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The state was one of 23 states in 2007 to have a detailed abortion-specific informed consent requirement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/graphics/gpr1004/gpr100406t1.pdf|title=State Policy On Informed Consent for Abortion|date=Fall 2007|website=Guttmacher Policy Review|access-date=May 22, 2019}}</ref> The informed consent materials in South Dakota, Texas, Utah and West Virginia given to women seeking abortions include counseling materials that say women who have abortions may have [[Suicidal ideation|suicidal thoughts]] or experience "post-abortion traumatic stress syndrome," which is not recognized by [[American Psychological Association]] or the [[American Psychiatric Association]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2007/11/state-abortion-counseling-policies-and-fundamental-principles-informed-consent|title=State Abortion Counseling Policies and the Fundamental Principles of Informed Consent|date=2007-11-12|website=Guttmacher Institute|access-date=2019-05-22}}</ref> In 2013, state [[Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers]] (TRAP) law applied to medication-induced abortions and private doctor offices in addition to abortion clinics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2013/06/trap-laws-gain-political-traction-while-abortion-clinics-and-women-they-serve-pay-price|title=TRAP Laws Gain Political Traction While Abortion Clinics—and the Women They Serve—Pay the Price|date=2013-06-27|website=Guttmacher Institute|access-date=2019-05-27}}</ref> There was a pending bill in Utah in early 2018 to prohibit women from requesting their doctors perform abortions as a result of getting a [[Down syndrome]] diagnosis during their pregnancies. The bill was co-sponsored by Republican state Sen. Curt Bramble.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/state-legislatures-see-flurry-of-activity-on-abortion-bills|title=State legislatures see flurry of activity on abortion bills|date=2018-02-03|website=PBS NewsHour|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> In 2019, only 24% of the state legislators were female.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2019/05/gender-breakdown-state-legislatures-abortion-laws-alabama/|title=Yes, you can blame the patriarchy for these horrible abortion laws. We did the math.|website=Mother Jones|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref>
The state was one of 23 states in 2007 to have a detailed abortion-specific informed consent requirement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/graphics/gpr1004/gpr100406t1.pdf|title=State Policy On Informed Consent for Abortion|date=Fall 2007|website=Guttmacher Policy Review|access-date=May 22, 2019}}</ref> The informed consent materials in South Dakota, Texas, Utah and West Virginia given to women seeking abortions include counseling materials that say women who have abortions may have [[Suicidal ideation|suicidal thoughts]] or experience "post-abortion traumatic stress syndrome," which is not recognized by [[American Psychological Association]] or the [[American Psychiatric Association]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2007/11/state-abortion-counseling-policies-and-fundamental-principles-informed-consent|title=State Abortion Counseling Policies and the Fundamental Principles of Informed Consent|date=2007-11-12|website=Guttmacher Institute|access-date=2019-05-22}}</ref> In 2013, state [[Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers]] (TRAP) law applied to medication-induced abortions and private doctor offices in addition to abortion clinics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2013/06/trap-laws-gain-political-traction-while-abortion-clinics-and-women-they-serve-pay-price|title=TRAP Laws Gain Political Traction While Abortion Clinics—and the Women They Serve—Pay the Price|date=2013-06-27|website=Guttmacher Institute|access-date=2019-05-27}}</ref> There was a pending bill in Utah in early 2018 to prohibit women from requesting their doctors perform abortions as a result of getting a [[Down syndrome]] diagnosis during their pregnancies. The bill was co-sponsored by Republican state Sen. Curt Bramble.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/state-legislatures-see-flurry-of-activity-on-abortion-bills|title=State legislatures see flurry of activity on abortion bills|date=2018-02-03|website=PBS NewsHour|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> In 2019, only 24% of the state legislators were female.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2019/05/gender-breakdown-state-legislatures-abortion-laws-alabama/|title=Yes, you can blame the patriarchy for these horrible abortion laws. We did the math.|website=Mother Jones|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref>


In 2019, the Utah legislature passed a bill limiting abortions after 18 weeks of pregnancy.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Schott |first=Ryan |date=11 May 2022 |title=Gov. Cox says he opposes abortion restrictions beyond Utah's trigger law |url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/politics/2022/05/11/utah-gov-cox-says-he/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=The Salt Lake Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2020, the legislature passed Senate Bill 174 "Abortion Prohibition Amendments" sponsored by [[Daniel McCay]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Cortez |first=Marjorie |date=2022-06-04 |title=Poll: 46% of Utahns say abortion should only be legal in cases of rape, incest, threats to mothers' health |url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2022/6/3/23152398/poll-utahns-say-abortion-only-legal-rape-incest-mothers-health |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=Deseret News |language=en}}</ref> The bill is a near-total ban on abortion, with exceptions for rape, incest, and the mother’s health, but would only go into effect if ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' was overturned.<ref name=":5" /> The Supreme Court overturned ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' in ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization]]'', {{ussc|597||2022|docket=19-1392}} later in 2022.<ref name="cnn decision">{{cite web |url = https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/24/politics/dobbs-mississippi-supreme-court-abortion-roe-wade/index.html |title = Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade |first = Arinne |last = de Vogue |date = June 24, 2022 |accessdate = June 24, 2022 |work = [[CNN]] |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624141808/https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/24/politics/dobbs-mississippi-supreme-court-abortion-roe-wade/index.html |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="scotusblog decision">{{cite news |last1 = Howe |first1 = Amy |title = Supreme Court overturns constitutional right to abortion |url = https://www.scotusblog.com/2022/06/supreme-court-overturns-constitutional-right-to-abortion/ |work = [[SCOTUSblog]] |date = June 24, 2022 |access-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624142633/https://www.scotusblog.com/2022/06/supreme-court-overturns-constitutional-right-to-abortion/ |url-status = live }}</ref> According to HB136, which is effective state law from June 28, 2022, abortions are banned following 18 weeks of gestation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fox13now.com/news/local-news/while-utahs-abortion-ban-is-on-hold-a-new-law-takes-effect | title=While Utah's abortion ban is on hold, a new law takes effect | date=28 June 2022 }}</ref>
In 2019, the Utah legislature passed a bill limiting abortions after 18 weeks of pregnancy.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Schott |first=Ryan |date=11 May 2022 |title=Gov. Cox says he opposes abortion restrictions beyond Utah's trigger law |url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/politics/2022/05/11/utah-gov-cox-says-he/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=The Salt Lake Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2020, the legislature passed Senate Bill 174 "Abortion Prohibition Amendments" sponsored by [[Daniel McCay]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Cortez |first=Marjorie |date=2022-06-04 |title=Poll: 46% of Utahns say abortion should only be legal in cases of rape, incest, threats to mothers' health |url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2022/6/3/23152398/poll-utahns-say-abortion-only-legal-rape-incest-mothers-health |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=Deseret News |language=en}}</ref> The bill is a near-total ban on abortion, with exceptions for rape, incest, and the mother’s health, but would only go into effect if ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' was overturned.<ref name=":5" /> The Supreme Court overturned ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' in ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization]]'', {{ussc|597||2022|docket=19-1392}} later in 2022.<ref name="cnn decision">{{cite web |url = https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/24/politics/dobbs-mississippi-supreme-court-abortion-roe-wade/index.html |title = Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade |first = Arinne |last = de Vogue |date = June 24, 2022 |accessdate = June 24, 2022 |work = [[CNN]] |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624141808/https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/24/politics/dobbs-mississippi-supreme-court-abortion-roe-wade/index.html |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="scotusblog decision">{{cite news |last1 = Howe |first1 = Amy |title = Supreme Court overturns constitutional right to abortion |url = https://www.scotusblog.com/2022/06/supreme-court-overturns-constitutional-right-to-abortion/ |work = [[SCOTUSblog]] |date = June 24, 2022 |access-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624142633/https://www.scotusblog.com/2022/06/supreme-court-overturns-constitutional-right-to-abortion/ |url-status = live }}</ref> However, there is a temporary restraining order blocking enforcement of the near-total ban on abortion..<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jacobs |first1=Becky |title=Abortions can resume in Utah for now, after judge blocks enforcement of trigger law |url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/2022/06/27/utahs-planned-parenthood/ |access-date=June 27, 2022 |work=The Salt Lake Tribune |date=June 27, 2022}}</ref> But according to another law, HB136, which is effective state law from June 28, 2022, abortions are banned following 18 weeks of gestation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fox13now.com/news/local-news/while-utahs-abortion-ban-is-on-hold-a-new-law-takes-effect | title=While Utah's abortion ban is on hold, a new law takes effect | date=28 June 2022 }}</ref>


=== Judicial history ===
=== Judicial history ===

Revision as of 04:28, 31 October 2022

Abortion in Utah is legally performed under a temporary restraining order blocking enforcement of the state's trigger law, which bans abortion.[1] According to HB136, which is effective state law from June 28, 2022, abortions are banned following 18 weeks of gestation.[2] Abortion was banned following the Supreme Court case, Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization on June 24, 2022.[3][4][5] Utah State Legislation enacted SB 174 in May 2020, which, upon the overturn of Roe v. Wade, made inducing an abortion a second-degree felony.[4][6][7] The law includes exceptions for pregnancies "caused by rape or incest," pregnancies that put the mother's life at risk, or "if two doctors say the fetus has a lethal defect."[6][4][7] Rape and incest exceptions will only be viable if the crimes were previously reported to law enforcement officials.[8]

A 2014 Pew Research Center survey found that 51% of Utah adults said abortion should be illegal in all or most cases with 47% saying it should be legal,[9] and a 2022 joint Deseret News/Hinckley Institute of Politics poll found 46% of Utahns thought abortion should be legal only in cases of rape, incest, or threats to mothers’ health.

The number of abortions performed annually in Utah has dropped over the decades with 4,796 abortions performed in 1990 and 2,922 performed in 2019.[10] In 2019, 61.8% of abortions performed in Utah were due to socioeconomic reasons.[4]

History

Legislative history

By 1950, the state legislature of Utah passed a law stating that a woman who had an abortion or actively sought to have an abortion, regardless of whether she went through with it, was guilty of a criminal offense.[11] Since the early 1980s, Planned Parenthood has been Utah's only Title X grantee and only abortion service provider in the state.[12]

The state was one of 23 states in 2007 to have a detailed abortion-specific informed consent requirement.[13] The informed consent materials in South Dakota, Texas, Utah and West Virginia given to women seeking abortions include counseling materials that say women who have abortions may have suicidal thoughts or experience "post-abortion traumatic stress syndrome," which is not recognized by American Psychological Association or the American Psychiatric Association.[14] In 2013, state Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) law applied to medication-induced abortions and private doctor offices in addition to abortion clinics.[15] There was a pending bill in Utah in early 2018 to prohibit women from requesting their doctors perform abortions as a result of getting a Down syndrome diagnosis during their pregnancies. The bill was co-sponsored by Republican state Sen. Curt Bramble.[16] In 2019, only 24% of the state legislators were female.[17]

In 2019, the Utah legislature passed a bill limiting abortions after 18 weeks of pregnancy.[18] In 2020, the legislature passed Senate Bill 174 "Abortion Prohibition Amendments" sponsored by Daniel McCay.[19] The bill is a near-total ban on abortion, with exceptions for rape, incest, and the mother’s health, but would only go into effect if Roe v. Wade was overturned.[18] The Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, No. 19-1392, 597 U.S. ___ (2022) later in 2022.[20][21] However, there is a temporary restraining order blocking enforcement of the near-total ban on abortion..[22] But according to another law, HB136, which is effective state law from June 28, 2022, abortions are banned following 18 weeks of gestation.[23]

Judicial history

The US Supreme Court's decision in 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling meant the state could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester.[11] (However, the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, No. 19-1392, 597 U.S. ___ (2022) later in 2022.[20][21])

Clinic history

Number of abortion clinics in Utah by year
See also: Abortion clinic

Between 1982 and 1992, the number of abortion clinics in the state declined by one, going from seven in 1982 to six in 1992.[24] In 1996, the state had seven abortion clinics and was one of only three to gain clinics in the period between 1982 and 1996.[25] In 2014, there were two abortion clinics in the state.[26] In 2014, 97% of the counties in the state did not have an abortion clinic. That year, 62% of women in the state aged 15–44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic.[27] In 2017, there were nine Planned Parenthood clinics, of which one offered abortion services, in a state with a population of 727,940 women aged 15–49.[28] In March 2019, Planned Parenthood Association of Utah was the only abortion provider in the state.[12]

Statistics

In the period between 1972 and 1974, there were zero recorded illegal abortion deaths in the state.[29] In 1990, 202,000 women in the state faced the risk of an unintended pregnancy.[24] In 2013, among white women aged 15–19, there were 290 abortions, 10 abortions for black women aged 15–19, 60 abortions for Hispanic women aged 15–19, and 20 abortions for women of all other races.[30] In 2014, 51% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be illegal in all or most cases with 47% saying it should be legal.[9] In 2017, the state had an infant mortality rate of 5.9 deaths per 1,000 live births, compared to the national average of 5.8 deaths per 1,000 live births.[31] In 2022, a Deseret News/Hinckley Institute of Politics survey found 46% of Utahns said abortion should only be legal in cases of rape, incest, or threats to mothers’ health.[19]

Number of reported abortions, abortion rate and percentage change in rate by geographic region and state in 1992, 1995 and 1996[25]
Census division and state Number Rate % change 1992–1996
1992 1995 1996 1992 1995 1996
US total 1,528,930 1,363,690 1,365,730 25.9 22.9 22.9 –12
Mountain 69,600 63,390 67,020 21 17.9 18.6 –12
Arizona 20,600 18,120 19,310 24.1 19.1 19.8 –18
Colorado 19,880 15,690 18,310 23.6 18 20.9 –12
Idaho 1,710 1,500 1,600 7.2 5.8 6.1 –15
Montana 3,300 3,010 2,900 18.2 16.2 15.6 –14
Nevada 13,300 15,600 15,450 44.2 46.7 44.6 1
New Mexico 6,410 5,450 5,470 17.7 14.4 14.4 –19
Utah 3,940 3,740 3,700 9.3 8.1 7.8 –16
Wyoming 460 280 280 4.3 2.7 2.7 –37
Number, rate, and ratio of reported abortions, by reporting area of residence and occurrence and by percentage of abortions obtained by out-of-state residents, US CDC estimates
Location Residence Occurrence % obtained by

out-of-state residents

Year Ref
No. Rate^ Ratio^^ No. Rate^ Ratio^^
Utah 2,905 4.5 57 2,948 4.6 58 6.1 2014 [32]
Utah 3,123 4.8 62 3,176 4.9 63 6 2015 [33]
Utah 2,956 4.5 59 3,008 4.5 60 6.6 2016 [34]
^number of abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44; ^^number of abortions per 1,000 live births

Public Responses

Protests

In a 2019 national "Stop the Bans" protest, hundreds of Utahns gathered to protest several laws which limited or banned abortion across the United States. The largest protest took place outside the Utah State Capitol, in Salt Lake City. A smaller protest also took place in the city of Provo. In both events, protesters called on state legislators not to pass any laws further restricting abortion. The protests also centered around bills from other states, particularly Ohio, Alabama, and other southern states. [35]

Activism

Much of the anti-abortion movement in the United States and around the world finds support in the Roman Catholic Church, the Christian right, the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, the Church of England, the Anglican Church in North America, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).[36][37][38][39]

The position of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is that "elective abortion for personal or social convenience is contrary to the will and the commandments of God" but that abortion may be justified where the pregnancy endangers life of the mother, where the pregnancy is the outcome of rape or incest, or the fetus is not viable.[40][41]

References

  1. ^ Jacobs, Becky (June 27, 2022). "Abortions can resume in Utah for now, after judge blocks enforcement of trigger law". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  2. ^ "While Utah's abortion ban is on hold, a new law takes effect". 28 June 2022.
  3. ^ "BREAKING: Abortion now prohibited in Utah". KSLTV.com. 2022-06-25. Retrieved 2022-06-25.
  4. ^ a b c d Jacobs, Becky (2022-06-24). "Supreme Court clears way for Utah's abortion trigger law by overturning Roe v. Wade". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
  5. ^ "State Bans on Abortion Throughout Pregnancy". Guttmacher Institute. 2016-03-14. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
  6. ^ a b Harris, Martha (2022-05-03). "SB 174, the Utah trigger law that bans most abortions". KSLNewsRadio. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
  7. ^ a b Hemmersmeier, Sean; Cabrera, Elle. "What the Supreme Court Decision on abortion means for residents of southwestern Utah". The Spectrum. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
  8. ^ Blumenthal, Paul (2022-06-14). "These States Will Ban Abortion Now That Roe Is Overturned". HuffPost. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
  9. ^ a b "Views about abortion among adults in Utah". Pew Research Center. 30 May 2014.
  10. ^ "Utah Vital Statistics: Abortions 2019" (PDF). Utah Department of Health. November 2021. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
  11. ^ a b Buell, Samuel (1991-01-01). "Criminal Abortion Revisited". New York University Law Review. 66 (6): 1774–1831. PMID 11652642.
  12. ^ a b Mir, Alice; Ollstein, A.; Roubein, Rachel. "States struggle to replace Planned Parenthood as Trump rules loom". POLITICO. Retrieved 2019-05-23.
  13. ^ "State Policy On Informed Consent for Abortion" (PDF). Guttmacher Policy Review. Fall 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  14. ^ "State Abortion Counseling Policies and the Fundamental Principles of Informed Consent". Guttmacher Institute. 2007-11-12. Retrieved 2019-05-22.
  15. ^ "TRAP Laws Gain Political Traction While Abortion Clinics—and the Women They Serve—Pay the Price". Guttmacher Institute. 2013-06-27. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
  16. ^ "State legislatures see flurry of activity on abortion bills". PBS NewsHour. 2018-02-03. Retrieved 2019-05-26.
  17. ^ "Yes, you can blame the patriarchy for these horrible abortion laws. We did the math". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2019-05-26.
  18. ^ a b Schott, Ryan (11 May 2022). "Gov. Cox says he opposes abortion restrictions beyond Utah's trigger law". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
  19. ^ a b Cortez, Marjorie (2022-06-04). "Poll: 46% of Utahns say abortion should only be legal in cases of rape, incest, threats to mothers' health". Deseret News. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
  20. ^ a b de Vogue, Arinne (June 24, 2022). "Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade". CNN. Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  21. ^ a b Howe, Amy (June 24, 2022). "Supreme Court overturns constitutional right to abortion". SCOTUSblog. Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  22. ^ Jacobs, Becky (June 27, 2022). "Abortions can resume in Utah for now, after judge blocks enforcement of trigger law". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  23. ^ "While Utah's abortion ban is on hold, a new law takes effect". 28 June 2022.
  24. ^ a b Arndorfer, Elizabeth; Michael, Jodi; Moskowitz, Laura; Grant, Juli A.; Siebel, Liza (December 1998). A State-By-State Review of Abortion and Reproductive Rights. Diane Publishing. ISBN 9780788174810.
  25. ^ a b "Abortion Incidence and Services in the United States, 1995-1996". Guttmacher Institute. 2005-06-15. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
  26. ^ Gould, Rebecca Harrington, Skye. "The number of abortion clinics in the US has plunged in the last decade — here's how many are in each state". Business Insider. Retrieved 2019-05-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ businessinsider (2018-08-04). "This is what could happen if Roe v. Wade fell". Business Insider (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2019-05-24. Retrieved 2019-05-24. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  28. ^ "Here's Where Women Have Less Access to Planned Parenthood". Retrieved 2019-05-23.
  29. ^ Cates, Willard; Rochat, Roger (March 1976). "Illegal Abortions in the United States: 1972–1974". Family Planning Perspectives. 8 (2): 86–92. doi:10.2307/2133995. JSTOR 2133995. PMID 1269687.
  30. ^ "No. of abortions among women aged 15–19, by state of residence, 2013 by racial group". Guttmacher Data Center. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  31. ^ "States pushing abortion bans have highest infant mortality rates". NBC News. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  32. ^ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2017). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2014". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 66 (24): 1–48. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6624a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMC 6289084. PMID 29166366.
  33. ^ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2018). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2015". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 67 (13): 1–45. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6713a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMC 6289084. PMID 30462632.
  34. ^ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2019). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2016". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 68 (11): 1–41. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6811a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMID 31774741.
  35. ^ Kauffman, Gretel (2019-05-21). "Hundreds in Utah join nationwide abortion law protests". Deseret News. Retrieved 2021-06-18.
  36. ^ Ferguson, Susan you ass J (1999). Mapping the Social Landscape. ISBN 9780767406161. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  37. ^ Sex, Politics, and Religion: The Clash Between Poland and the European Union over Abortion by Alicia Czerwinski in the Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, 2003
  38. ^ "Официальный сайт Русской Православной Церкви". Mospat.ru. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
  39. ^ True to the Faith (LDS) article on abortion. Retrieved 2006-05-06.
  40. ^ Religious Groups' Official Positions on Abortion, Pew Research Center (January 16, 2013).
  41. ^ Official Statement on Abortion, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (May 9, 2022).
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