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Coordinates: 37°54′58″N 139°2′11″E / 37.91611°N 139.03639°E / 37.91611; 139.03639
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Niigata was one of the cities incorporated by the legislation effective on April 1, 1889 (Meiji 22). With a long history as a port town, Niigata served the function of the network junction between the maritime traffic and those of Shinano and Agano river systems. It was designated as one of the five free [[Treaty ports]] under [[Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States-Japan)]] signed in 1858, just before the [[Meiji Restoration]], later started operations in 1869. Its importance in land and water transportation is still current.
Niigata was one of the cities incorporated by the legislation effective on April 1, 1889 (Meiji 22). With a long history as a port town, Niigata served the function of the network junction between the maritime traffic and those of Shinano and Agano river systems. It was designated as one of the five free [[Treaty ports]] under [[Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States-Japan)]] signed in 1858, just before the [[Meiji Restoration]], later started operations in 1869. Its importance in land and water transportation is still current.


Niigata's city government was established in 1889. Mergers with nearby municipalities in 2005 allowed the city's population to jump to 810,000. The annexation of the surrounding area has also given the city the greatest rice [[paddy field]] acreage in Japan. On April 1, 2007, it became the first [[Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan|government-designated city]] on the coast of the Sea of Japan of Honshu. There are 8 [[Wards of Japan|wards]] ([[#Wards|described in later]]) in the city.
Niigata's city government was established in 1889. Mergers with nearby municipalities in 2005 allowed the city's population to jump to 810,000. The annexation of the surrounding area has also given the city the greatest rice [[paddy field]] acreage in Japan. On April 1, 2007, it became the first [[Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan|government-designated city]] on the coast of the Sea of Japan of Honshu. There are 8 [[Wards of Japan|wards]] [[#Wards|described in later]] in the city.


===Toponymy===
===Toponymy===

Revision as of 23:59, 11 November 2022

Niigata
新潟市
Designated city
Niigata City
NiigataCity Skylines from Toki Messe
Bandai Bridge
Old Niigata Customs Government Building Niigata
MINATOPIA
Niigata Prefectural Government Memorial Hall
Furumachi area
Bandai City
Niigata skylines from Toki Messe
Bandai BridgeOld Niigata Customs Government Building Niigata
MinatopiaNiigata Prefectural Government Memorial Hall
Furumachi areaBandai City
Flag of Niigata
Flag
Official seal of Niigata
Seal
Map
Location of Niigata in Niigata Prefecture
Location of Niigata in Niigata Prefecture
Niigata is located in Japan
Niigata
Niigata
 
Coordinates: 37°54′58″N 139°2′11″E / 37.91611°N 139.03639°E / 37.91611; 139.03639
CountryJapan
RegionChūbu (Kōshin'etsu) (Hokuriku)
PrefectureNiigata
City StatusApril 1, 1889[citation needed] city incorporation [ja] )
Government
 • MayorYaichi Nakahara (from November, 2018)
Area
726.45 km2 (280.48 sq mi)
Population
 (July 1, 2019)
797,591
 • Density1,100/km2 (2,800/sq mi)
 • Metro
[1] (2015)
1,060,013 (17th)
Time zoneUTC+9 (Japan Standard Time)
Phone number025-243-4894
Address1-602-1 Gakkōchō-dōri, Chūō-ku, Niigata-shi, Niigata-ken 951-8550
ClimateCfa
Websitecity.niigata.lg.jp
Symbols
BirdSwan
FlowerTulip
TreeWillow
Niigata
"Niigata" in kanji
Japanese name
Kanji新潟
Transcriptions
RomanizationNiigata

Niigata (新潟市, Niigata-shi, [niːɡata]) is a city located in the northern part of Niigata Prefecture (Kaetsu area [ja]). It is the capital and the most populous city of Niigata Prefecture, and one of the cities designated by government ordinance of Japan, located in the Chūbu region of Japan. It is the most populous city on the west coast of Honshu, and the second populous city in Chūbu region after Nagoya. It faces the Sea of Japan and Sado Island. As of 1 September 2022, the city had an estimated population of 779,049, and a population density of 1,072 persons per km2. The total area is 726.45 square kilometres (280.48 sq mi). Greater Niigata, the Niigata Metropolitan Employment Area, has a GDP of US$43.3 billion as of 2010.[2][3]

It is the only government-designated city on the west coast of Honshu. It has the greatest habitable area of cities in Japan (list of Japanse cities by area [ja]). It is designated as a reform base for the large scale agriculture under (National Strategic Special Zones of Japan [ja]) initiatives.

Overview

Niigata was one of the cities incorporated by the legislation effective on April 1, 1889 (Meiji 22). With a long history as a port town, Niigata served the function of the network junction between the maritime traffic and those of Shinano and Agano river systems. It was designated as one of the five free Treaty ports under Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States-Japan) signed in 1858, just before the Meiji Restoration, later started operations in 1869. Its importance in land and water transportation is still current.

Niigata's city government was established in 1889. Mergers with nearby municipalities in 2005 allowed the city's population to jump to 810,000. The annexation of the surrounding area has also given the city the greatest rice paddy field acreage in Japan. On April 1, 2007, it became the first government-designated city on the coast of the Sea of Japan of Honshu. There are 8 wards described in later in the city.

Toponymy

The place name "Niigata" was first recorded in 1520 (Eisho 17).[4] Its name in kanji can be translated as 新 "new” and 潟 "lagoon".

However, as there is no record about the origin of the name, this had led to many theories. First "Niigata" was a large lagoon at the mouth of the Shinano river. Second it was an inland bay at the river's entrance. Third it was the name of a village that stood on an island within the estuary. Fourth it referred to another settlement that relocated to the Furumachi district and that in turn gave its name to a nearby lagoon.[5]

Cityscapes

The central city area of Niigata City, viewed from the upper sidewalk of the Ryuto Ohashi Bridge. The right side is Furumachi. The left side is Bandai .

Geography

Aerial photo of Niigata
View of Echigo Plain from Mount Kakuda [ja]
Lake Fukushimagata
Lake Sakata

Niigata is situated on a fertile coastal plain on the Sea of Japan coast, facing Sado Island. The Shinano River and Agano River flow through the city.

Numerous wetlands, such as the Fukushimagata wetlands, can be found within the city limits. The Sakata lagoon is registered as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention.

Niigata City's low elevation and abundant water have made flood control and land reclamation important issues for the area throughout its history.

The city is sometimes called the "City of Water" (水の都, Mizu-no-miyako) because of the two rivers that flow through it, its position next to the Sea of Japan, its many wetlands, and the canals that used to run through the city. It is also sometimes referred to as the "City of Willows" (柳の都, Yanagi-no-miyako) or Ryuto (柳都) because of the willow trees that lined the old canals. In recent years, the city has been promoting itself as a "Designated City of Food and Flowers" (食と花の政令市, Shoku to hana no seireishi), highlighting its agricultural areas outside of the city center.

Climate

Niigata City features a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), but receives more yearly snowfall than cities such as Moscow, Montreal or Oslo. The climate in Niigata City is characterized by its high humidity and strong winds from the Sea of Japan in winter. While many other parts of Niigata Prefecture tend to have heavy snow, Niigata City itself usually receives less due to its low-lying elevation and the shielding effect of Sado Island.

However, Niigata City does receive much precipitation, mostly in the form of rainfall. On average, Niigata City has 269 days of precipitation each year, about 170 days of which see rain or snowfall measuring over 1 mm.[6] The rainy season in July brings large amounts of rain, while the winter months, especially November and December, also have much precipitation.[7]

In summer, the south wind makes the weather rather hot.[citation needed] Typhoons usually bring strong foehn winds to this area, generally causing somewhat higher temperatures than in other parts of Japan.[citation needed] The weather on the west coast of Honshu tends to be better during the summer months than on the Pacific coast.[citation needed]

Climate data for Niigata (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1881−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.3
(59.5) 		21.3
(70.3) 		25.1
(77.2) 		30.7
(87.3) 		32.9
(91.2) 		35.0
(95.0) 		38.5
(101.3) 		39.9
(103.8) 		38.8
(101.8) 		33.3
(91.9) 		27.2
(81.0) 		23.6
(74.5) 		39.9
(103.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.3
(41.5) 		6.4
(43.5) 		10.3
(50.5) 		16.1
(61.0) 		21.3
(70.3) 		24.8
(76.6) 		28.7
(83.7) 		30.8
(87.4) 		26.4
(79.5) 		20.7
(69.3) 		14.3
(57.7) 		8.7
(47.7) 		17.8
(64.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.5
(36.5) 		3.1
(37.6) 		6.2
(43.2) 		11.3
(52.3) 		16.7
(62.1) 		20.9
(69.6) 		24.9
(76.8) 		26.5
(79.7) 		22.5
(72.5) 		16.7
(62.1) 		10.5
(50.9) 		5.3
(41.5) 		13.9
(57.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.1
(32.2) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		2.4
(36.3) 		7.0
(44.6) 		12.7
(54.9) 		17.7
(63.9) 		21.8
(71.2) 		23.3
(73.9) 		19.0
(66.2) 		12.8
(55.0) 		6.9
(44.4) 		2.4
(36.3) 		10.5
(50.9)
Record low °C (°F) −11.7
(10.9) 		−13.0
(8.6) 		−6.4
(20.5) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		2.0
(35.6) 		6.7
(44.1) 		11.4
(52.5) 		14.5
(58.1) 		7.9
(46.2) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		−9.5
(14.9) 		−13.0
(8.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 180.9
(7.12) 		115.8
(4.56) 		112.0
(4.41) 		97.2
(3.83) 		94.4
(3.72) 		121.1
(4.77) 		222.3
(8.75) 		163.4
(6.43) 		151.9
(5.98) 		157.7
(6.21) 		203.5
(8.01) 		225.9
(8.89) 		1,845.9
(72.67)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 63
(25) 		48
(19) 		8
(3.1) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		19
(7.5) 		139
(55)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.5 mm) 23.3 19.0 17.4 13.3 11.3 10.6 13.6 10.9 13.5 15.2 19.2 24.1 191.4
Average relative humidity (%) 72 74 68 66 69 74 79 75 73 72 74 74 72
Mean monthly sunshine hours 56.4 74.3 136.8 177.7 202.8 179.2 162.1 205.2 156.2 138.2 91.5 62.9 1,639.6
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency[8]
Climate data for Nishikan-ku[a] (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1978−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.8
(58.6) 		21.6
(70.9) 		23.2
(73.8) 		29.2
(84.6) 		32.2
(90.0) 		33.2
(91.8) 		36.9
(98.4) 		38.9
(102.0) 		38.6
(101.5) 		32.4
(90.3) 		24.8
(76.6) 		18.9
(66.0) 		38.9
(102.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.2
(41.4) 		5.9
(42.6) 		9.9
(49.8) 		16.0
(60.8) 		21.4
(70.5) 		24.8
(76.6) 		28.3
(82.9) 		30.2
(86.4) 		26.4
(79.5) 		20.4
(68.7) 		14.2
(57.6) 		8.2
(46.8) 		17.6
(63.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.1
(35.8) 		2.2
(36.0) 		5.3
(41.5) 		10.7
(51.3) 		16.4
(61.5) 		20.4
(68.7) 		24.3
(75.7) 		25.6
(78.1) 		21.6
(70.9) 		15.6
(60.1) 		9.7
(49.5) 		4.6
(40.3) 		13.2
(55.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.7
(30.7) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		1.0
(33.8) 		5.6
(42.1) 		12.1
(53.8) 		16.8
(62.2) 		21.0
(69.8) 		21.9
(71.4) 		17.7
(63.9) 		11.2
(52.2) 		5.6
(42.1) 		1.4
(34.5) 		9.4
(48.9)
Record low °C (°F) −13.1
(8.4) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		4.0
(39.2) 		8.8
(47.8) 		13.4
(56.1) 		12.7
(54.9) 		7.1
(44.8) 		1.8
(35.2) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		−12.2
(10.0) 		−13.1
(8.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 165.2
(6.50) 		99.8
(3.93) 		99.9
(3.93) 		90.9
(3.58) 		85.2
(3.35) 		117.0
(4.61) 		213.3
(8.40) 		154.2
(6.07) 		130.4
(5.13) 		136.1
(5.36) 		190.2
(7.49) 		222.8
(8.77) 		1,704.1
(67.09)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 20.1 16.2 15.9 11.8 10.3 9.9 12.5 10.1 11.7 13.6 17.5 20.6 170.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 47.9 71.2 129.9 171.5 195.0 174.9 157.8 182.4 139.1 126.0 85.4 49.6 1,530.7
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency[9][10]

Wards

View of Chuo Ward

Niigata has a system of wards (ku) since April 1, 2007:[11] Each ward has its own "image color".

Wards of Niigata
Place Name Map of Niigata
Rōmaji Kanji Color
1 Akiha Ward 秋葉区 ■ Floral green
A map of Niigata's Wards
A map of Niigata's Wards
2 Chuo Ward (administrative center) 中央区 ■ Waterfront blue
3 Higashi Ward 東区 ■ Aqua blue
4 Kita Ward 北区 ■ Nature green
5 Konan Ward 江南区 ■ Spring green
6 Minami Ward 南区 ■ Breeze blue
7 Nishi Ward 西区 ■ Sunset orange
8 Nishikan Ward 西蒲区 ■ Harvest yellow

Adjoining communities

From the north, following Niigata's border clockwise:

  • In addition Sado Island is connected by sea and air routes.

History

Prehistoric and ancient

People have inhabited the Niigata area（Furutsu Hachimanyama Site） since the Jōmon period, though much of the current land was still beneath the sea at the time. According to the Nihon Shoki, a fortress was built in the area in AD 647.

Middle Ages

Feudal period

In the 16th century, a port called Niigata was established at the mouth of the Shinano River, while a port town with the name Nuttari developed at the mouth of the Agano River. The area prospered beneath the rule of Uesugi Kenshin during the Sengoku Period.

Early Modern Ages

A system of canals was constructed throughout the downtown area of Niigata port in the 17th century. During this period, the courses of the Shinano and Agano rivers gradually changed until they poured into the Sea of Japan at the same location. As a result, Niigata prospered as a port town, serving as a port of call for Japanese trade ships traversing the Sea of Japan.

The Matsugasaki Canal was constructed in 1730 to drain the Agano River area, but in 1731, flooding destroyed the canal and caused it to become the main current of the Agano River. As a result, the volume of water flowing into the port of Niigata decreased, which in turn allowed land reclamation efforts and the development of new rice fields to proceed.

  • Gallery
  • Nishiki-e "Niigata Minato no Shinkei" (View of Niigata Port), 1859
    Nishiki-e "Niigata Minato no Shinkei" (View of Niigata Port), 1859
  • Niigata drawn by Utagawa Hiroshige in 1859
    Niigata drawn by Utagawa Hiroshige in 1859

Late Modern Ages

In 1858, Niigata was designated as one of the five ports to be opened for international trade in the Japan–U.S. Treaty of Amity and Commerce. However, the shallow water level in the port delayed the actual opening to foreign ships until 1869. The port also served as a valuable base for fishermen who roamed as far north as the Kamchatka Peninsula to catch salmon and other fish.

In 1886, the first Bandai Bridge was built across the Shinano River to connect the settlements of Niigata on the west and Nuttari on the east. Niigata annexed Nuttari in 1914.

During World War II, Niigata's strategic location between the capital of Tokyo and the Sea of Japan made it a key point for the transfer of settlers and military personnel to the Asian continent, including Manchukuo.

Contemporary Ages

In 1945, near the end of the war, Niigata was one of four cities, together with Hiroshima, Kokura, and Nagasaki, picked as targets for the atomic bombs if Japan did not surrender. However, Niigata was not actually targeted in the first two missions. There were several theories about the reasons that Niigata was lowered in the priority, such as poor weather conditions, its distance from B-29 bases in the Mariana Islands, and other factors.[12]

On August 11, 1945, after the second atomic bombing in Nagasaki, the governor of Niigata Prefecture ordered the people to evacuate as concerns of an impending bombing heightened, and the city was completely deserted for days until the war ended without more atomic bombings.[13]

A devastating Typhoon Louise and fire in 1955 destroyed much of the downtown area, but eventually the city recovered. In 1958, construction of the relocated Niigata Station was completed, extending the downtown area from Bandai Bridge. The Niigata Thermal Power Station Unit 1 started operation in July 1963. At that time, it was Japan's first power plant capable of using a mixture of natural gas and heavy oil.

In 1964, the old canals that flowed throughout the old downtown area were filled in to make way for more roads.

On June 16, 1964, at 13:01 Japan Standard Time an earthquake of 7.5 Richter scale struck the city, killing 29 people and causing large-scale property damage, with 1,960 totally destroyed buildings, 6,640 partially destroyed buildings, and 15,298 severely inundated by liquefaction.

In 1965, the Agano River running through Niigata was polluted with methylmercury from the chemical plant of the Showa Electrical Company. Over 690 people exhibited symptoms of Minamata disease and the outbreak became known as Niigata Minamata disease.

In 1982, Shinkansen service on the Jōetsu Shinkansen line began between Niigata and Omiya, with service to Ueno added in 1985. The line was extended to Tokyo in 1991.

Big Swan Stadium in Niigata City hosted three games during the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

The 2004 Chūetsu earthquake did not cause any significant damage in Niigata City itself, allowing the city to work as a relief base.

The size and the population of Niigata city increased over the four-year period between 2001 and 2005, due to a series of municipal mergers. On April 1, 2007, Niigata City became first city on the west coast of Honshu to become a government-designated city.

In July 2007, the Chūetsu offshore earthquake, measuring 6.9 on Richter scale, rocked Niigata Prefecture. Though the earthquake was felt in the city, there was little damage, which allowed Niigata City to provide aid to the devastated areas.

In May 2008, the city hosted the 2008 G8 Labor Ministers Meeting.

On March 12, 2011, several hours after the massive 9.0 Tohoku earthquake struck off the east coast of Honshu, Niigata and Nagano Prefectures experienced an estimated magnitude 6.6 earthquake.

Mergers

Mergers of Niigata

Government

City Hall

List of mayors of Niigata City (1889 to present)

External relations

Twin towns – sister cities

International

Sister Cities

Niigata maintains sister city ties with six cities:

City Country State since
Galveston United StatesUnited States Texas January 28, 1965
Khabarovsk RussiaRussia Khabarovsk Krai April 23, 1965
Vladivostok RussiaRussia Primorsky Krai February 28, 1991
Birobidzhan RussiaRussia Jewish Autonomous Oblast August 6, 1992（once a sister city of Toyosaka, Niigata assumed the sister city honors in 2005）
Nantes FranceFrance Pays de la Loire January 31, 2009（shifted from friendship city since 1999）
Friendship cities
City Country State since
Harbin ChinaChina Heilongjiang December 17, 1979
Partnership cities

In addition, special exchange agreements have been set up with the following:[citation needed]

National

Partnership cities
City Prefecture region since
Hakodate HokkaidoOshima Hokkaidō region 1993（Treaty ports Partnership）
Yokohama Kanagawa PrefectureKanagawa Kantō region 1993（Treaty ports Partnership）
Kobe Hyōgo PrefectureHyōgo Kansai region 1993（Treaty ports Partnership）
Nagasaki Nagasaki PrefectureNagasaki Kyushu region 1993（Treaty ports Partnership）
Sado Niigata PrefectureNiigata Chūbu region August 1, 2008
Aizuwakamatsu Fukushima PrefectureFukushima Tōhoku region july 22, 2012
Kyoto Kyoto PrefectureKyoto Kansai region March 26, 2013

Education

Niigata University

Colleges and universities

Transportation

Jōetsu Shinkansen
Shinetsu Main Line
Linemap of Shinetsu Main Line Niigata with Stations
Bandai City Bus Center
Niigata Bypass NetworkMap
Willow-lined streets of Niigata
See also: Chūō-ku, Niigata § Transportation

Airways

Airport

Niigata Airport is located about 6 km north of central Niigata. It handles some international destinations as well as many domestic ones. As of October 2016, the domestic destinations available are Osaka (10 times a day), Sapporo (five or six times a day), Fukuoka (three times a day), Okinawa (once or twice a day), Nagoya (three times a day), Narita (once a day) and Sado Island (three times a day).

Niigata Airport's international destinations are Harbin (twice a week), Seoul (five times a week), Shanghai (twice a week) and Vladivostok.[14]

Railways

The largest station in Niigata City is Niigata Station. It is centrally located in the Bandai area, one of the two main shopping districts in downtown Niigata. Approximately 37,000 passengers use the station daily. The Jōetsu Shinkansen, which terminates at Niigata Station, provides daily service to Tokyo. The Shin'etsu Main Line, Hakushin Line, Echigo Line, Uetsu Main Line, and Ban'etsu West Line also terminate at Niigata Station. These lines serve Myoko, Itoigawa, Akita, Sakata, and Aizuwakamatsu.

Niigata Kotsu Dentetsu Line and Kambara Dentetsu trains used to run through the city until the late 1990s; however, they no longer exist.

High-Speed Rail

East Japan Railway Company（JR East）

Conventional lines

East Japan Railway Company（JR East）

Buses

Transit Bus

BRT "Bandai-bashi Line" runs through business/shopping districts in the central Niigata (Niigata Station - Bandai Bridge - Furumachi - City hall - Hakusan Station - Aoyama).

Roads

Expressways

Japan National Route

Seaways

Sea port

The Port of Niigata served as a part of kitamaebune during Edo era, and became one of the five open ports according to the Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan) in 1858. The west district of the port of Niigata provides passenger transportation facilities as well as cargo transportation, while the east district is dedicated for cargo capabilities, including the container terminal facilities. The Port of Niigata is designated as one of the international hub ports [ja] by the government.

The destinations of the passenger services available at the port of Niigata include Ryotsu on Sado island, Otaru, Akita, Tsuruga.

Until 2006, Niigata was formerly the terminus of the Mangyongbong-92 ferry, one of the direct connections between Japan and North Korea.

Local attractions

See also: Chūō-ku, Niigata § Local attractions

Culture

Niigata geigi
Aerial video of Kurosaki Festival Fireworks

Niigata has its own geisha culture since over 200 years ago dating back to the Edo period. This was due to the prosperity of the city as a port town. Locally they are called geigi and the tradition continues on. Most ochaya are located in the Furumachi neighbourhood with well-known places such as the Nabechaya.[16]

Events

Foods

Sports

Club Sport League Venue Established
Albirex Niigata Football J.League Denka Big Swan Stadium 1955
Niigata Albirex BB Basketball B.League Niigata City Higashi General Sports Center, City Hall Plaza Aore Nagaoka, Toki Messe 2000
Albirex Niigata Ladies Women's soccer WE.League Niigata Athletic Stadium 2002
Niigata Albirex Baseball Club Baseball BC.League Niigata Prefectural Baseball Stadium 2005

Notable people from Niigata

Artists and writers

Actors and voice actors

Musicians

Others

References

  1. ^ "UEA Code Tables". Center for Spatial Information Science, University of Tokyo. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
  2. ^ Yoshitsugu Kanemoto. "Metropolitan Employment Area (MEA) Data". Center for Spatial Information Science, The University of Tokyo. Archived from the original on 2018-06-15. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
  3. ^ Conversion rates - Exchange rates - OECD Data
  4. ^ 知っておきたい新潟県の歴史編集委員会 (2010). 知っておきたい新潟県の歴史. 新潟日報事業社. ISBN 978-4861323720.
  5. ^ 角川日本地名大辞典 編纂委員会 (1989). 角川日本地名大辞典 15 新潟県. (株)角川書店. ISBN 4-04-001150-3.
  6. ^ 平年値(年・月ごとの値)
  7. ^ Niigata City 2007 Statistical Data, published 2007
  8. ^ 気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
  9. ^ 観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値）. JMA. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
  10. ^ 気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）. JMA. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
  11. ^ Map Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Neglected Niigata | Restricted Data
  13. ^ 新潟がゴーストタウンになった日。知事が命じた「原爆疎開」 | ハフポスト
  14. ^ Flight Schedule - NIIGATA AIRPORT
  15. ^ "Nature Aquarium Gallery official website". Archived from the original on 2012-10-16. Retrieved 2012-09-18.
  16. ^ "The Niigata Geigi: Japan's 'other' geishas".
  17. ^ "North Korea abductee: Japan parents meet grand-daughter - BBC News". BBC News. 17 March 2014. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
  18. ^ "Yutakayama Rikishi Information". Sumo Reference. Retrieved 3 May 2018.

Notes

  1. ^ location in former Maki town
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Niigata, Niigata.

"Niigata" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

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