Luschan's salamander: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 27: | Line 27: | ||
==Habitat and status== |
==Habitat and status== |
||
Its natural [[habitat]]s are temperate [[forest]]s and Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. It is threatened by [[habitat loss]]. One of the subspecies, M. 1.helverseni, is known to be found within a pine forest on the island of Carpathos. <ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Özeti |first1=Neclâ |title=The Morphology of the Salamander Mertensiella luschani ( Steindachner ) and the Relationships of Mertensiella and Salamandra |journal=American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists ( ASIH ) |date=1967 |pages=287-298}}</ref> ''M. luschani'' has also been said to be found on about 350 kilometers of southwestern Turkish coast.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal |last1=Weisrock |first1=David W |last2=Macey |first2=J. Robert |last3=Ugurtas |first3=Ismail H |last4=Larson |first4=Allan |last5=Papenfuss |first5=Theodore J |title=Molecular Phylogenetics and Historical Biogeography among Salamandrids of the “True” Salamander Clade: Rapid Branching of Numerous Highly Divergent Lineages in ''Mertensiella luschani'' Associated with the Rise of Anatolia |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=1 March 2001 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=434–448 |doi=10.1006/mpev.2000.0905 |url=https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.2000.0905 |language=en |issn=1055-7903}}</ref> |
Its natural [[habitat]]s are temperate [[forest]]s and Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. It is threatened by [[habitat loss]]. One of the subspecies, M. 1.helverseni, is known to be found within a pine forest on the island of Carpathos. <ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Özeti |first1=Neclâ |title=The Morphology of the Salamander Mertensiella luschani ( Steindachner ) and the Relationships of Mertensiella and Salamandra |journal=American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists ( ASIH ) |date=1967 |pages=287-298}}</ref> ''M. luschani'' has also been said to be found on about 350 kilometers of southwestern Turkish coast.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal |last1=Weisrock |first1=David W |last2=Macey |first2=J. Robert |last3=Ugurtas |first3=Ismail H |last4=Larson |first4=Allan |last5=Papenfuss |first5=Theodore J |title=Molecular Phylogenetics and Historical Biogeography among Salamandrids of the “True” Salamander Clade: Rapid Branching of Numerous Highly Divergent Lineages in ''Mertensiella luschani'' Associated with the Rise of Anatolia |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=1 March 2001 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=434–448 |doi=10.1006/mpev.2000.0905 |url=https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.2000.0905 |language=en |issn=1055-7903}}</ref> |
||
==Subspecies== |
==Subspecies== |
||
| Line 47: | Line 44: | ||
==Diet== |
==Diet== |
||
When comparing adult and juvenile ''L. luschani basoglui'' salamanders, scientists found that there were statistically significant differences in the measurements of body length, body weight, snout to vent length, head width, mean prey length, and mean prey volume. <ref name=":6" /> |
When comparing adult and juvenile ''L. luschani basoglui'' salamanders, scientists found that there were statistically significant differences in the measurements of body length, body weight, snout to vent length, head width, mean prey length, and mean prey volume. <ref name=":6" /> The study showed that juvenile salamanders tended to have a diet that was heavily centered on collembolans and gastropods. <ref name=":6" /> However, adult males tended to mostly eat beetles, and adult females mostly ate beetles and Hymenoptera. <ref name=":6" /> This suggests that the diet of the salamanders is mostly comprised of insects in adulthood. The researchers also discovered that the snout vent length and the head with were significant predictors of both mean prey length and mean prey volume.<ref name=":6" /> |
||
The study showed that juvenile salamanders tended to have a diet that was heavily centered on collembolans and gastropods. <ref name=":6" /> However, adult males tended to mostly eat beetles, and adult females mostly ate beetles and Hymenoptera. <ref name=":6" /> |
|||
This suggests that the diet of the salamanders is mostly comprised of insects in adulthood. The researchers also discovered that the snout vent length and the head with were significant predictors of both mean prey length and mean prey volume.<ref name=":6" /> |
|||
| Line 77: | Line 72: | ||
==Physiology== |
==Physiology== |
||
Scientists have determined that the liver esterases present in ''M. l. luschani'' are all carboxylesterases.<ref name=":17">{{cite journal |last1=Tzannetatou-Polymeni |first1=R. |last2=Haritos |first2=A.A. |title=Physicochemical characterization and tissue distribution of esterases in two salamandridae species (Mertensiella luschani and Salamandra salamandra) |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry |date=January 1989 |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=469–475 |doi=10.1016/0305-0491(89)90118-1}}</ref> Since the esterases were all inhibited by diisopropylfluoro-phosphate (DFP), it was clear that such esterases were present.<ref name=":17" /> |
Scientists have determined that the liver esterases present in ''M. l. luschani'' are all carboxylesterases.<ref name=":17">{{cite journal |last1=Tzannetatou-Polymeni |first1=R. |last2=Haritos |first2=A.A. |title=Physicochemical characterization and tissue distribution of esterases in two salamandridae species (Mertensiella luschani and Salamandra salamandra) |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry |date=January 1989 |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=469–475 |doi=10.1016/0305-0491(89)90118-1}}</ref> Since the esterases were all inhibited by diisopropylfluoro-phosphate (DFP), it was clear that such esterases were present.<ref name=":17" /> They also appeared to be stable in higher temperatures up to 45 degrees Celsius. There were around ten molecular forms of esterases present based on isoelectric focusing and gel electrophoresis. <ref name=":17" /> The main two molecular weights seen were typically 70,000 and 230,000 <ref name=":17" /> |
||
They also appeared to be stable in higher temperatures up to 45 degrees Celsius. There were around ten molecular forms of esterases present based on isoelectric focusing and gel electrophoresis. <ref name=":17" /> The main two molecular weights seen were typically 70,000 and 230,000. <ref name=":17" /> |
|||
==Genetics & Phylogeny== |
==Genetics & Phylogeny== |
||
At least eight subspecies of ''Mertensiella luschani'' have been described: ''M. l.billae'', ''M. |
At least eight subspecies of ''Mertensiella luschani'' have been described: ''M. l.billae'', ''M. |
||
l. fazilae'', ''M. l. luschani'', ''M. l. atif'', ''M. l. finikensis'', ''M. l. flavimembris'', ''M. l. antalyana'', and ''M. l. basoglui''. <ref name=":8" /> M. luschani overall was supported to be a well evidenced sister taxon to the Salamandra clad with a boot-strap of 100% and decay index of 41. <ref name=":8" /> |
l. fazilae'', ''M. l. luschani'', ''M. l. atif'', ''M. l. finikensis'', ''M. l. flavimembris'', ''M. l. antalyana'', and ''M. l. basoglui''. <ref name=":8" /> M. luschani overall was supported to be a well evidenced sister taxon to the Salamandra clad with a boot-strap of 100% and decay index of 41. <ref name=":8" />Scientists also described that ''M. l. finikensis'', ''M. l. luschani'', and ''M. l. basoglui'' seem to form a monophyletic group with a bootstrap of 100% and a decay index of 15.<ref name=":8" /> |
||
Scientists also described that ''M. l. finikensis'', ''M. l. luschani'', and ''M. l. basoglui'' seem to form a monophyletic group with a bootstrap of 100% and a decay index of 15.<ref name=":8" /> |
|||
Scientists have also worked to categorize ''M. luschani'' into its appropriate phylogenetic positions based on different DNA sequences it possesses. <ref name=":18">{{cite journal |last1=Zardoya |first1=Rafael |last2=Malaga-Trillo |first2=Edward |last3=Veith |first3=Michael |last4=Meyer |first4=Axel |title=Complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of a salamander, ''Mertensiella luschani'' |journal=Gene |date=23 October 2003 |volume=317 |pages=17–27 |doi=10.1016/S0378-1119(03)00655-3 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1119(03)00655-3 |language=en |issn=0378-1119}}</ref> |
Scientists have also worked to categorize ''M. luschani'' into its appropriate phylogenetic positions based on different DNA sequences it possesses. <ref name=":18">{{cite journal |last1=Zardoya |first1=Rafael |last2=Malaga-Trillo |first2=Edward |last3=Veith |first3=Michael |last4=Meyer |first4=Axel |title=Complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of a salamander, ''Mertensiella luschani'' |journal=Gene |date=23 October 2003 |volume=317 |pages=17–27 |doi=10.1016/S0378-1119(03)00655-3 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1119(03)00655-3 |language=en |issn=0378-1119}}</ref> |
||
| Line 94: | Line 85: | ||
==Parasites== |
==Parasites== |
||
''Lyciasasalamandra luschani'', also known as ''Mertensiella luschani'', has been shown to be a parastic host for certain nematodes or helminths. <ref name=":19">{{cite journal |last1=Yildirimhan |title=Nematode parasites of lyciasalamandra antalyana and lyciasalamandra luschani (Caudata: Salamandridae) from Turkey |date=2011 |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=375-377}}</ref>Angiostoma aspersae were found in certain salamander carcasses.<ref name=":19" /> |
''Lyciasasalamandra luschani'', also known as ''Mertensiella luschani'', has been shown to be a parastic host for certain nematodes or helminths. <ref name=":19">{{cite journal |last1=Yildirimhan |title=Nematode parasites of lyciasalamandra antalyana and lyciasalamandra luschani (Caudata: Salamandridae) from Turkey |date=2011 |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=375-377}}</ref>Angiostoma aspersae were found in certain salamander carcasses.<ref name=":19" /> Of the salamanders observed, about 92 percent of them had this nematode infecting their bodies. <ref name=":19" /> |
||
Of the salamanders observed, about 92 percent of them had this nematode infecting their bodies. <ref name=":19" /> |
|||
Revision as of 09:41, 14 November 2022
| Luschan's salamander | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Urodela |
| Family: | Salamandridae |
| Genus: | Lyciasalamandra |
| Species: | L. luschani
|
| Binomial name | |
| Lyciasalamandra luschani (Steindachner, 1891)
| |
| Synonyms[2] | |
|
Molge luschani Steindachner, 1891 | |
Luschan's salamander or Lycian salamander (Lyciasalamandra luschani) is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is found in the southwestern Anatolia in Turkey and in adjacent Greece (the island of Kastellorizo and its satellites).[1][2]
Description
Luschan's salamander is brown with small yellow dots dorsally, yellow or whitish laterally, and flesh-colored ventrally. The eyes are prominent, as are the narrow paratoid glands. The tail is thin. Males have a protruding "spike" at the base of their tails on the dorsal surface. Adults may grow to 13 cm (5.1 in) in total length.[3]Luschan’s salamander is also known as Lyciasalamandra luschani basoglui and was formerly known as Mertensiella luschani [4]. The salamander is said to be a land-dwelling animal that is typically more active during the rainy or wet season from November to April within the Mediterranean. The salamander is especially active at night because it is a nocturnal species. [5] Additionally, in one study studying the diets of these salamanders, scientists found that males and females tended to have similar weights.[5] There was a trend suggesting that females might weigh more but this was not statistically significant.[5]
Previous studies have separated male and female salamanders through common secondary sexual characteristics. [6] Males can be distinguished by the protuberance near the tail which is absent in both females and juvenile salamanders. [6] The females, however, have a cloaca that can be used to determine their sex.[6]Juvenile salamanders possess neither the cloaca nor protuberance. [6] One study has also shown that females tended to have a larger snout to vent length than males. However, males had a significantly larger maximum snout to vent length compared to females [6]
Reproduction
Luschan's salamanders are viviparous. Females give birth to two offspring that are produced from each of the female's two oviducts. Gestation time ranges from 5-8 months.[7] Using 9 salamanders from the M.l. antalyna subspecies, scientists discovered the basic reproductive biology of M. luschani .[8] It was proposed that the period for childbirth spanned almost two seasons: about the end of September to about the end of March. [8] This is in part due to the fact that a preferred humidity and temperature are desired before the salamander gives birth. Amplexus was observed frequently in April, suggesting that the spring may be a mating season. [8]
Habitat and status
Its natural habitats are temperate forests and Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. It is threatened by habitat loss. One of the subspecies, M. 1.helverseni, is known to be found within a pine forest on the island of Carpathos. [9] M. luschani has also been said to be found on about 350 kilometers of southwestern Turkish coast.[10]
Subspecies
The three subspecies are:[2][11]
- L. l. basoglui (Baran & Atatür, 1980)[12][13]
- L. l. finikensis (Basoglu & Atatür, 1975)[12][13]
- L. l. luschani (Steindachner, 1891)[12][13]
Conservation
One source, the Red Data Book of Threatened Animals of Greece, classifies the salamander, particularly L. luschani basoglui, as vulnerable.[5] Another source, the Red Data Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) considers the salamander as an endangered species. [5] The salamander has been of increasing interest as a result of recent tourism negatively affecting their habitat on the Greek island of Kastellorizon. [5] This coupled with the separation of certain subspecies, particularly L. luschani basoglui, makes this an animal consistently regarded for conservation efforts.[5]
Diet
When comparing adult and juvenile L. luschani basoglui salamanders, scientists found that there were statistically significant differences in the measurements of body length, body weight, snout to vent length, head width, mean prey length, and mean prey volume. [5] The study showed that juvenile salamanders tended to have a diet that was heavily centered on collembolans and gastropods. [5] However, adult males tended to mostly eat beetles, and adult females mostly ate beetles and Hymenoptera. [5] This suggests that the diet of the salamanders is mostly comprised of insects in adulthood. The researchers also discovered that the snout vent length and the head with were significant predictors of both mean prey length and mean prey volume.[5]
Development and Life Cycle
It has been discovered that soon after the metaphosphoric deposits of “periosteal parallel-fibred” bone can be found near the embryonic bone.[6]Their results also seem to suggest that there is a rested growth period each year that tends to occur during the winter.[6]
The M. luschani are said to have achieved maturation at about 3 years old and are considered to be juveniles if younger than this. [6] The life expectancy was shown to be about 5.4 years with some males living up to 8 years and some females living up to 10 years.[6]
Anatomy and Morphology
M. luschani is said to have a flat and wide head. The general trunk and body is orange with brown spots. [9]
In one of the earliest papers describing the morphology of M. luschani, its anatomy was compared between two seemingly similar salamanders: Mertensiella caucasica and Salamandra salamandra. [9] M. luschani’s skull is larger than that of M. caucasica but similar in size to that of S. salamandra. M. luschani’s skull also has two short premaxillae. Also, the jaw has been described to be somewhere in between the skull of Mertensiella caucasica and Salamandra salamandra.[9] It has big nasal bones as well. The frontal bones of the skull also have a pointed end on the side closest to the tail. [9]
Lyciasalamander luschani basoglui has been described to have fairly rough skin, about 68 nanometers, that allows it to conserve water for extended time periods.[14]The skin is mentioned to also have deep pits of 141 nanometers.[14] In fact, in the study it was compared to have rougher skin than Salamndra salamandra.[14] This overall suggests that the L. l. basoglui has a slower rate of water vaporization than other salamanders.[14]
Additionally, the salamander possesses one cervical vertebra, about sixteen trunk vertebrae, one sacral vertebra, three caudo sacral, and at least two dozen caudal vertebrae. [9]The number of caudal vertebrae went up to thirty in some species. The hips of M. luschani are said to be in between the size of M. caucasica and S. salamandra. [9]Part of this pelvic girdle is made up of cartilage, but ossification starts centrally and then spreads laterally.
M. luschani has been described to have a stomach made up of the pylorus and fundus, like other salamanders. [15]The stomach is composed of four layers: tunica serosa, tunica muscularis, submucosa, and tunica mucosa. [15]The tunica mucosa can be further subdivided into the lamina muscularis, lamina propria, and lamina epitheliasis. As for the specific cell types present in each layer, the mucous layer has simple columnar epithelium. [15]Vasculature as well as collagen can be found in the submucosa layer. The glands found in the pylorus appear to be branched and tubular, while the glands in the fundus are of a simple tubular form. [15]
The small intestine is made up of similar layers and lacks the muscularis mucosa layer. [15] Goblet cells are present within the pseudostratified ciliated epithelium in the mucous membrane of the intestine. The small intestine is also made up of folds called villi. [15] The study that characterized this also found that M. luschani had significantly greater lamina epitheliasis thickness and lumen area compared to the intestines of the Southern crested newt, Triturus karelinii. [15]
Physiology
Scientists have determined that the liver esterases present in M. l. luschani are all carboxylesterases.[16] Since the esterases were all inhibited by diisopropylfluoro-phosphate (DFP), it was clear that such esterases were present.[16] They also appeared to be stable in higher temperatures up to 45 degrees Celsius. There were around ten molecular forms of esterases present based on isoelectric focusing and gel electrophoresis. [16] The main two molecular weights seen were typically 70,000 and 230,000 [16]
Genetics & Phylogeny
At least eight subspecies of Mertensiella luschani have been described: M. l.billae, M. l. fazilae, M. l. luschani, M. l. atif, M. l. finikensis, M. l. flavimembris, M. l. antalyana, and M. l. basoglui. [10] M. luschani overall was supported to be a well evidenced sister taxon to the Salamandra clad with a boot-strap of 100% and decay index of 41. [10]Scientists also described that M. l. finikensis, M. l. luschani, and M. l. basoglui seem to form a monophyletic group with a bootstrap of 100% and a decay index of 15.[10]
Scientists have also worked to categorize M. luschani into its appropriate phylogenetic positions based on different DNA sequences it possesses. [17] A study on the 16,650 base pair nucleotide sequence of the salamander’s mitochondrial DNA revealed that it has similar features to other vertebrate genomes.[17] For example, the line of genetic code from the mitochondria produces 22 transfer RNAs, 2 ribosomal RNAs, and 13 peptides[17]. The nucleic acid breakdown is the following: 15% guanine, 32% adenine, 29 % thymine, and 24% cytosine. It is worth mentioning that there are two non coding repeats of 124 base pairs that interrupt the typical vertebrate mitochondrial consensus genome sequence.[17]
It has also been shown that the control region of this mitochondrial genome is 922 base pairs long. The origin of light strand replication has also been noted to form a secondary structure known as a stem-loop. [17]The 16S and 12S ribosomal RNA genes are 1567 and 921 nucleotides in length. As with other genetic sequences, the majority of genes that produce proteins began with the ATG start codon. Exceptions to this include COI, ND3, and ND6. Based on genomic data and subsequent phylogenetic results, some scientists have argued that hagfish and lamprey should not be used as outgroup taxa.[17]
Parasites
Lyciasasalamandra luschani, also known as Mertensiella luschani, has been shown to be a parastic host for certain nematodes or helminths. [18]Angiostoma aspersae were found in certain salamander carcasses.[18] Of the salamanders observed, about 92 percent of them had this nematode infecting their bodies. [18]
References
- ^ a b Lymberakis, P.; Kaska, Y.; Kumlutaş, Y.; Avci, A.; Üzüm, N.; Yeniyurt, C.; Akarsu, F.; Tok, V.; Ugurtas, I.H.; Sevinç, M.; Crochet, P.-A.; Papenfuss, T.; Sparreboom, M.; Kuzmin, S.; Anderson, S. & Denoel, M. (2009). "Lyciasalamandra luschani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T41241A86525768. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T41241A10422896.en. {{cite iucn}}: error: |doi= / |page= mismatch (help)
- ^ a b c Frost, Darrel R. (2018). "Lyciasalamandra luschani (Steindachner, 1891)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
- ^ Arnold, E.N and J.A. Burton. 1978. A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe. Collins. London ISBN 0002199645.
- ^ Veith; Steinfartz (2004). "When non-monophyly results in taxonomic consequences – the case of Mertensiella within the Salamandridae (Amphibia: Urodela)". Salamandra. 40 (1): 67–80.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Polymeni, Asian Herpetological Research (2011). "Diet Composition of the salamander Lyciasalamandra luschani basoglui on the Greek Island of Kastellorizo in the Southeast Aegean Sea". 2 (3): 155–160.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i Rosa-Maria, POLYMENI; Canella, RADEA; Costis, PAPANAYOTOU (11 October 2011). "Diet Composition of the Salamander <I>Lyciasalamandra luschani basoglui</I> on the Greek Island of Kastellorizo in the Southeast Aegean Sea". Asian Herpetological Research. 2 (3): 155–160. doi:10.3724/sp.j.1245.2011.00155. ISSN 2095-0357. Cite error: The named reference ":2" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Vitt, Laurie J.; Caldwell, Janalee P. (2014). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles (4th ed.). Academic Press. p. 169.
- ^ a b c Özeti̇, Neclâ (1979). "Reproductive Biology of the Salamander Mertensiella luschani antalyana". Herpetologica,. 35 (3): 193–197.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ a b c d e f g Özeti, Neclâ (1967). "The Morphology of the Salamander Mertensiella luschani ( Steindachner ) and the Relationships of Mertensiella and Salamandra". American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists ( ASIH ): 287–298.
- ^ a b c d Weisrock, David W; Macey, J. Robert; Ugurtas, Ismail H; Larson, Allan; Papenfuss, Theodore J (1 March 2001). "Molecular Phylogenetics and Historical Biogeography among Salamandrids of the "True" Salamander Clade: Rapid Branching of Numerous Highly Divergent Lineages in Mertensiella luschani Associated with the Rise of Anatolia". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 18 (3): 434–448. doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0905. ISSN 1055-7903.
- ^ Veith, Michael & Steinfartz, Sebastian (2004). "When non-monophyly results in taxonomic consequences – the case of Mertensiella within the Salamandridae (Amphibia: Urodela)" (PDF). Salamandra. 40 (1): 67–80. ISSN 0036-3375. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-21.
- ^ a b c Budak, A. & Göçmen, B. (2005). Herpetology. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Kitaplar Serisi, No. 194, Ege Üniversitesi Basimevi, Bornova-Izmir
- ^ a b c (in Turkish) Bayram Göçmen Archived 2012-12-21 at archive.today. Fen.ege.edu.tr. Retrieved on 2013-01-03.
- ^ a b c d Polymeni (2010). "Aspects on the relief of living surfaces using atomic force microscopy allow "art" to imitate nature". Integrative Zoology. 5 (3).
- ^ a b c d e f g Koca (2014). "The Structure of Stomach and Intestine of Triturus karelinii ( Strauch , 1870 ) and Mertensiella luschani ( Steindachner , 1891 ) ( Amphibia : Urodela ): Histological and Histometrical Study BAŞIMOĞLU". 36 (q): 1–16.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c d Tzannetatou-Polymeni, R.; Haritos, A.A. (January 1989). "Physicochemical characterization and tissue distribution of esterases in two salamandridae species (Mertensiella luschani and Salamandra salamandra)". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry. 92 (3): 469–475. doi:10.1016/0305-0491(89)90118-1.
- ^ a b c d e f Zardoya, Rafael; Malaga-Trillo, Edward; Veith, Michael; Meyer, Axel (23 October 2003). "Complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of a salamander, Mertensiella luschani". Gene. 317: 17–27. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(03)00655-3. ISSN 0378-1119.
- ^ a b c Yildirimhan (2011). "Nematode parasites of lyciasalamandra antalyana and lyciasalamandra luschani (Caudata: Salamandridae) from Turkey". 78 (2): 375–377.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
 | This Salamandridae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |