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Om Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevāya (listen^ⓘ) (Sanskrit (Devanagari): ॐ नमो भगवते वासुदेवाय) lit. '"I bow to the Ultimate Reality, Vāsudeva"' is one of the most popular Hindu mantras, and according to the Bhagavata tradition, the most important mantra in Vaishnavism.^[1] It is called the Dvadasakshari Mantra,^[2] or simply Dvadasakshari, meaning the "twelve-syllable" mantra, dedicated to Vishnu and Krishna both.^[3]^[4] It has two traditions—Tantric and Puranic. In the Tantric tradition, the rishi of the mantra is Prajapati; in the Puranic tradition, the rishi is Narada. Both refer to it as the supreme Vishnu mantra.^{[citation needed]}

Origin

Bhagavatism, one of the traditions that was assimilated with what would become Vaishnavism, revered the Vrishni heroes, primary among them being Vāsudeva (Krishna).^[5] It may be concluded that the mantra was first associated with the reverence of Vāsudeva as the supreme deity^[6] before he was syncretised with Vishnu, after which it became an invocation of both deities.

Meaning

Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya means "Om, I bow to Lord Vāsudeva or Lord Vishnu".^[7]

Term	Devanagari	Listen	Meaning
Om	ॐ	Om^ⓘ	Refers to the Supreme Infinite Spirit or Person. Om represents the Shabda Brahman.
Namo	नमो (namo)	Namo^ⓘ	Salutation, worship, a common spoken valediction or salutation originating from the Indian subcontinent. 'Namo' नमो is the Sandhi form of 'namas' नमस्, neuter nominative singular.
Bhagavate	भगवते	Bhagavate^ⓘ	1. God in Sanskrit, someone who is considered God (or equally powerful, merciful). 'Bhagavate' भगवते is the dative of 'bhagavat' भगवत्. 2. Bhagavate is one who is becoming divine.^[8]
Vāsudevāya	वासुदेवाय	Vāsudevāya^ⓘ	Vasu means "Life in all beings" Devaya means "God". This means God(life/light) who lives of all beings. Other meaning for Krishna is also known as Vāsudeva (Krishna), because He was the son of Vasudeva. In the Bhagavad-Gita, Arjuna called Krishna by the name Vaasudeva multiple times. 'Vāsudevāya' वासुदेवाय is the dative of 'vāsudeva' वासुदेव.

Significance

Om Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevaya means "prostration to Vasudeva", who is variously understood as Krishna an incarnation of Vishnu."^[9] According to the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna himself asked his devotees to completely surrender to him:

सर्वधर्मान्परित्यज्य मामेकं शरणं व्रज ।
अहं त्वां सर्वपापेभ्यो मोक्षयिष्यामि मा शुचः ॥१८- ६६॥
Translation Resigning all your duties to Me, the all-powerful & all supporting Lord, take refuge in Me alone; I shall absolve you of all sins, worry not.
[Gita 18/66]

The Vaishnava Upanishads state that this mantra is described on the Sudarshana Chakra:^[10]

Similarly, in the twelve petals, is placed the Vasudevan (the twelve-syllabled Mantra, Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya).
— Vaishnava Upanishads

The Sharada Tilaka, a Tantric text, states:

"Dvadasharno mahamantrah pradhano Vaishnavagame"— The twelve lettered mantra is the chief among vaishnava mantras.

Similarly, this is referred to as the ultimate mantra in the Shrimad Bhagavatam. This twelve syllable mantra^[11] is known as a mukti (liberation) mantra, and a spiritual formula for attaining freedom.^[12] The mantra can also be found in the Vishnu Purana.

In popular culture

Dhruva used this as his mantra in his penance. Dhruva was initiated by Narada into chanting.^[13]
Swami Vivekananda used this phrase multiple times in his lectures and letters.^[14]^[15]
Swami Sivananda suggested to repeat mantras like Om or "Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya".^[16]
Vedanta philosopher Dayananda Saraswati wrote a book named "Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya".^[17]
Willow Smith and Jahnavi Harrison put this mantra into their song Gajendra from their collaborative album RISE

References

^ Farquhar, J. N. (John Nicol) (1920). An outline of the religious literature of India. Cornell University Library. London ; New York : H. Milford, Oxford University Press. p. 186.
^ Benjamin Walker. Hindu World Vol. 2 An Encyclopedic Survey Of Wisdom Benjamin Walker. p. 27.
^ Prabhakar Balvant Machwe (1983). Bhāratīya Saṃskr̥ti, Volume 1. Bhāratīya Saṃskr̥ti Saṃsada. p. 212.
^ Edwin F. Bryant. Krishna: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. p. 354.
^ Dineschandra Sircar (1971). Studies In The Religious Life Of Ancient and Medieval India by Dineschandra Sircar (1971). p. 19.
^ Swami Sivananda exclusive books. p. 73.
^ J. Donald Walters (1 March 2002). The Art and Science of Raja Yoga: Fourteen Steps to Higher Awareness : Based on the Teachings of Paramhansa Yogananda. Crystal Clarity Publishers. pp. 251–. ISBN 978-1-56589-166-1. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
^ "Chanting Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya". Retrieved 14 April 2012.
^ Swami Krishnananda. "The Significance of Mantra-Japa Sadhana". swami-krishnananda.org. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
^ Upanishad Brahmayogin. 108 Upanishads with Sanskrit Commentary of Upanishad Brahma Yogin. http://sanskritebooks.org/. Adyar Library. {{cite book}}: External link in |others= (help)
^ Alexander Studholme (2002). The Origins of Oṃ Maṇipadme Hūṃ: A Study of the Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra. SUNY Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-7914-5389-6.
^ "Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya". Retrieved 14 April 2012.
^ "Dhruva". Vaniquotes. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
^ "Swami Vivekananda Letters". Vedanta network Boston. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
^ "Swami Vivekananda letter the 15th February [1893]". Ramakrishna Vivekananda Info. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
^ "20 Instructions by Swami Sivanananda". Writespirit. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
^ "Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya by Swami Dayananda Saraswati". vedicbooks.net/. Retrieved 4 May 2012.

[1] Farquhar, J. N. (John Nicol) (1920). An outline of the religious literature of India. Cornell University Library. London ; New York : H. Milford, Oxford University Press. p. 186.

[2] Benjamin Walker. Hindu World Vol. 2 An Encyclopedic Survey Of Wisdom Benjamin Walker. p. 27.

[3] Prabhakar Balvant Machwe (1983). Bhāratīya Saṃskr̥ti, Volume 1. Bhāratīya Saṃskr̥ti Saṃsada. p. 212.

[4] Edwin F. Bryant. Krishna: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. p. 354.

[5] Dineschandra Sircar (1971). Studies In The Religious Life Of Ancient and Medieval India by Dineschandra Sircar (1971). p. 19.

[6] Swami Sivananda exclusive books. p. 73.

[Walters2002-7] J. Donald Walters (1 March 2002). The Art and Science of Raja Yoga: Fourteen Steps to Higher Awareness : Based on the Teachings of Paramhansa Yogananda. Crystal Clarity Publishers. pp. 251–. ISBN 978-1-56589-166-1. Retrieved 24 June 2012.

[Chanting_Om_Namo_Bhagavate_Vasudevaya_chant_blg-8] "Chanting Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya". Retrieved 14 April 2012.

[The_Significance_of_Mantra-Japa_Sadhana_Kr-9] Swami Krishnananda. "The Significance of Mantra-Japa Sadhana". swami-krishnananda.org. Retrieved 14 April 2012.

[10] Upanishad Brahmayogin. 108 Upanishads with Sanskrit Commentary of Upanishad Brahma Yogin. http://sanskritebooks.org/. Adyar Library. {{cite book}}: External link in |others= (help)

[Studholme2002-11] Alexander Studholme (2002). The Origins of Oṃ Maṇipadme Hūṃ: A Study of the Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra. SUNY Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-7914-5389-6.

[Om_Namo_Bhagavate_vasudevaya-12] "Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya". Retrieved 14 April 2012.

[13] "Dhruva". Vaniquotes. Retrieved 14 April 2012.

[Swami_Vivekananda_Letters-14] "Swami Vivekananda Letters". Vedanta network Boston. Retrieved 14 April 2012.

[Swami_Vivekananda_letter_the_15th_February_[1893]-15] "Swami Vivekananda letter the 15th February [1893]". Ramakrishna Vivekananda Info. Retrieved 14 April 2012.

[20_Instructions_by_Swami_Sivanananda-16] "20 Instructions by Swami Sivanananda". Writespirit. Retrieved 14 April 2012.

[Om_Namo_Bhagavate_Vasudevaya_by_Swami_Dayananda_Saraswati-17] "Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya by Swami Dayananda Saraswati". vedicbooks.net/. Retrieved 4 May 2012.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|A Hindu mantra}}
 {{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}{{italic title}}[[File:Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya.jpg|thumb|Om Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevaya in [[Devnagari|Devanagari]]]]
+{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}{{italic title}}[[File:Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya.jpg|thumb|Om Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevaya in [[Sanskrit]] ([[Devnagari|Devanagari]])]]
-'''''Om Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevāya''''' ({{audio|Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya Pronunciation.oga|listen}}) ([[Devanagari]]:  ॐ नमो भगवते वासुदेवाय) {{Literal translation|"I bow to the Ultimate Reality, Vāsudeva"}} is one of the most popular [[Hindu]] [[mantra]]s, and according to the [[Bhagavata]] tradition, the most important mantra in [[Vaishnavism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farquhar |first=J. N. (John Nicol) |url=http://archive.org/details/cu31924023004629 |title=An outline of the religious literature of India |date=1920 |publisher=London ; New York : H. Milford, Oxford University Press |others=Cornell University Library |pages=186}}</ref> It is called the '''Dvadasakshari Mantra''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Benjamin Walker |url=http://archive.org/details/hindu-world-vol.-2-an-encyclopedic-survey-of-wisdom-benjamin-walker |title=Hindu World Vol. 2 An Encyclopedic Survey Of Wisdom Benjamin Walker |pages=27}}</ref> or simply '''Dvadasakshari''', meaning the "twelve-syllable" mantra, dedicated to [[Vishnu]] and [[Krishna]] both.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bhāratīya Saṃskr̥ti, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qa8aAAAAMAAJ |author=Prabhakar Balvant Machwe |publisher=Bhāratīya Saṃskr̥ti Saṃsada |page=212 |year=1983}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Krishna: A Sourcebook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2n4VDAAAQBAJ |author=Edwin F. Bryant |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=354}}</ref> It has two traditions—[[Tantra|Tantric]] and [[Puranic]]. In the Tantric tradition, the rishi of the mantra is [[Prajapati]]; in the Puranic tradition, the rishi is [[Narada]]. Both refer to it as the supreme Vishnu mantra.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
+'''''Om Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevāya''''' ({{audio|Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya Pronunciation.oga|listen}}) ([[Sanskrit]] ([[Devanagari]]):  ॐ नमो भगवते वासुदेवाय) {{Literal translation|"I bow to the Ultimate Reality, Vāsudeva"}} is one of the most popular [[Hindu]] [[mantra]]s, and according to the [[Bhagavata]] tradition, the most important mantra in [[Vaishnavism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farquhar |first=J. N. (John Nicol) |url=http://archive.org/details/cu31924023004629 |title=An outline of the religious literature of India |date=1920 |publisher=London ; New York : H. Milford, Oxford University Press |others=Cornell University Library |pages=186}}</ref> It is called the '''Dvadasakshari Mantra''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Benjamin Walker |url=http://archive.org/details/hindu-world-vol.-2-an-encyclopedic-survey-of-wisdom-benjamin-walker |title=Hindu World Vol. 2 An Encyclopedic Survey Of Wisdom Benjamin Walker |pages=27}}</ref> or simply '''Dvadasakshari''', meaning the "twelve-syllable" mantra, dedicated to [[Vishnu]] and [[Krishna]] both.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bhāratīya Saṃskr̥ti, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qa8aAAAAMAAJ |author=Prabhakar Balvant Machwe |publisher=Bhāratīya Saṃskr̥ti Saṃsada |page=212 |year=1983}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Krishna: A Sourcebook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2n4VDAAAQBAJ |author=Edwin F. Bryant |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=354}}</ref> It has two traditions—[[Tantra|Tantric]] and [[Puranic]]. In the Tantric tradition, the rishi of the mantra is [[Prajapati]]; in the Puranic tradition, the rishi is [[Narada]]. Both refer to it as the supreme Vishnu mantra.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
 == Origin ==

v t e Krishna
Forms	Bala Krishna Gopala-Krishna Govinda Jagannath Radha Krishna Shrinathji Vāsudeva-Krishna Vithoba Other names
Consorts	Radha Ashtabharya Rukmini Satyabhama Jambavati Kalindi Nagnajiti Mitravinda Lakshmana Bhadra Other 16000 - 16100 Junior wives Rohini
Other relatives	Aniruddha Arjuna Balarama Devaki Kamsa Kunti Nanda Pradyumna Samba Subhadra Ugrasena Vasudeva Yashoda More
Worship	Sects Krishnaism Vaishnavism Festivals Krishna Janmashtami Gita Mahotsav Holi Pilgrimage circuits 48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra Vraja Parikrama
Holy sites	Associated with Krishna's life Mathura Gokul Govardhan Hill Vrindavan Dvaraka Kurukshetra Jyotisar Bhalka Other sites: Guruvayur Nathdwara Pandharpur Puri Udupi
Epigraphy	Hathibada Ghosundi Heliodorus pillar Mora Well Naneghat Vasu Doorjamb
Texts	Bhagavata Purana Gita Govinda Mahabharata Bhagavad Gita Krishna's role Brahma Samhita Uddhava Gita
See also	Svayam Bhagavan Avatar Dashavatara Vishnu Guru–shishya tradition