Jump to content

Langdarma: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Goffman82 (talk | contribs)
452 edits
Fixed red link to Atiśa
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
No edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Weasel|date=August 2022}}
{{Weasel|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox monarch
{{Infobox monarch
| name =Langdarma
| name =Langdarma<br>{{nobold|{{bo-textonly|གླང་དར་མ}}}}
| title =[[List of emperors of Tibet|Emperor]] of [[Tibetan Empire|Tibet]]
| title = [[Tsenpo]]
| image =
| image =
| caption =
| caption =
| succession =[[List of emperors of Tibet|Emperor]] of [[Tibetan Empire|Tibet]]
| reign = 838–842
| reign = 838–842
| coronation =
| coronation =
| regnal_name =
| regnal_name =
| full name = khri dar ma 'u dum btsan
| full name = khri dar ma 'u dum btsan ({{bo-textonly|དར་མ་འུ་དུམ་བཙན་}})
| predecessor = [[Ralpacan]]
| predecessor = [[Ralpacan]]
| successor = ''None''<br />[[Era of Fragmentation]]
| successor = ''None''<br />[[Era of Fragmentation]]
Line 29: Line 30:
| place of burial = ''phrul-rgyal'', ''pying-bar'' (mordern [[Qonggyai County]])
| place of burial = ''phrul-rgyal'', ''pying-bar'' (mordern [[Qonggyai County]])
|}}
|}}
{{Tibetan-Chinese-box|t=གླང་དར་མ་།་འུ་དུམ་བཙན་པོ|w=glang dar ma<br/>'u dum btsan|ipa={{IPA-bo|laŋtaːma|}} /<br/>{{IPA-bo|udum tsɛ̃po|}}|e=Glang Darma,}}
{{Tibetan-Chinese-box|t=གླང་དར་མ་འུ་དུམ་བཙན་པོ|w=glang dar ma<br/>'u dum btsan|ipa={{IPA-bo|laŋtaːma|}} /<br/>{{IPA-bo|udum tsɛ̃po|}}|e=Glang Darma,}}


'''Langdarma''' ({{bo|t=གླང་དར་མ།|w=glang dar ma|s=Lang Darma}} "Mature Bull" or "[[Dharma]] Bull", proper name '''U Dumtsen''' {{bo|w={{'}}u dum btsan}}) was most likely the last [[Tibetan Empire|Tibetan Emperor]] who most likely reigned from 838 to 841 CE. Early sources call him Tri Darma "King Dharma". His domain extended beyond Tibet to include [[Dunhuang]] and neighbouring Chinese regions.<ref name="mckay57">Samten Karmay ''in'' {{cite book|last1=McKay|first1=Alex|title=Tibet and her neighbours : a history|date=2003|publisher=Edition Hansjörg Meyer|location=London|isbn=3883757187}}, pg. 57</ref>
'''Darma Udumtsen''' ({{bo|t=དར་མ་འུ་དུམ་བཙན|w=dar ma {{'}}u dum btsan}}), better known as his nickname '''Langdarma''' ({{bo|t=གླང་དར་མ།|w=glang dar ma|s=Lang Darma}} "Mature Bull" or "Dharma the [[Ox-Head and Horse-Face|Bull]]") was most likely the last [[Tibetan Empire|Tibetan Emperor]] who most likely reigned from 838 to 841 CE. Early sources call him Tri Darma "King Dharma". His domain extended beyond Tibet to include [[Dunhuang]] and neighbouring Chinese regions.<ref name="mckay57">Samten Karmay ''in'' {{cite book|last1=McKay|first1=Alex|title=Tibet and her neighbours : a history|date=2003|publisher=Edition Hansjörg Meyer|location=London|isbn=3883757187}}, pg. 57</ref>


By tradition Langdarma is held to have been [[Persecution of Buddhists|anti-Buddhist]] and a follower of [[Bon]]. He is attributed with the assassination of his brother, King [[Ralpacan]], in 838 AD and he is generally held to have [[Persecution of Buddhists|persecuted Buddhists]]. According to traditional accounts, during the first two years of his rule, Langdarma remained a Buddhist, but under the influence of [[We Gyaltore Taknye|Wégyel Toré]] ({{bo|w=dbas rgyal to re}}), he became a follower of Bon. Following his persecution of Buddhism [[Atiśa]] was called from Sumatra to restore Buddhism to Tibet.<ref>{{cite book |title= The ulti- mate reason why Atīśa was subsequently invited to Tibet was for the ‘restoration’ and purification of Buddhism again so as to be able to overcome the setback that Tibetan Buddhism had suffered from the persecutions initiated by King Lang Darma}}</ref>
By tradition Langdarma is held to have been [[Persecution of Buddhists|anti-Buddhist]] and a follower of [[Bon]]. He is attributed with the assassination of his brother, King [[Ralpacan]], in 838 AD and he is generally held to have [[Persecution of Buddhists|persecuted Buddhists]]. According to traditional accounts, during the first two years of his rule, Langdarma remained a Buddhist, but under the influence of [[We Gyaltore Taknye|Wégyel Toré]] ({{bo|w=dbas rgyal to re}}), he became a follower of Bon. Following his persecution of Buddhism [[Atiśa]] was called from Sumatra to restore Buddhism to Tibet.<ref>{{cite book |title= The ulti- mate reason why Atīśa was subsequently invited to Tibet was for the ‘restoration’ and purification of Buddhism again so as to be able to overcome the setback that Tibetan Buddhism had suffered from the persecutions initiated by King Lang Darma}}</ref>

Revision as of 10:00, 12 November 2022

Langdarma
གླང་དར་མ
Tsenpo
Emperor of Tibet
Reign838–842
PredecessorRalpacan
SuccessorNone
Era of Fragmentation
BornDarma
790's+ ?
Died842
Burial
phrul-rgyal, pying-bar (mordern Qonggyai County)
IssueTride Yumten
Namde Ösung
Names
khri dar ma 'u dum btsan (དར་མ་འུ་དུམ་བཙན་)
LönchenWe Gyaltore Taknye
HouseYarlung Dynasty
FatherSadnalegs
Motherbro-bza' lha-rgyal-mang-mo-rje
ReligionBön
Langdarma
Tibetan name
Tibetan གླང་དར་མ་འུ་དུམ་བཙན་པོ
Transcriptions
Wylieglang dar ma
'u dum btsan
Lhasa IPA[laŋtaːma] /
[udum tsɛ̃po]

Darma Udumtsen (Tibetan: དར་མ་འུ་དུམ་བཙན, Wylie: dar ma 'u dum btsan), better known as his nickname Langdarma (Tibetan: གླང་དར་མ།, Wylie: glang dar ma, THL: Lang Darma "Mature Bull" or "Dharma the Bull") was most likely the last Tibetan Emperor who most likely reigned from 838 to 841 CE. Early sources call him Tri Darma "King Dharma". His domain extended beyond Tibet to include Dunhuang and neighbouring Chinese regions.[1]

By tradition Langdarma is held to have been anti-Buddhist and a follower of Bon. He is attributed with the assassination of his brother, King Ralpacan, in 838 AD and he is generally held to have persecuted Buddhists. According to traditional accounts, during the first two years of his rule, Langdarma remained a Buddhist, but under the influence of Wégyel Toré (Wylie: dbas rgyal to re), he became a follower of Bon. Following his persecution of Buddhism Atiśa was called from Sumatra to restore Buddhism to Tibet.[2]

The anti-Buddhist portrayal of this king has been questioned by several historians,[3] most prominently Zuiho Yamaguchi.[4]

Langdarma's reign was plagued by external troubles. The Uyghur Khaganate to the north collapsed due to a revolt by the Yenisei Kirghiz in year 840 and many displaced people fled to Tibet. According to one source, he only reigned for a year and a half, while others give six or thirteen years.[5] According to traditional accounts, a Buddhist hermit or monk named Lhalung Pelgyi Dorje assassinated Langdarma in 842 or 846.[5][6] His death was followed by civil war and the dissolution of the Tibetan empire, leading to the Era of Fragmentation.[1]

Langdarma is said to have had two sons: Tride Yumten, by his first wife and Namde Ösung by his second wife.[7] They apparently competed for power, the former ruling over the central kingdom of Ü, and the other ruling over the "left wing", probably the eastern territories.[5]

One of Langdarma's grandsons, Kyidé Nyima Gön (Wylie: skyid lde nyi ma gon), conquered Ngari in the late 10th century, although his army originally numbered only 300 men. Kyidé Nyima Gön founded several towns and castles and he apparently ordered the construction of the main sculptures at Shey. "In an inscription he says he had them made for the religious benefit of the Tsanpo (the dynastic title of his father and ancestors), and of all the people of Ngaris (Western Tibet). This shows that already in this generation Langdarma's opposition to Buddhism had disappeared."[8] Shey, just 15 km east of modern Leh, was the ancient seat of the Ladakhi kings.

Notes

  1. ^ a b Samten Karmay in McKay, Alex (2003). Tibet and her neighbours : a history. London: Edition Hansjörg Meyer. ISBN 3883757187., pg. 57
  2. ^ The ulti- mate reason why Atīśa was subsequently invited to Tibet was for the ‘restoration’ and purification of Buddhism again so as to be able to overcome the setback that Tibetan Buddhism had suffered from the persecutions initiated by King Lang Darma.
  3. ^ Jens Schlieter. "Compassionate Killing or Conflict Resolution? The Murder of King Langdarma according to Tibetan Buddhist Sources". University of Berne.
  4. ^ Yamaguchi, Zuiho. “The Fiction of King Dar ma's Persecution of Buddhism.” in Drège, textes réunis par Jean-Pierre (1996). De Dunhuang au Japon : études chinoise et bouddhiques offertes à Michel Soymié. Genève: Droz. ISBN 2600001662.
  5. ^ a b c Stein, R. A. (1972). Tibetan civilization ([English ed.]. ed.). Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-8047-0901-7., pp. 70-71
  6. ^ Beckwith, Christopher I. (1993). The Tibetan empire in Central Asia : a history of the struggle for great power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the early Middle Ages (4. print., and 1st pbk. ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. ISBN 0-691-02469-3., pp. 168-169
  7. ^ Davidson, Ronald M. (2008). Tibetan renaissance : Tantric Buddhism in the rebirth of Tibetan culture (1st Indian ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 978-8120832787.
  8. ^ Francke, A. H. (1914). Antiquities of Indian Tibet (2 volumes) (1972 reprint ed.). S. Chand., pp. 89-90.
Look up གླང་དར་མ། in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Regnal titles
Preceded by Emperor of Tibet
r. 838–841 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Langdarma&oldid=1121448543"