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{{Short description|Cryptographic term}}
{{Short description|Cryptographic term}}


'''Wahlwort'''<ref name="Jackson-S211">John Jackson: ''Solving Enigma’s Secrets&nbsp;– The Official History of Bletchley Park’s Hut&nbsp;6.'' BookTower Publishing 2014, p&nbsp;211. {{ISBN|978-0-9557164-3-0}}</ref> (''nonsense word'' or filler)<ref>OKM: ''Der Schlüssel&nbsp;M&nbsp;– Verfahren&nbsp;M Allgemein''. Berlin 1940, p&nbsp;10.</ref><ref>OKM: ''Nachrichtenvorschrift der Kriegsmarine&nbsp;– Anlage&nbsp;19''. Berlin 1943, p&nbsp;26.</ref> is a [[Cryptography|cryptographic]] term used particularly in connection with the [[Wehrmacht]], which used wahlworts on their [[enigma machine|Enigma]] [[rotor machine]] in the [[encryption]] of their communication in [[World War II]]. The term describes a [[randomness|randomly]] selected [[word]] which was inserted at the beginning or end of the [[radiogram (message)|radiogram]] [[plaintext]]. The wahlwort was intended to hinder the enemy’s [[cryptanalysis]] and prevent the [[encryption|decryption]] of the [[ciphertext]].
'''Wahlwort'''<ref name="Jackson-S211">John Jackson: ''Solving Enigma's Secrets&nbsp;– The Official History of Bletchley Park's Hut&nbsp;6.'' BookTower Publishing 2014, p&nbsp;211. {{ISBN|978-0-9557164-3-0}}</ref> (''nonsense word'' or filler)<ref>OKM: ''Der Schlüssel&nbsp;M&nbsp;– Verfahren&nbsp;M Allgemein''. Berlin 1940, p&nbsp;10.</ref><ref>OKM: ''Nachrichtenvorschrift der Kriegsmarine&nbsp;– Anlage&nbsp;19''. Berlin 1943, p&nbsp;26.</ref> is a [[Cryptography|cryptographic]] term used particularly in connection with the [[Wehrmacht]], which used wahlworts on their [[enigma machine|Enigma]] [[rotor machine]] in the [[encryption]] of their communication in [[World War II]]. The term describes a [[randomness|randomly]] selected [[word]] which was inserted at the beginning or end of the [[radiogram (message)|radiogram]] [[plaintext]]. The wahlwort was intended to hinder the enemy's [[cryptanalysis]] and prevent the [[encryption|decryption]] of the [[ciphertext]].


== Application ==
== Application ==
According to the secret regulations in force at that time, outlined in ''Der Schlüssel M - Verfahren M Allgemein'' (''The [[Cipher]]&nbsp;M&nbsp;− M&nbsp;General Procedure''), this procedure was used primarily to give radio messages different lengths (“Cipher M” refers to the Enigma M4, naval variant of the series of [[Enigma machine|Enigma machines]]). <ref name="OKM-S9">OKM: ''Der Schlüssel&nbsp;M&nbsp;– Verfahren&nbsp;M Allgemein''. Berlin 1940, p&nbsp;9.</ref> Indeed, plaintexts with the same content often had to be transmitted to different receiving operators in their encrypted form. To do so they were encrypted with different [[Key (cryptography)|keys]] corresponding to the different encryption networks. This resulted in ciphertexts that were different, yet had the same length. If the enemy noticed different ciphertexts of a similar length at approximately the same time, possibly from the same transmitting operator, the receiving operator would assume that a [[Ciphertext-only_attack|known-ciphertext-attack]] was taking place. The British [[The_Codebreakers|Codebreakers]] from the English [[Bletchley Park]] (B. P.)<ref name="Gordon Welchman">Gordon Welchman: ''The Hut Six Story&nbsp;– Breaking the Enigma Codes''. Allen Lane, London 1982; Cleobury Mortimer M&M, Baldwin Shropshire 2000, p&nbsp;11. {{ISBN|0-947712-34-8}}</ref> were familiar with such cases and glad to receive them, naming this a [[Kiss_(cryptanalysis)|kiss]]. Such a kiss was considered as an ideal opportunity to [[Decipherment|decipher]] radio messages, even better than a “[[Known-plaintext_attack|Crib]],” a deciphered text section.
According to the secret regulations in force at that time, outlined in ''Der Schlüssel M - Verfahren M Allgemein'' (''The [[Cipher]]&nbsp;M&nbsp;− M&nbsp;General Procedure''), this procedure was used primarily to give radio messages different lengths ("Cipher M" refers to the Enigma M4, naval variant of the series of [[Enigma machine]]s).<ref name="OKM-S9">OKM: ''Der Schlüssel&nbsp;M&nbsp;– Verfahren&nbsp;M Allgemein''. Berlin 1940, p&nbsp;9.</ref> Indeed, plaintexts with the same content often had to be transmitted to different receiving operators in their encrypted form. To do so they were encrypted with different [[Key (cryptography)|keys]] corresponding to the different encryption networks. This resulted in ciphertexts that were different, yet had the same length. If the enemy noticed different ciphertexts of a similar length at approximately the same time, possibly from the same transmitting operator, the receiving operator would assume that a [[Ciphertext-only attack|known-ciphertext-attack]] was taking place. The British [[The Codebreakers|Codebreakers]] from the English [[Bletchley Park]] (B. P.)<ref name="Gordon Welchman">Gordon Welchman: ''The Hut Six Story&nbsp;– Breaking the Enigma Codes''. Allen Lane, London 1982; Cleobury Mortimer M&M, Baldwin Shropshire 2000, p&nbsp;11. {{ISBN|0-947712-34-8}}</ref> were familiar with such cases and glad to receive them, naming this a [[Kiss (cryptanalysis)|kiss]]. Such a kiss was considered as an ideal opportunity to [[Decipherment|decipher]] radio messages, even better than a "[[Known-plaintext attack|Crib]]," a deciphered text section.


By introducing wahlworts of different lengths at the beginning or the end of the sentence, sometimes both the beginning and the end, the length of the messages differ, which prevented or at least hindered the enemy from accessing it. The length of a wahlwort was usually between four and fourteen letters. The German code book gave as examples; “Wassereimer (bucket), Fernsprecher (telephone), Eichbaum (oak tree), Dachfirst (roof ridge), Kleiderschrank (wardrobe).” Wahlworts with only three letters occasionally appeared in the code, such as ABC or XXX, but also very long [[Compound (linguistics)#Germanic languages|compounds]], such as <small>[[Donaudampfschiffahrtselektrizitätenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamtengesellschaft#As a compound word|Donaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaftskapitän]] (Danube steamboating association captain) or Hottentottenpotentatentantenattentäter (Hottentot potentate aunt assassin )</small>.
By introducing wahlworts of different lengths at the beginning or the end of the sentence, sometimes both the beginning and the end, the length of the messages differ, which prevented or at least hindered the enemy from accessing it. The length of a wahlwort was usually between four and fourteen letters. The German code book gave as examples; "Wassereimer (bucket), Fernsprecher (telephone), Eichbaum (oak tree), Dachfirst (roof ridge), Kleiderschrank (wardrobe)." Wahlworts with only three letters occasionally appeared in the code, such as ABC or XXX, but also very long [[Compound (linguistics)#Germanic languages|compounds]], such as <small>[[Donaudampfschiffahrtselektrizitätenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamtengesellschaft#As a compound word|Donaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaftskapitän]] (Danube steamboating association captain) or Hottentottenpotentatentantenattentäter (Hottentot potentate aunt assassin )</small>.


The rationale for choosing more or less meaningful German words as wahlworts (specifically [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] [[Noun|nouns]]) as opposed to random text such as CIHJT UUHML, was so that the authorized recipient could verify that their [[Decipherment|deciphering]] of the radio message was error-free. However, according to regulations, wahlworts were required to be entirely unrelated to the content of the actual radio message, and to not “infringe on discipline and order.”<ref name="OKM-S9" />
The rationale for choosing more or less meaningful German words as wahlworts (specifically [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] [[noun]]s) as opposed to random text such as CIHJT UUHML, was so that the authorized recipient could verify that their [[Decipherment|deciphering]] of the radio message was error-free. However, according to regulations, wahlworts were required to be entirely unrelated to the content of the actual radio message, and to not "infringe on discipline and order."<ref name="OKM-S9" />


Wahlworts were also used in conjunction with other ciphering machines such as the ''Geheimschreiber'' (secret teleprinter) [[Siemens and Halske T52|Siemens&nbsp;& Halske&nbsp;T52]].<ref>Bengt Beckman: ''[[Arne Beurling]] und Hitlers Geheimschreiber.'' Springer-Verlag 2006, {{ISBN|3-540-31290-0}}</ref>
Wahlworts were also used in conjunction with other ciphering machines such as the ''Geheimschreiber'' (secret teleprinter) [[Siemens and Halske T52|Siemens&nbsp;& Halske&nbsp;T52]].<ref>Bengt Beckman: ''[[Arne Beurling]] und Hitlers Geheimschreiber.'' Springer-Verlag 2006, {{ISBN|3-540-31290-0}}</ref>


“Introduced in 1940 on a wholesale scale, wahlworts might have knocked out the infant ''[[Crib (cryptanalysis)|Crib]]'' Room before it had got properly on its feet.” <ref>John Jackson: ''Solving Enigma’s Secrets&nbsp;– The Official History of Bletchley Park’s Hut&nbsp;6.'' BookTower Publishing 2014, pp&nbsp;215–216. {{ISBN|978-0-9557164-3-0}}.</ref>
"Introduced in 1940 on a wholesale scale, wahlworts might have knocked out the infant ''[[Crib (cryptanalysis)|Crib]]'' Room before it had got properly on its feet." <ref>John Jackson: ''Solving Enigma's Secrets&nbsp;– The Official History of Bletchley Park's Hut&nbsp;6.'' BookTower Publishing 2014, pp&nbsp;215–216. {{ISBN|978-0-9557164-3-0}}.</ref>


==Results==
==Results==
The introduction of ''wahlworts,'' which was first observed by the British in 1942 in [[Afrika_Korps|North Africa]], impeded the codebreaker's work. However, at that time the British were so well acquainted with the German methods that there was no stopping their continued success in code-breaking, despite the ''wahlworts''. It was a nuisance for them to have to try out the various possibilities pertaining to the word order of the text when they did not know the length of the ''wahlworts'', but this could not stop them from deciphering the text. Post-war British review of the German ''wahlwort'' method revealed the practice to be "too little and too late". As with other German measures attempting to strengthen the cryptographic security of Enigma, for example the introduction of the [[Cryptography|cryptographically]] strong methods of the [[Enigma machine#Accessories|Enigma ''Uhr'' (clock)]], or the pluggable [[Enigma_machine#Reflector|UKW&nbsp;D]] (nick-named Uncle Dick by the British), ''wahlworts'' failed because they were not introduced comprehensively and were adopted too late in the war.
The introduction of ''wahlworts,'' which was first observed by the British in 1942 in [[Afrika Korps|North Africa]], impeded the codebreaker's work. However, at that time the British were so well acquainted with the German methods that there was no stopping their continued success in code-breaking, despite the ''wahlworts''. It was a nuisance for them to have to try out the various possibilities pertaining to the word order of the text when they did not know the length of the ''wahlworts'', but this could not stop them from deciphering the text. Post-war British review of the German ''wahlwort'' method revealed the practice to be "too little and too late". As with other German measures attempting to strengthen the cryptographic security of Enigma, for example the introduction of the [[Cryptography|cryptographically]] strong methods of the [[Enigma machine#Accessories|Enigma ''Uhr'' (clock)]], or the pluggable [[Enigma machine#Reflector|UKW&nbsp;D]] (nick-named Uncle Dick by the British), ''wahlworts'' failed because they were not introduced comprehensively and were adopted too late in the war.


== Literature ==
== Literature ==
* John Jackson: ''Solving Enigma’s Secrets&nbsp;– The Official History of Bletchley Park’s Hut&nbsp;6.'' BookTower Publishing 2014, pp&nbsp;211–216, {{ISBN|978-0-9557164-3-0}}
* John Jackson: ''Solving Enigma's Secrets&nbsp;– The Official History of Bletchley Park's Hut&nbsp;6.'' BookTower Publishing 2014, pp&nbsp;211–216, {{ISBN|978-0-9557164-3-0}}
* [[Tony Sale]]: ''The Bletchley Park 1944 Cryptographic Dictionary''. Publikation, Bletchley Park, 2001, p&nbsp;93, [http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/documents/cryptdict/cryptxtt.pdf PDF; 0,4&nbsp;MB], abgerufen am 24.&nbsp;August 2018.
* [[Tony Sale]]: ''The Bletchley Park 1944 Cryptographic Dictionary''. Publikation, Bletchley Park, 2001, p&nbsp;93, [http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/documents/cryptdict/cryptxtt.pdf PDF; 0,4&nbsp;MB], retrieved 24&nbsp;August 2018.


== External links ==
== External links ==
* ''[http://www.cryptomuseum.com/crypto/enigma/files/schluessel_m.pdf Der Schlüssel&nbsp;M]'' (German) The Cipher&nbsp;M (PDF; 3,3&nbsp;MB), Scan of the German original regulations from 1940, accessed on 23.&nbsp;August 2018.
* ''[http://www.cryptomuseum.com/crypto/enigma/files/schluessel_m.pdf Der Schlüssel&nbsp;M]'' {{in lang |de}} The Cipher&nbsp;M (PDF; 3,3&nbsp;MB), Scan of the German original regulations from 1940, accessed on 23&nbsp;August 2018.
* ''[https://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/documents/cryptdict/page93.htm The 1944 Bletchley Park Cryptographic Dictionary]'' “Wahlwort” in a B.P. cryptographic dictionary, accessed on 23.&nbsp;August 2018.
* ''[https://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/documents/cryptdict/page93.htm The 1944 Bletchley Park Cryptographic Dictionary]'' "Wahlwort" in a B.P. cryptographic dictionary, accessed on 23&nbsp;August 2018.


== References ==
== References ==
<references />
<references />

[[Category:Enigma machine]]
[[Category:Enigma machine]]
[[Category:Classical ciphers]]
[[Category:Classical ciphers]]

Revision as of 19:16, 7 November 2022

Wahlwort[1] (nonsense word or filler)[2][3] is a cryptographic term used particularly in connection with the Wehrmacht, which used wahlworts on their Enigma rotor machine in the encryption of their communication in World War II. The term describes a randomly selected word which was inserted at the beginning or end of the radiogram plaintext. The wahlwort was intended to hinder the enemy's cryptanalysis and prevent the decryption of the ciphertext.

Application

According to the secret regulations in force at that time, outlined in Der Schlüssel M - Verfahren M Allgemein (The Cipher M − M General Procedure), this procedure was used primarily to give radio messages different lengths ("Cipher M" refers to the Enigma M4, naval variant of the series of Enigma machines).[4] Indeed, plaintexts with the same content often had to be transmitted to different receiving operators in their encrypted form. To do so they were encrypted with different keys corresponding to the different encryption networks. This resulted in ciphertexts that were different, yet had the same length. If the enemy noticed different ciphertexts of a similar length at approximately the same time, possibly from the same transmitting operator, the receiving operator would assume that a known-ciphertext-attack was taking place. The British Codebreakers from the English Bletchley Park (B. P.)[5] were familiar with such cases and glad to receive them, naming this a kiss. Such a kiss was considered as an ideal opportunity to decipher radio messages, even better than a "Crib," a deciphered text section.

By introducing wahlworts of different lengths at the beginning or the end of the sentence, sometimes both the beginning and the end, the length of the messages differ, which prevented or at least hindered the enemy from accessing it. The length of a wahlwort was usually between four and fourteen letters. The German code book gave as examples; "Wassereimer (bucket), Fernsprecher (telephone), Eichbaum (oak tree), Dachfirst (roof ridge), Kleiderschrank (wardrobe)." Wahlworts with only three letters occasionally appeared in the code, such as ABC or XXX, but also very long compounds, such as Donaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaftskapitän (Danube steamboating association captain) or Hottentottenpotentatentantenattentäter (Hottentot potentate aunt assassin ).

The rationale for choosing more or less meaningful German words as wahlworts (specifically compound nouns) as opposed to random text such as CIHJT UUHML, was so that the authorized recipient could verify that their deciphering of the radio message was error-free. However, according to regulations, wahlworts were required to be entirely unrelated to the content of the actual radio message, and to not "infringe on discipline and order."[4]

Wahlworts were also used in conjunction with other ciphering machines such as the Geheimschreiber (secret teleprinter) Siemens & Halske T52.[6]

"Introduced in 1940 on a wholesale scale, wahlworts might have knocked out the infant Crib Room before it had got properly on its feet." [7]

Results

The introduction of wahlworts, which was first observed by the British in 1942 in North Africa, impeded the codebreaker's work. However, at that time the British were so well acquainted with the German methods that there was no stopping their continued success in code-breaking, despite the wahlworts. It was a nuisance for them to have to try out the various possibilities pertaining to the word order of the text when they did not know the length of the wahlworts, but this could not stop them from deciphering the text. Post-war British review of the German wahlwort method revealed the practice to be "too little and too late". As with other German measures attempting to strengthen the cryptographic security of Enigma, for example the introduction of the cryptographically strong methods of the Enigma Uhr (clock), or the pluggable UKW D (nick-named Uncle Dick by the British), wahlworts failed because they were not introduced comprehensively and were adopted too late in the war.

Literature

  • John Jackson: Solving Enigma's Secrets – The Official History of Bletchley Park's Hut 6. BookTower Publishing 2014, pp 211–216, ISBN 978-0-9557164-3-0
  • Tony Sale: The Bletchley Park 1944 Cryptographic Dictionary. Publikation, Bletchley Park, 2001, p 93, PDF; 0,4 MB, retrieved 24 August 2018.

References

  1. ^ John Jackson: Solving Enigma's Secrets – The Official History of Bletchley Park's Hut 6. BookTower Publishing 2014, p 211. ISBN 978-0-9557164-3-0
  2. ^ OKM: Der Schlüssel M – Verfahren M Allgemein. Berlin 1940, p 10.
  3. ^ OKM: Nachrichtenvorschrift der Kriegsmarine – Anlage 19. Berlin 1943, p 26.
  4. ^ a b OKM: Der Schlüssel M – Verfahren M Allgemein. Berlin 1940, p 9.
  5. ^ Gordon Welchman: The Hut Six Story – Breaking the Enigma Codes. Allen Lane, London 1982; Cleobury Mortimer M&M, Baldwin Shropshire 2000, p 11. ISBN 0-947712-34-8
  6. ^ Bengt Beckman: Arne Beurling und Hitlers Geheimschreiber. Springer-Verlag 2006, ISBN 3-540-31290-0
  7. ^ John Jackson: Solving Enigma's Secrets – The Official History of Bletchley Park's Hut 6. BookTower Publishing 2014, pp 215–216. ISBN 978-0-9557164-3-0.
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