernhardi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T41561A17973161. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T41561A17973161.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Van Roosmalen, Marc G. M.; Van Roosmalen, Tomas; Mittermeier, Russell A. (2002). "A taxonomic review of the titi monkeys, genus Callicebus Thomas, 1903, with the description of two new species, Callicebus bernhardi and Callicebus stephennashi, from Brazilian Amazonia". Neotropical Primates. 10 (suppl). CiteSeerX 10.1.1.177.4220.
- ^ Byrne, H; Rylands, AB; Carneiro, JC; Alfaro, JW; Bertuol, F; da Silva, MN; Messias, M; Groves, CP; Mittermeier, RA; Farias, I; Hrbek, T; Schneider, H; Sampaio, I; Boubli, JP (2016). "Phylogenetic relationships of the New World titi monkeys (Callicebus): first appraisal of taxonomy based on molecular evidence". Frontiers in zoology. 13: 10. doi:10.1186/s12983-016-0142-4. ISSN 1742-9994. PMID 26937245.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Quintino, Erika Patrícia; Bicca-Marques, Júlio César (June 2013). "Occurrence of Callicebus bernhardi in Rolim De Moura, Rondônia, Brazil". Neotropical Primates. 20 (1): 62–63. doi:10.1896/044.020.0114. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
- ^ Lopes, Karine G.D.; Bicca-Marques, Júlio César (October 2017). "Ambient temperature and humidity modulate the behavioural thermoregulation of a small arboreal mammal ( Callicebus bernhardi )". Journal of Thermal Biology. 69: 104–109. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.06.010. ISSN 0306-4565. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
- ^ Silva, Felipe Ennes; Pacca, Luciana Gosi; Lemos, Lisley Pereira; Gusmão, Almério Câmara; Silva, Odair Diogo da; Dalponte, Júlio César; Franco, Caetano L. B.; Santana, Marcelo Ismar; Buss, Gerson; Bizri, Hani R. El (29 September 2022). "Using population surveys and models to reassess the conservation status of an endemic Amazonian titi monkey in a deforestation hotspot". Oryx: 1–8. doi:10.1017/S0030605322000655. Retrieved 26 October 2022.