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===Survey of Palmerston===
===Survey of Palmerston===
{{further|Survey parties to the Northern Territory 1864–1870}}
{{further|Survey parties to the Northern Territory 1864–1870}}
Goyder was sent by the government of South Australia, (of which the Territory was then a part) to lay out the street plans for a capital to be named Palmerston. The site was chosen for its exceptionally good water supply, and potential for easy communication with the rest of the continent through land or sea transportation. The site was chosen after [[Boyle Travers Finniss|Finniss]]'s choice at [[Escape Cliffs]] had been rejected.
Goyder was sent by the [[government of South Australia]] (of which the Northern Territory was then a part) to lay out the street plans for a capital to be named Palmerston. The site was chosen for its exceptionally good water supply and potential for easy communication with the rest of the continent through land or sea transportation. The site was chosen after [[Boyle Travers Finniss|Finniss]]'s choice at [[Escape Cliffs]] had been rejected.


With the incentive of a £3,000 bonus, "Little Energy" as he was praisingly nicknamed<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article245000780 |title=The Overland Telegraph |newspaper=[[Gawler Times]] |volume=III |issue=124 |location=South Australia |date=14 July 1871 |access-date=20 March 2018 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> and his team of around 128 men<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article90947470 |title=The Northern Territory Expedition |newspaper=[[South Australian Chronicle And Weekly Mail]] |volume=XI |issue=542 |location=South Australia |date=26 December 1868 |access-date=7 August 2016 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> left Port Adelaide on the ''Moonta'' 27 December 1868<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31985263 |title=Tuesday, December 29, 1868 |newspaper=[[The South Australian Advertiser]] |volume=XI |issue=3184 |location=South Australia |date=29 December 1868 |access-date=10 June 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> and dropped anchor in Darwin Harbour on 5 February 1869.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ntl.nt.gov.au/story/surveying-darwin-1869|title=Surveying Darwin 1869 {{!}} Northern Territory Library|website=ntl.nt.gov.au|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref> He selected the site on Fort Point near Port Darwin, and nearby townships to be named Daly, [[Southport, Northern Territory|Southport]] and [[Virginia, Northern Territory|Virginia]]. They began the work in 1869, completing all four in 18 months. Goyder returned on the ''Gulnare'' to Adelaide in November 1869<ref name=gulnare/> with around thirty men, the greater part of his party returning in October 1870, though many (Dr [[Robert Peel (doctor)|Robert Peel]], George MacLachlan, John Packard, Alfred and Frederick Schultze included) remained to fill positions in the town. Others, including Dan Daly and [[Paul Foelsche]], were to return within a few years.<ref>Goyder Kerr, Margaret ''The Surveyors'' Rigby, Adelaide 1971 {{ISBN|978-0-85179-287-3}} (Mrs Kerr was a grand-daughter of George Woodroffe Goyder).</ref>
With the incentive of a £3000 bonus, "Little Energy" as he was nicknamed<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article245000780 |title=The Overland Telegraph |newspaper=[[Gawler Times]] |volume=III |issue=124 |location=South Australia |date=14 July 1871 |access-date=20 March 2018 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> and his team of about 128 men<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article90947470 |title=The Northern Territory Expedition |newspaper=[[South Australian Chronicle And Weekly Mail]] |volume=XI |issue=542 |location=South Australia |date=26 December 1868 |access-date=7 August 2016 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> left Port Adelaide on the ''Moonta'' on 27 December 1868<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31985263 |title=Tuesday, December 29, 1868 |newspaper=[[The South Australian Advertiser]] |volume=XI |issue=3184 |location=South Australia |date=29 December 1868 |access-date=10 June 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> and dropped anchor in Darwin Harbour on 5 February 1869.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ntl.nt.gov.au/story/surveying-darwin-1869|title=Surveying Darwin 1869 {{!}} Northern Territory Library|website=ntl.nt.gov.au|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref> He selected the site on Fort Point near Port Darwin, and nearby townships to be named Daly, [[Southport, Northern Territory|Southport]] and [[Virginia, Northern Territory|Virginia]]. They completed all four sites in 18 months. Goyder returned on the ''Gulnare'' to Adelaide in November 1869<ref name=gulnare/> with about 30 men; the majority of his party returned in October 1870, though many (Dr [[Robert Peel (doctor)|Robert Peel]], George MacLachlan, John Packard, Alfred and Frederick Schultze included) remained to fill duties in the town. Others, including Dan Daly and [[Paul Foelsche]], were to return within a few years.<ref>Goyder Kerr, Margaret ''The Surveyors'' Rigby, Adelaide 1971 {{ISBN|978-0-85179-287-3}} (Mrs Kerr was a grand-daughter of George Woodroffe Goyder).</ref>


⚫
Goyder's expeditioners numbered about 100, most of whom are commemorated in the names of Darwin streets and outlying localities.{{refn|group=note|Members of Goyder's expedition included: G. S. Aldridge, J. H. Aldridge, George A. Armstrong, Job Austin, W. Barlow, R. W. Barrow, Tom Bee, David L. Beetson, [[J. W. O. Bennett]], Michael Bennett, [[Edwin S. Berry]], Henry S. Bosworth, [[John Sherlock Brooking]], Joseph Brooks, Philip H. Burden, William Collett, [[Daniel Dominick Daly]], Henry Edwards, W. Fisher, Paul Foelsche, Michael Francis, J. W. Gepp, John Gerald, [[Christopher Giles]], William Guy, W. Hardy, [[William Harvey (surveyor)|William Harvey]], Richard Hinton, W(illiam) Webster Hoare (assistant to Dr Peel), W. Holland, Richard A. Horn, Thomas S. Horn, W. Howe, sen., C. N. Greene, George Hughes, George Kersley, [[Stephen King (surveyor)|S. King]], [[Richard Randall Knuckey|R. R. Knuckey]], J. M. Lambell, C. Laycock, J. Loudon, [[Richard John Loveday|R. J. Loveday]], A. L. McKay, George MacLachlan, [[Gilbert R. McMinn]], A. E. Millaw, C. Miller, [[W. W. Mills]], A. J. Mitchell, [[W. Charles Musgrave]], H. Nottage, [[H. D. Packard]], John H. Packard, Dr R. Peel, G. Richards, [[John Le Maistre Francis Roberts|J. Le M. F. Roberts]], W. Rowe, Alfred Schultze, Frederick Schultze, A. H. Smith, E. M. Smith, C. Spencely, C. W. Sprigg, A. J. Thomas, J. M. Thomas, Charles Frederick Wells, and [[Arthur Thomas Woods|A. T. Woods]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article162378155 |title=Goyder |newspaper=[[Adelaide Observer]] |volume=LIV |issue=2912 |location=South Australia |date=24 July 1897 |access-date=1 March 2016 |page=33 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref name=gulnare>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article159464233 |title=The Gulnare |newspaper=[[Adelaide Observer]] |volume=XXVII |issue=1468 |location=South Australia |date=20 November 1869 |access-date=1 March 2016 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article164141750 |title=Personal |newspaper=[[The Observer (Adelaide)]] |volume=LXXIV |issue=5673 |location=South Australia |date=1 December 1917 |access-date=31 July 2016 |page=28 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> and Ned and John Ryan (South Australian Government surveyors).}}
Among the 100-odd members of Goyder's expedition were: G. S. Aldridge, J. H. Aldridge, George A. Armstrong, Job Austin, W. Barlow, R. W. Barrow,
⚫
Tom Bee, David L. Beetson, [[J. W. O. Bennett]], Michael Bennett, [[Edwin S. Berry]], Henry S. Bosworth, [[John Sherlock Brooking]], Joseph Brooks, Philip H. Burden, William Collett, [[Daniel Dominick Daly]], Henry Edwards, W. Fisher, Paul Foelsche, Michael Francis, J. W. Gepp, John Gerald, [[Christopher Giles]], William Guy, W. Hardy, [[William Harvey (surveyor)|William Harvey]], Richard Hinton, W(illiam) Webster Hoare (assistant to Dr. Peel), W. Holland, Richard A. Horn, Thomas S. Horn, W. Howe, sen., C. N. Greene, George Hughes, George Kersley, [[Stephen King (surveyor)|S. King]], [[Richard Randall Knuckey|R. R. Knuckey]], J. M. Lambell, C. Laycock, J. Loudon, [[Richard John Loveday|R. J. Loveday]], A. L. McKay, George MacLachlan, [[Gilbert R. McMinn]], A. E. Millaw, C. Miller, [[W. W. Mills]], A. J. Mitchell, [[W. Charles Musgrave]], H. Nottage, [[H. D. Packard]], John H. Packard, Dr. R. Peel, G. Richards, [[John Le Maistre Francis Roberts|J. Le M. F. Roberts]], W. Rowe, Alfred Schultze, Frederick Schultze, A. H. Smith, E. M. Smith, C. Spencely, C. W. Sprigg, A. J. Thomas, J. M. Thomas, Charles Frederick Wells, and [[Arthur Thomas Woods|A. T. Woods]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article162378155 |title=Goyder |newspaper=[[Adelaide Observer]] |volume=LIV |issue=2,912 |location=South Australia |date=24 July 1897 |access-date=1 March 2016 |page=33 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref name=gulnare>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article159464233 |title=The Gulnare |newspaper=[[Adelaide Observer]] |volume=XXVII |issue=1468 |location=South Australia |date=20 November 1869 |access-date=1 March 2016 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article164141750 |title=Personal. |newspaper=[[The Observer (Adelaide)]] |volume=LXXIV |issue=5,673 |location=South Australia |date=1 December 1917 |access-date=31 July 2016 |page=28 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Ned & John Ryan (SA Govt Surveyors), most of whom are commemorated in the names of Darwin streets and outlying localities.


The [[Overland Telegraph]] was landed there from England (via present-day [[Indonesia]]) soon afterwards, and commenced operation in 1872. In 1911 Palmerston was renamed Darwin, but the name [[Palmerston, Northern Territory|Palmerston]] was resurrected around 1980 for Darwin's satellite city to the south.
Soon afterwards, the [[Overland Telegraph]] from England was landed at Palmerston via present-day [[Indonesia]]; it commenced operation in 1872. In 1911 Palmerston was renamed Darwin. About 1980, the name [[Palmerston, Northern Territory|Palmerston]] was resurrected for Darwin's satellite city to the south.


== Personal life ==
== Personal life ==

Revision as of 04:06, 16 November 2022

For other uses, see Goyder.

George Woodroffe Goyder in 1869

George Woodroffe Goyder (24 June 1826 – 2 November 1898) was a surveyor in the Colony of South Australia during the latter half of the nineteenth century.

He rose rapidly in the civil service, becoming Assistant Surveyor-General by 1856 and the Surveyor General of South Australia in 1861. He is remembered today for Goyder's Line of rainfall, a line used in South Australia to demarcate land climatically suitable for arable farming from that suitable only for light grazing, and for the siting, planning and initial development of Darwin, the Northern Territory capital and principal population centre. However, Goyder was an avid researcher into the lands of South Australia (including the present-day Northern Territory) and made recommendations to a great number of settlers in the newly developing colony, especially to those exploiting the newly discovered mineral resources of the state.

Career

Early life

Goyder was born in Liverpool, England to Sarah and David George Goyder, the latter a Swedenborgian minister and physician. He moved to Glasgow with his family where he worked with an engineering firm and studied surveying. In 1848, at the age of 22, Goyder followed his sister and brother-in-law, George Galbraith MacLachlan (c. 1842 – 19 March 1873), to Sydney. He spent time working with an auctioneering firm and moved to Adelaide in 1851, obtaining work as a civil service draftsman.[1]

Assistant to Surveyor-General

Goyder's map of the region near Lake Torrens and Lake Eyre, drawn in 1864

Goyder was appointed Assistant Surveyor-General circa 1856. In this period he made many expeditions into the outback regions of South Australia, thinking that the water in lakes he saw at the time was fresh and permanent, rather than exceedingly erratic. He wrote many letters to newly established pastoralists who had moved into the arid regions for the state's north, and also surveyed the newly establishing mining industry in the Flinders Ranges.

In 1861 he was appointed Surveyor-General. His early years in the role were very difficult, especially his efforts to help establish settlement in the Northern Territory by supervising the establishment of the pastoral leaseholds that continue to the present day. Pastoralists were hit by a major drought in the middle of the decade and complained severely, with many forced to move even relatives away from their cattle stations by the end of 1865. Goyder was also faced with the despair of his wife, Frances Mary Smith, who suffered the loss of twins at birth during George's long travels in the outback.

Goyder resigned his position as Surveyor-General in 1894, completing a public service career that spanned 41 years.[1]

Goyder's Line of rainfall

Main article: Goyder's Line
Plaque at Melrose, South Australia commemorating George Goyder's line of rainfall, which he determined when Surveyor-General. He correctly judged the rainfall in country inland of the line to be too unreliable for cereal growing.

Before the drought of the mid-1860s, wheat and barley growing had been spreading rapidly further north and the erroneous belief that rain would "follow the plough" led to the idea of cereal crops spreading up to the Northern Territory border.

However, the 1864–65 drought put paid, at least temporarily, to these ambitions. Goyder, in the midst of his work in the pastoral zone, was asked to report on the problem and his response was to find out how far south crop failure had been general. The furthest points inland at which crops had not failed, corresponding approximately to the 300-millimetre (12-inch) annual isohyet – figures vary from 250 to 350 millimetres in different publications – were marked as the "Line of Rainfall".

Goyder recommended that farmers should not attempt to grow cereal crops anywhere outside of the line. The idea was contrary to beliefs widespread at the time and seen by many as ridiculous in a period of great optimism, but after major losses by grain growers near to, or outside of, the line – especially in the droughts of 1881–1882 and 1884–1886 – his judgement proved to have been sound. The many major droughts in the 158–159 years since have confirmed his view.

Goyder's Line was first accepted significantly after a number of dry years, though improved cultivation practices have allowed some expansion in the 1980s and 1990s, despite a couple of very severe droughts.

Survey of Palmerston

Further information: Survey parties to the Northern Territory 1864–1870

Goyder was sent by the government of South Australia (of which the Northern Territory was then a part) to lay out the street plans for a capital to be named Palmerston. The site was chosen for its exceptionally good water supply and potential for easy communication with the rest of the continent through land or sea transportation. The site was chosen after Finniss's choice at Escape Cliffs had been rejected.

With the incentive of a £3000 bonus, "Little Energy" as he was nicknamed[2] and his team of about 128 men[3] left Port Adelaide on the Moonta on 27 December 1868[4] and dropped anchor in Darwin Harbour on 5 February 1869.[5] He selected the site on Fort Point near Port Darwin, and nearby townships to be named Daly, Southport and Virginia. They completed all four sites in 18 months. Goyder returned on the Gulnare to Adelaide in November 1869[6] with about 30 men; the majority of his party returned in October 1870, though many (Dr Robert Peel, George MacLachlan, John Packard, Alfred and Frederick Schultze included) remained to fill duties in the town. Others, including Dan Daly and Paul Foelsche, were to return within a few years.[7]

Goyder's expeditioners numbered about 100, most of whom are commemorated in the names of Darwin streets and outlying localities.[note 1]

Soon afterwards, the Overland Telegraph from England was landed at Palmerston via present-day Indonesia; it commenced operation in 1872. In 1911 Palmerston was renamed Darwin. About 1980, the name Palmerston was resurrected for Darwin's satellite city to the south.

Personal life

He married Frances Mary Smith on 10 December 1851 at Christ Church, North Adelaide, and had nine children with her. Frances died on 8 April 1870 and George married her sister Ellen Priscilla Smith, who had been looking after the children, on 20 November 1871. With Ellen, George had three children, a son and twin daughters.[1] Goyder led an austere and disciplined life, and this was reflected in his strict treatment of subordinates – though he was always regarded as fair to those he advised in spite of many complaints by farmers and graziers. By the late 1880s, however, Goyder's health was declining and, with no improvement in sight, he resigned the post of Surveyor-General at the end of 1893. He died at his home "Warrakilla", at Mylor near Aldgate in the Adelaide Hills on 2 November 1898 and was buried in the Stirling District Cemetery.[10]

Legacy

Goyder Road in Darwin is named for him, and many others of the party are similarly honoured. Also named for him are a large river in Arnhem Land and electorates in both the Northern Territory and South Australia. Mount Woodroffe, the highest peak in South Australia at 1,435 metres (4,710 ft) is named after him (George Woodroffe Goyder)

Goyder's name has also been given to a species of grasswren Amytornis goyderi (Gould 1875), a district council, an electorate, the new pavilion at the Royal Adelaide Showgrounds, several streets, a park and the Goyder Institute for Water Research.[11]

Named by Goyder

Named after Goyder

and of course Goyder's Line of rainfall

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Goyder, George Woodroffe (1826–1898). Melbourne University Press. 1972. Retrieved 29 January 2007. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  2. ^ "The Overland Telegraph". Gawler Times. Vol. III, no. 124. South Australia. 14 July 1871. p. 2. Retrieved 20 March 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  3. ^ "The Northern Territory Expedition". South Australian Chronicle And Weekly Mail. Vol. XI, no. 542. South Australia. 26 December 1868. p. 8. Retrieved 7 August 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
  4. ^ "Tuesday, December 29, 1868". The South Australian Advertiser. Vol. XI, no. 3184. South Australia. 29 December 1868. p. 2. Retrieved 10 June 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
  5. ^ "Surveying Darwin 1869 | Northern Territory Library". ntl.nt.gov.au. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  6. ^ a b "The Gulnare". Adelaide Observer. Vol. XXVII, no. 1468. South Australia. 20 November 1869. p. 9. Retrieved 1 March 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
  7. ^ Goyder Kerr, Margaret The Surveyors Rigby, Adelaide 1971 ISBN 978-0-85179-287-3 (Mrs Kerr was a grand-daughter of George Woodroffe Goyder).
  8. ^ "Goyder". Adelaide Observer. Vol. LIV, no. 2912. South Australia. 24 July 1897. p. 33. Retrieved 1 March 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
  9. ^ "Personal". The Observer (Adelaide). Vol. LXXIV, no. 5673. South Australia. 1 December 1917. p. 28. Retrieved 31 July 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
  10. ^ Klaassen, Nic (1 August 2006). "George W. Goyder". Retrieved 29 January 2007.
  11. ^ "Goyder Institute for Water Research". Goyder Institute for Water Research. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  12. ^ "Place Names Register". www.ntlis.nt.gov.au.
  13. ^ "Adelaide Proformat - George Woodroffe Goyder". www.jaunay.com.
  14. ^ "Search result for "Goyder" (Record No SA0027239)". Land Services, Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure. 16 October 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  15. ^ "Woodroffe". NT Place Names Register. Retrieved 1 February 2018.


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