Kumbhakarna: Difference between revisions

Kumbhakarna
Kumbhakarna
	Kumbhakarna with his weapons
Affiliation	Rakshasa
Texts	Ramayana and its versions
Genealogy
Parents	Vishrava (father); Kaikashi (mother)
Siblings	Ravana, Vibhishana (brothers); Shurpanakha (sister)
Consort	Vajrajwala; Karkati;
Children	Kumbha and Nikumbha (from Vajrajwala) ; Bhimasura (from Karkati)

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Kumbhakarna (Sanskrit: कुम्भकर्ण, lit. pot-eared) is a powerful rakshasa and younger brother of Ravana from the Hindu epic Ramayana.^[1] Despite his gigantic size and appetite, he is described as a virtuous character and a great warrior in Hindu texts. He is said to have slaughtered 8,000 vanaras over the course of Rama's invasion of Lanka.^[2]

Vibhishana narrated that Kumbhakarna had been born with immense strength, having subdued both Indra and Yama, striking the former in the chest with the broken tusk of Airavata. At the bequest of Indra, Brahma cursed the rakshasa to "sleep like he is dead". On Ravana's request, he commuted the curse to have the rakshasa sleep for six months at a time, and wake up for exactly one day to wreak havoc and devour to his heart's content.^[3]

In a popular retelling of this tale, Kumbhakarna, accompanied by his brothers Ravana and Vibhishana, performed a major yajna to please Brahma. Indra was worried and jealous of his strength so he went to Brahma before Kumbhakarna's boon could come to fruition.

When Kumbhakarna asked for his boon, his tongue was tied by the goddess Saraswati, who acted on Indra's request. Instead of asking for Indraasana (the throne of Indra), he asked for Nidraasana (bed for sleeping).^[4] It is also said that he intended to ask for Nirdevatvam (annihilation of the devas) and instead asked for Nidravatvam (sleep). His request was instantly granted. However, his brother Ravana requested Brahma to undo this curse as a boon and Brahma reduced it to sleeping for six months, after which he would sleep again as soon as his appetite was satisfied.^[5]

Life

Origin

In the Bhagavata Purana, Kumbhakarna is said to be the incarnation of the gatekeeper deity Vijaya. Vijaya, along with his brother and fellow gatekeeper Jaya, was punished by the Four Kumaras for impiety while they guarded the sacred realm of Vishnu. Vijaya was initially sentenced to mortality, but after appealing to Vishnu, their sentences were reduced to just three lifetimes, allowing them to return to Vaikuntha. While his brother Jaya became Ravana, Vijaya became Kumbhakarna during their second of three incarnations on Earth.^[6]

Personality

Kumbhakarna is portrayed as a loyal, powerful, and fearless character who fought to defend his brother and land out of obligation and affection.^[7] He had an grand appetite and slept for months at a time.^[8]^[9]

Family

Kumbhakarna's father is Vishrava, and his siblings are Ravana, Vibhishana, and Shurpanakha.^[10] He has two sons, Kumbha and Nikumbha, with his wife Vajrajwala, the daughter of Bali and granddaughter of Virochana, who also fought in the war against Rama and was killed.^[11]

In the war

In defense of his kingdom, Ravana charged into battle and was humiliated by Rama and his army after underestimating his enemy. He decided he needed the help of his brother Kumbhakarna, who woke up only after 1,000 elephants walked over him.^[12]

When informed of Ravana's war with Rama, Kumbhakarna tried to convince Ravana that what he is doing was wrong, that Rama is the avatar of Vishnu, and that Sita is an avatar of Lakshmi. However, Ravana was deaf to these words and Kumbhakarna chose to fight in the battle due to loyalty and affection to his brother and homeland.^[7] He joined the battle and devastated Rama's army. After a battle against Hanuman and Sugriva, he knocked the latter unconscious and took him prisoner.^[13]

Lakshmana and Kumbhakarna dueled for a long period, leaving both of them exhausted.^[14] In his battle against Rama, Kumbhakarna had one arm cut off by the Vayuastra and the other mutilated by the Indrastra. Still, he raged towards Rama, opening his mouth to swallow him whole, and was met with a volley of arrows. In the Kamba Ramayanam, Kumbhakarna acknowledges the divinity of Rama, but informs him of his dharma to fight for his brother, and only urges the prince to keep Vibhishana safe from harm.^[15] With his desire granted, he charged against Rama with his feet severed by crescent arrows. He was slain only when the Indrastra was deployed by Rama. Kumbakarna's head was decapitated, and is described to have smashed several buildings and fortifications before descending towards the sea.^[16] When Ravana heard of his brother's death, he fainted and later proclaimed that he was doomed.^[17]

Outside Indian subcontinent

Indonesia

Kumbakarna (Indonesian: Arya Kumbakarna) has a seat in the state of Leburgangsa. When he was young he went into meditation with the intention of receiving God's grace. Kumbakarna once joined Prabu Dasamuka in attacking Suralaya and got Dewi Aswani as his wife, with whom he had two sons named Kumba-kumba and Aswanikumba.

When the Great Alengka war broke out, Alengka was attacked by the monkey army of Prabu Rama under the warlord Narpati Sugriwa. They fought in order to free Dewi Sinta, who was held captive by Prabu Dasamuka. Kumbakarna fought not to defend King Dasamuka, but to defend the country of Alengka, the land of his ancestors who had given him life.

Kumbakarna died in battle against King Rama and Laksmana. His body was dismembered into several pieces by the blows of the arrows that were released simultaneously. What happened to Kumbakarna was the result of Resi Wisrawa, his father, killing Jambumangli.

When Ravana and Kumbakarna performed penance, Brahma appeared because he was pleased with their worship. Brahma gave them the opportunity to make a request. When it was Kumbakarna's turn to make a request, Goddess Saraswati went into his mouth to bend his tongue, so when he asked for “Indraasan” (Indrāsan – the throne of Lord Indra), he said “Neendrasan” (Nīndrasan – eternal sleep). Brahma granted his request. Feeling affection for his brother, Ravana asked Brahma to cancel the request. Brahma did not wish to cancel his request, but he reduced it so Kumbakarna slept for six months and remained awake for six months, with his strength reduced while sleeping.

When the Alengka Kingdom was invaded by Rama and his allies, Ravana ordered his troops to wake up the sleeping Kumbakarna. Ravana's messenger woke Kumbakarna by leading an elephant to trample his body and pierce his body with a spear. When Kumbakarna's eyes began to open, his messenger immediately brought food to Kumbakarna's nose. After eating the food that was served, Kumbakarna woke up from his sleep.

After waking up, Kumbakarna faced Ravana. He tried to advise Ravana to return Sita and that his actions were wrong. Ravana was sad to hear this advice. Without being hostile to Rama, Kumbakarna went to the battlefield to fulfill his obligations as a defender of the country. Before the fight, Kumbakarna talked to Wibisana, his sister.

In the war, Kumbakarna killed many Vanara troops and injured many soldiers such as Anggada, Sugriwa, Hanoman, and Nila. With his magic arrow, Rama severed Kumbakarna's hands. However, with his feet, Kumbakarna was still able to trample the Vanara troops. Rama then cut off Kumbakarna's legs with his arrow. Without arms and legs, Kumbakarna rolled his body and ran over the Vanara troops. Seeing Kumbakarna's might, Rama was impressed and amazed. However, he did not want Kumbakarna to suffer for too long. Rama finally released his last arrow which separated Kumbakarna's head from his body, and carried him flying, eventually falling in the center of Alengka.^[18]

Literature

"Kumbhakarna" in M.M.S. Shastri Chitrao, Bharatavarshiya Prachin Charitrakosha (Dictionary of Ancient Indian Biography, in Hindi), Pune 1964, pp. 149-151

References

^ Valmiki; Vyasa (19 May 2018). Delphi Collected Sanskrit Epics (Illustrated). Delphi Classics. ISBN 978-1-78656-128-2.
^ Valmiki; Venkatesananda, Swami (1 January 1988). The Concise Ramayana of Valmiki. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-862-1.
^ Parameswaran, Mangalam R. (19 April 2013). The Ramayana of Valmiki (A condensed version of Valmiki's epic): , published by Manipal Universal Press. Manipal Universal Press. ISBN 978-93-82460-08-4.
^ Murty, Sudha (25 September 2018). The Upside-Down King: Unusual Tales about Rama and Krishna. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 978-81-8475-417-9.
^ Mani, Vettam (1975). Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature. Robarts - University of Toronto. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass. p. 439.
^ "Srimad Bhagavatam". Bhagavata. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
^ ^a ^b Rajagopalachari. RAMAYANA retold by C. Rajagopalachari. pp. 168–169.
^ Lakhani, Om; Lakhani, Jitendra (May 2015). "Kumbhakarna: Did he suffer from the disorder of the hypothalamus?". National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 27 October 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ Rajagopalachari. RAMAYANA retold by C. Rajagopalachari. pp. 186–188.
^ Rajagopalachari. RAMAYANA retold by C. Rajagopalachari. p. 83.
^ M.M.S. Shastri Chitrao (1964), pp. 149, 367
^ Venkataraman, M. (3 June 2022). A few gods and goddesses of Hinduism. Venkataraman M.
^ Swaminathan, L. (1 January 2018). Vaalmeeki Raamaayan: A Revelation. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-4216-8.
^ Maharajan, S. (1996). Kamban. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-7201-244-1.
^ Tampi, Pa Patmanāpan̲ (1996). Ramayanas of Kampan and Eluttacchan. O. Padmakumari.
^ Aravamudan, Krishnan (22 September 2014). Pure Gems of Ramayanam. Partridge. ISBN 978-1-4828-3720-9.
^ Mani, Vettam (1975). Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature. Robarts - University of Toronto. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass. p. 450.
^ Haryati Soebadio, Kajian astabrata: Pendahuluan dan teks

External links

Sri Lanka, Virtual Library. KUMBHAKARNA
Pot-Ear's Awakening. From the Ramayana, as translated by Arthur W. Ryder

[1] Valmiki; Vyasa (19 May 2018). Delphi Collected Sanskrit Epics (Illustrated). Delphi Classics. ISBN 978-1-78656-128-2.

[:0-2] Valmiki; Venkatesananda, Swami (1 January 1988). The Concise Ramayana of Valmiki. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-862-1.

[3] Parameswaran, Mangalam R. (19 April 2013). The Ramayana of Valmiki (A condensed version of Valmiki's epic): , published by Manipal Universal Press. Manipal Universal Press. ISBN 978-93-82460-08-4.

[4] Murty, Sudha (25 September 2018). The Upside-Down King: Unusual Tales about Rama and Krishna. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 978-81-8475-417-9.

[5] Mani, Vettam (1975). Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature. Robarts - University of Toronto. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass. p. 439.

[6] "Srimad Bhagavatam". Bhagavata. Retrieved 2 November 2022.

[:1-7] Rajagopalachari. RAMAYANA retold by C. Rajagopalachari. pp. 168–169.

[8] Lakhani, Om; Lakhani, Jitendra (May 2015). "Kumbhakarna: Did he suffer from the disorder of the hypothalamus?". National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 27 October 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[9] Rajagopalachari. RAMAYANA retold by C. Rajagopalachari. pp. 186–188.

[10] Rajagopalachari. RAMAYANA retold by C. Rajagopalachari. p. 83.

[11] M.M.S. Shastri Chitrao (1964), pp. 149, 367

[12] Venkataraman, M. (3 June 2022). A few gods and goddesses of Hinduism. Venkataraman M.

[13] Swaminathan, L. (1 January 2018). Vaalmeeki Raamaayan: A Revelation. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-4216-8.

[14] Maharajan, S. (1996). Kamban. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-7201-244-1.

[15] Tampi, Pa Patmanāpan̲ (1996). Ramayanas of Kampan and Eluttacchan. O. Padmakumari.

[16] Aravamudan, Krishnan (22 September 2014). Pure Gems of Ramayanam. Partridge. ISBN 978-1-4828-3720-9.

[17] Mani, Vettam (1975). Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature. Robarts - University of Toronto. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass. p. 450.

[18] Haryati Soebadio, Kajian astabrata: Pendahuluan dan teks

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@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 When Kumbhakarna asked for his boon, his tongue was tied by the goddess [[Saraswati]], who acted on Indra's request. Instead of asking for ''Indraasana'' (the throne of Indra), he asked for ''Nidraasana'' (bed for sleeping).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murty |first=Sudha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2puDwAAQBAJ&dq=indrasana+nidrasana&pg=PT62 |title=The Upside-Down King: Unusual Tales about Rama and Krishna |date=2018-09-25 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-417-9 |language=en}}</ref> It is also said that he intended to ask for ''Nirdevatvam'' (annihilation of the devas) and instead asked for ''Nidravatvam'' (sleep). His request was instantly granted. However, his brother Ravana requested Brahma to undo this curse as a boon and Brahma reduced it to sleeping for six months, after which he would sleep again as soon as his appetite was satisfied.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mani|first=Vettam|url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|title=Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature|date=1975|publisher=Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass|others=Robarts - University of Toronto|pages=439}}</ref>
-==Origin==
+== Life ==
+=== Origin ===
 In the [[Bhagavata Purana]], Kumbhakarna is said to be the incarnation of the gatekeeper deity [[Jaya-Vijaya|Vijaya]]. Vijaya, along with his brother and fellow gatekeeper [[Jaya-Vijaya|Jaya]], was punished by the [[Four Kumaras]] for impiety while they guarded the sacred realm of [[Vishnu]]. Vijaya was initially sentenced to mortality, but after appealing to Vishnu, their sentences were reduced to just three lifetimes, allowing them to return to [[Vaikuntha]]. While his brother Jaya became Ravana, Vijaya became Kumbhakarna during their second of three incarnations on Earth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srimad Bhagavatam |url=https://bhagavata.org/downloads/bhagavata-compl.html |access-date=November 2, 2022 |website=Bhagavata}}</ref>
-== Characterization ==
+=== Personality ===
 [[File: Waking up Kumbhakarna.jpg|thumb|The demons try to rouse the giant Kumbhakarna by hitting him with weapons and clubs and shouting in his ear, 17th century, [[British Museum]]]]Kumbhakarna is portrayed as a loyal, powerful, and fearless character who fought to defend his brother and land out of obligation and affection.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Rajagopalachari |title=RAMAYANA retold by C. Rajagopalachari |publisher= |pages=168-169}}</ref> He had an grand appetite and slept for months at a time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lakhani |first=Om |last2=Lakhani |first2=Jitendra |date=May 2015 |title=Kumbhakarna: Did he suffer from the disorder of the hypothalamus? |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4366788/ |url-status=live |access-date=October 27, 2022 |website=National Library of Medicine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajagopalachari |title=RAMAYANA retold by C. Rajagopalachari |pages=186-188}}</ref>
-[[File:The Demon Kumbhkaran finally wakes up and eats (6125069010).jpg|thumb|left|Depiction of Kumbhakarna’s massive appetite]]
+=== Family ===
+Kumbhakarna's father is [[Vishrava]], and his siblings are [[Ravana]], [[Vibhishana]], and [[Shurpanakha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajagopalachari |title=RAMAYANA retold by C. Rajagopalachari |pages=83}}</ref> He has two sons, Kumbha and [[Nikumbha]], with his wife Vajrajwala, the daughter of Bali and granddaughter of [[Virochana]], who also fought in the war against Rama and was killed.<ref>M.M.S. Shastri Chitrao (1964), pp. 149, 367</ref>[[File:The Demon Kumbhkaran finally wakes up and eats (6125069010).jpg|thumb|left|Depiction of Kumbhakarna’s massive appetite]]
 ==In the war==
 In defense of his kingdom, Ravana charged into battle and was humiliated by [[Rama]] and his army after underestimating his enemy. He decided he needed the help of his brother Kumbhakarna, who woke up only after 1,000 elephants walked over him.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Venkataraman |first=M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P85yEAAAQBAJ&dq=Kumbakarna+elephants+walked&pg=PA52 |title=A few gods and goddesses of Hinduism |date=2022-06-03 |publisher=Venkataraman M |language=en}}</ref>
@@ Line 40: / Line 44: @@
 [[Lakshmana]] and Kumbhakarna dueled for a long period, leaving both of them exhausted.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maharajan |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axrNqdyguSQC&dq=kumbakarna+hanuman+battle&pg=PA74 |title=Kamban |date=1996 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-244-1 |language=en}}</ref> In his battle against Rama, Kumbhakarna had one arm cut off by the ''Vayuastra'' and the other mutilated by the Indrastra. Still, he raged towards Rama, opening his mouth to swallow him whole, and was met with a volley of arrows. In the [[Kamba Ramayanam]], Kumbhakarna acknowledges the divinity of Rama, but informs him of his [[dharma]] to fight for his brother, and only urges the prince to keep Vibhishana safe from harm.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tampi |first=Pa Patmanāpan̲ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N2oJAAAAIAAJ&q=Kumbakarna+prays+to+Rama |title=Ramayanas of Kampan and Eluttacchan |date=1996 |publisher=O. Padmakumari |language=en}}</ref> With his desire granted, he charged against Rama with his feet severed by crescent arrows. He was slain only when the [[Indrastra]] was deployed by Rama. Kumbakarna's head was decapitated, and is described to have smashed several buildings and fortifications before descending towards the sea.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aravamudan |first=Krishnan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJe9BAAAQBAJ&dq=vayuastra+kumbakarna&pg=PA569 |title=Pure Gems of Ramayanam |date=2014-09-22 |publisher=Partridge |isbn=978-1-4828-3720-9 |language=en}}</ref> When Ravana heard of his brother's death, he fainted and later proclaimed that he was doomed.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mani|first=Vettam|url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|title=Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature|date=1975|publisher=Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass|others=Robarts - University of Toronto|pages=450}}</ref>[[File: The Demon Kumbhakarna Is Defeated by Rama and Lakshmana 1.jpg|thumb|Death of Kumbhakarna, c. 1670, [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]] painting,  [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]]]
-Kumbhakarna had two sons, Kumbha and [[Nikumbha]], with his wife Vajrajwala, the daughter of Bali and granddaughter of Virochana, who also fought in the war against Rama and was killed.<ref>M.M.S. Shastri Chitrao (1964), pp. 149, 367</ref>
 == Outside Indian subcontinent ==
 ===Indonesia===
 [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Wajang kulit pop voorstellende Kumbakarna. TMnr 8-276.jpg|thumb|Kumbakarna [[wayang]] (puppetry) figures in [[Indonesian culture]]]]
 [[File:Candi Prambanan - 059 Defeat of Kumbakarna, Brahma Temple (12041667844).jpg|thumb|Defeat of Kumbakarna, Brahma Temple, [[Prambanan]], [[Central Java]], Indonesia]]
-Kumbhakarna ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''Arya Kumbakarna'') is the second son of Resi Wisrawa and Dewi Sukesi. He has three siblings named Dasamuka/Ravana, Dewi Sarpakenaka, and Arya Wibisana.
+Kumbakarna ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''Arya Kumbakarna'') has a seat in the state of Leburgangsa. When he was young he went into meditation with the intention of receiving God's grace. Kumbakarna once joined Prabu Dasamuka in attacking Suralaya and got Dewi Aswani as his wife, with whom he had two sons named Kumba-kumba and Aswanikumba.
-Kumbakarna has a seat in the state of Leburgangsa. When he was young he went into meditation with the intention of receiving God's grace. Kumbakarna once joined Prabu Dasamuka in attacking Suralaya and got Dewi Aswani as his wife, with whom he had two sons named Kumba-kumba and Aswanikumba.
 When the Great Alengka war broke out, Alengka was attacked by the monkey army of Prabu Rama under the warlord Narpati Sugriwa. They fought in order to free Dewi Sinta, who was held captive by Prabu Dasamuka. Kumbakarna fought not to defend King Dasamuka, but to defend the country of Alengka, the land of his ancestors who had given him life.
@@ Line 57: / Line 58: @@
 When the Alengka Kingdom was invaded by Rama and his allies, Ravana ordered his troops to wake up the sleeping Kumbakarna. Ravana's messenger woke Kumbakarna by leading an elephant to trample his body and pierce his body with a spear. When Kumbakarna's eyes began to open, his messenger immediately brought food to Kumbakarna's nose. After eating the food that was served, Kumbakarna woke up from his sleep.
-After waking up, Kumbakarna faced Ravana. He tried to advise Ravana to return Sita and explainhis actions were wrong. Ravana was sad to hear this advice. Without being hostile to Rama, Kumbakarna went to the battlefield to fulfill his obligations as a defender of the country. Before the fight, Kumbakarna talked to Wibisana, his sister.
+After waking up, Kumbakarna faced Ravana. He tried to advise Ravana to return Sita and that his actions were wrong. Ravana was sad to hear this advice. Without being hostile to Rama, Kumbakarna went to the battlefield to fulfill his obligations as a defender of the country. Before the fight, Kumbakarna talked to Wibisana, his sister.
 In the war, Kumbakarna killed many Vanara troops and injured many soldiers such as Anggada, Sugriwa, Hanoman, and Nila. With his magic arrow, Rama severed Kumbakarna's hands. However, with his feet, Kumbakarna was still able to trample the Vanara troops. Rama then cut off Kumbakarna's legs with his arrow. Without arms and legs, Kumbakarna rolled his body and ran over the Vanara troops. Seeing Kumbakarna's might, Rama was impressed and amazed. However, he did not want Kumbakarna to suffer for too long. Rama finally released his last arrow which separated Kumbakarna's head from his body, and carried him flying, eventually falling in the center of Alengka.<ref>{{citation | url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Kajian_Astabrata_Pendahuluan_dan_Teks_Ji/YjnTCgAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=0| author= Haryati Soebadio | title= Kajian astabrata: Pendahuluan dan teks}}</ref>

v t e Ramayana
Ikshvaku dynasty	Dasharatha Kausalya Sumitra Kaikeyi Rama Bharata Lakshmana Shatrughna Sita Urmila Mandavi Shrutakirti Lava Kusha
Vanara	Hanuman Sugriva Vali Angada Tara Rumā Nala Nila Kesari Anjana Makaradhwaja
Rakshasa	Ravana Vibhishana Kumbhakarna Indrajit Akshayakumara Atikaya Kabandha Khara Dushana Mandodari Dhanyamalini Lavanasura Malyavan Maricha Mayasura Narantaka-Devantaka Prahasta Sarama Subahu Sulochana Sumali Shurpanakha Tataka Trijata Trishira Viradha
Sages	Agastya Ahalya Arundhati Bharadvaja Kambhoja Parashurama Vasishtha Vishvamitra Rishyasringa Valmiki
Other figures and concepts	Lakshmana rekha Jambavan Janaka Kushadhvaja Jatayu Manthara Maya Sita Sampati Shabari Shanta Shravana Kumara Vedavati Shambuka
Places	Ayodhya Mithila Dandakaranya Kishkindha Lanka Oshadhiparvata
Books/Kandas	Bala Ayodhya Aranya Kishkindha Sundara Yuddha Uttara
Versions	Adbhuta Ramayana Adhyathmaramayanam Adhyatma Ramayana Ananda Ramayana Bhanubhakta Ramayana Bhaṭṭikāvya Bilanka Ramayana Hikayat Seri Rama Jagamohana Ramayana Kakawin Ramayana Kamba Ramayanam Krittivasi Ramayana Maharadia Lawana Molla Ramayanam Phra Lak Phra Ram Raghunatha Ramayana Ramakien Ramayana Kalpavruksham Ramcharitmanas Ranganatha Ramayanamu Reamker Saptakanda Ramayana Sri Ramayana Darshanam Sri Ramayanamu Trai Bhet Yama Zatdaw
Related	Ramlila

v t e Hindu deities and texts
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Goddesses	Tridevi Saraswati Lakshmi Parvati Aditi Bhumi Chhaya Durga Ganga Shachi Kali Mahadevi Mahavidya Matangi Matrikas Radha Rati Rohini Rukmini Sanjna Sati Shakti Shashthi Sita more
Other deities	Apsaras Asuras Daitya Danava Devata Dikpāla Gandharvas Gana Kuladevatas Gramadevatas Rakshasas Vahanas Yakshas / Yakshini
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