Kingdom of Rwanda: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 19:14, 28 October 2022
Kingdom of Rwanda Ubwami bw'u Rwanda (Kinyarwanda) Koninkrijk Roeanda (Dutch) Royaume du Rwanda (French) Königreich Ruanda (German) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c. 15th century–1961 | |||||||
 | |||||||
| Status | Independent state (15th century–1897) Part of German East Africa (1897-1916) Part of Ruanda-Urundi (1922-1961) | ||||||
| Capital | Nyanza | ||||||
| Common languages | Kinyarwanda, French, German (official from 1897-1916), Dutch (official from 1922-1961) | ||||||
| Government | Absolute monarchy | ||||||
| Mwami | |||||||
• Unknown | Gihanga (1st Dyn.) (first) | ||||||
• 1959–1961 | Kigeli V (3rd Dyn.) (last) | ||||||
| History | |||||||
• Established | 15th century c. 15th century | ||||||
| 1 July 1961 | |||||||
| ISO 3166 code | RW | ||||||
| |||||||
| Today part of | Rwanda | ||||||
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| History of Rwanda | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Kingdom of Rwanda was a pre-colonial kingdom in East Africa which survived with some of its autonomy intact under German and Belgian colonial rule until its monarchy was abolished during the Rwandan Revolution in 1961. After a 1961 referendum, Rwanda became a republic and received its independence in 1962.[1]
Since the monarchy was officially abolished, a court in exile has been maintained abroad. The current titular king of Rwanda is Mwami Yuhi VI.
History
In the 15th century, one chiefdom, under King Gihanga, managed to incorporate several of its close neighbor territories establishing the Kingdom of Rwanda. The Hutu majority, 82–85% of the population, were mostly free peasants while the kings, known as Mwamis, were exclusively Tutsis of the Nyiginya clan. Certainly some Hutus were nobility and, equally, considerable intermingling took place.
Before the 19th century, it was believed that the Tutsis held military leadership power while the Hutus possessed agricultural skills.
The position of Queen Mother was an important one, managing the royal household and being heavily involved in court politics.[2] When their sons ascended to the throne, mothers would take a new name. This would be composed of nyira-, meaning "mother of", followed by, usually, the regal name of the new king; only kings named Mutara do not follow this convention, their mothers taking the name Nyiramavugo (mother of good counsel).[3]
As the kings centralized their power and authority, they distributed land among individuals rather than allowing it to be passed down through lineage groups, of which many hereditary chiefs had been Hutu. Most of the chiefs appointed by the Mwamis were Tutsi.[4] The redistribution of land, enacted between 1860 and 1895 by Kigeli IV Rwabugiri, resulted in an imposed patronage system, under which appointed Tutsi chiefs demanded manual labor in return for the right of Hutus to occupy their land. This system left Hutus in a serf-like status with Tutsi chiefs as their feudal masters.[5][6]
Under Mwami Rwabugiri, Rwanda became an expansionist state. Rwabugiri did not bother to assess the ethnic identities of conquered peoples and simply labeled all of them "Hutu". The title "Hutu", therefore, came to be a trans-ethnic identity associated with subjugation. While further disenfranchising Hutus socially and politically, this helped to solidify the idea that "Hutu" and "Tutsi" were socioeconomic, not ethnic, distinctions. In fact, one could kwihutura, or "shed Hutuness", by accumulating wealth and rising through the social hierarchy.[7]
Owing to its isolation, Rwanda's engagement with the Indian Ocean slave trade was extremely limited until the end of the 19th century. The first Europeans in Rwanda did not arrive until 1894, making Rwanda one of the last regions of Africa to have been explored by Europeans.[8] In 1897, Germany established a presence in Rwanda with the formation of an alliance with the king, beginning the colonial era.[9]
See also
References
- ^ "Kingdom of Rwanda | historical kingdom, Africa". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
- ^ Gérard Prunier (1995). The Rwanda Crisis, 1959-1994. C. Hurst & Co. p. 24. ISBN 9781850652434.
- ^ Leon Delmas (1950). Généalogies de la noblesse (les Batutsi) du Ruanda (in French). Vicariat Apostolique du Ruanda Kabgayi. p. 54.
le nom dynastique de leur fils, comme: Nyira-Yuhi, la mère de Yuhi-Musinga, Nyira-Kigeri, la mère de Kigeri-Rwabugiri, etc . . . Les rois du nom de Mutara devaient être des rois pacifiques et sociologues; il leur fallait des conseillers experts pour bien gérer les intérêts du royaume, et le premier conseiller choisi fut la mère du roi, d'où le nom de Nyiramavugo qui signifie : mère du bon conseil, du bon langage.
- ^ "Bakiga People and their Culture". ugandatourismcenter.com. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
- ^ Johan Pottier (2002). Re-imagining Rwanda (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 13.
- ^ "Neighbours who kill 'without hatred': Hutus and Tutsis deny the depth". The Independent. 11 April 1994. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
- ^ Magnarella, Paul J. (January 2000). "Comprehending Genocide: The Case of Rwanda". Global Bioethics. 13 (1–2): 23–43. doi:10.1080/11287462.2000.10800754. ISSN 1128-7462.
- ^ De Haas, Michael (November 2019). "MOVING BEYOND COLONIAL CONTROL? ECONOMIC FORCES AND SHIFTING MIGRATION FROM RUANDA-URUNDI TO BUGANDA, 1920–60". Journal of African History. 60 (3): 379–406. doi:10.1017/S0021853719001038. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
- ^ Carney, J.J. (2013). Rwanda Before the Genocide: Catholic Politics and Ethnic Discourse in the Late Colonial Era. Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780199982288.