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'''Javier G. Fernandez''' (born 1981 in [[Cantabria]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Javier G. Fernandez |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20016931 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.wikidata.org |language=en}}</ref> is a Spanish [[physicist]] and [[Biological engineering|bioengineer]]. He is known for his work in [[Biomimetic material|biomimetic materials]] and sustainable [[biomanufacturing]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fernandez |first=Javier G. |last2=Dritsas |first2=Stylianos |date=2020-06-03 |title=The Biomaterial Age: The Transition Toward a More Sustainable Society will Be Determined by Advances in Controlling Biological Processes |url=https://www.cell.com/matter/abstract/S2590-2385(20)30180-6 |journal=Matter |language=English |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=1352–1355 |doi=10.1016/j.matt.2020.04.009 |issn=2590-2393}}</ref>, particularly for pioneering [[chitin]]'s use for general and sustainable manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Javier Fernandez: Shrilk |url=https://www.launch.org/innovators/javier-fernandez/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=LAUNCH |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Innovators Under 35: Javier Gomez Fernandez |url=https://www.innovatorsunder35.com/the-list/javier-gomez-fernandez/ |url-status=live |access-date=2022-11-25}}</ref>
'''Javier G. Fernandez''' (born 1981 in [[Cantabria]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Javier G. Fernandez |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20016931 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.wikidata.org |language=en}}</ref> is a Spanish [[physicist]] and [[Biological engineering|bioengineer]], and professor at the [[Singapore University of Technology and Design|Singapore University of Technology and Desing]]. He is known for his work in [[Biomimetic material|biomimetic materials]] and sustainable [[biomanufacturing]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fernandez |first=Javier G. |last2=Dritsas |first2=Stylianos |date=2020-06-03 |title=The Biomaterial Age: The Transition Toward a More Sustainable Society will Be Determined by Advances in Controlling Biological Processes |url=https://www.cell.com/matter/abstract/S2590-2385(20)30180-6 |journal=Matter |language=English |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=1352–1355 |doi=10.1016/j.matt.2020.04.009 |issn=2590-2393}}</ref>, particularly for pioneering [[chitin]]'s use for general and sustainable manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Javier Fernandez: Shrilk |url=https://www.launch.org/innovators/javier-fernandez/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=LAUNCH |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Innovators Under 35: Javier Gomez Fernandez |url=https://www.innovatorsunder35.com/the-list/javier-gomez-fernandez/ |url-status=live |access-date=2022-11-25}}</ref>


Fernandez is a founder of the emerging fields of [[Bionics|biologically inspired engineering]] and its application to sustainable manufacturing. In addition, he has made contributions to numerous other disciplines, including [[tissue engineering]], [[mechanobiology]], [[Physiology|animal physiology]], [[nanobiotechnology]], [[robotics]], [[artificial intelligence]], and [[space exploration]].
Fernandez is a founder of the emerging fields of [[Bionics|biologically inspired engineering]] and its application to sustainable manufacturing. In addition, he has made contributions to numerous other disciplines, including [[tissue engineering]], [[mechanobiology]], [[Physiology|animal physiology]], [[nanobiotechnology]], [[robotics]], [[artificial intelligence]], and [[space exploration]].
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== Career and significant contributions ==
== Career and significant contributions ==
After his PhD, Fernandez joined the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], where he worked with [[Ali Khademhosseini]] on the development of "Micro-masonry"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fernandez |first=Javier G. |last2=Khademhosseini |first2=Ali |date=2010-05-03 |title=Micro-Masonry: Construction of 3D Structures by Microscale Self-Assembly |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.200903893 |journal=Advanced Materials |language=en |volume=22 |issue=23 |pages=2538–2541 |doi=10.1002/adma.200903893 |pmc=PMC2957829 |pmid=20440697}}</ref> (also known as "biolegos" or “biological legos”)<ref>{{Cite web |title='Human Lego' may one day build artificial organs |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20627615-200-human-lego-may-one-day-build-artificial-organs/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-05-20 |title=Micromasonry & Biological Lego |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/schott.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/20/micromasonry-biological-lego/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref>, an early example of additive manufacturing of artificial organs and considered a breakthrough in the field<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Elizabeth Armstrong |title=Breakthrough in tissue engineering: 'Bio-Legos' |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/computing/breakthrough-in-tissue-engineering-bio-legos/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=CNET |language=en}}</ref>. In 2010 Fernandez moved his research to [[Harvard University]] in the early stages of the [[Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering]], where he worked directly with its director, [[Donald E. Ingber]]. There he developed the use of [[Bionics|bioinspired engineering]] as a method to use unmodified ubiquitous natural molecules in high-performance and sustainable applications<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fernandez |first=Javier G. |last2=Ingber |first2=Donald E. |date=2013-09-25 |title=Bioinspired Chitinous Material Solutions for Environmental Sustainability and Medicine |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adfm.201300053 |journal=Advanced Functional Materials |language=en |volume=23 |issue=36 |pages=4454–4466 |doi=10.1002/adfm.201300053}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Replacing Plastic: The Merits of Shrilk |url=https://forum-network.org/lectures/replacing-plastic-merits-shrilk/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Forum Network |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nidhi |first=Subbaraman |date=2012-11-20 |title=Insect-inspired Material That Could Solve Our Plastic Problem |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/2679028/insect-inspired-material-that-could-solve-our-plastic-problem |url-status=live |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Fast Company}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2014-05-05 |title=Promising solution to plastic pollution |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2014/05/promising-solution-to-plastic-pollution/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref>. This work included the development of Shrilk, a replica of the [[Arthropod cuticle|insects' exoskeleton]] using its native components and considered the first bioinspired material focused on sustainability<ref>{{Cite web |last=Waugh |first=Rob |date=2011-12-14 |title='Shrilk' is a lab-grown version of insect armour which could replace plastics - but it's made from old shrimp shells |url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2074157/Could-lab-grown-version-insects-hard-shells--Shrilk--day-replace-plastics.html |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Mail Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leopold |first=Todd |date=2014-06-16 |title=Shrimp-based invention new step in plastic {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/06/16/tech/shrimp-biodegradable-plastics-shrilk/index.html |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adee |first=Sally |title=Wonder stuff: Shrimp plus spider kills plastic |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22429900-700-wonder-stuff-shrimp-plus-spider-kills-plastic/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Javier Gomez Fernandez {{!}} Innovators Under 35 |url=https://www.innovatorsunder35.com/the-list/javier-gomez-fernandez/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.innovatorsunder35.com}}</ref>. Shrilk and the concept of bioinspired materials for sustainability are regarded as one of the few alternatives with the potential to produce a paradigm change towards sustainable manufacturing<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-15 |title=Five wonder materials that could change the world |url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/apr/15/five-wonder-materials-graphene-shrilk-spider-silk-stanene-could-change-world |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=9 Materials That Will Change the Future of Manufacturing [Slide Show] |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/slideshow/9-materials-that-will-change-manufacturing/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-12-20 |title=Your Next Suture Could Be Made of Shrilk, a Superstrong Synthetic Insectoid Material |url=https://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-12/mimicking-one-natures-hardiest-materials-harvard-researchers-create-synthetic-insect-cuticle/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-08 |title=Biomimicry unleashes wave of materials innovation |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8d09584a-cec8-11e7-947e-f1ea5435bcc7 |access-date=2022-11-25}}</ref>. He also demonstrated the extension of the bioinspired manufacturing approach to enable the first and general use of chitosan in product manufacture, a material commonly referred to as "shrimp plastic" due to the common sourcing of chitosan from discarded shrimp shells<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-15 |title=Nature Has A Promising Replacement For Hormone-Scrambling Plastics: Shrimp Shells |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/plastic-shrimp-shells-bpa-_n_4966857 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=I invented a shrimp-based bioplastic |url=https://www.shamengo.com/en/video/i-invented-a-shrimp-based-bioplastic/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Shamengo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Turning shrimp shells into plastic |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/turning-shrimp-shells-into-plastic/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=ZDNET |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Making Plastic Out of Shrimp Shells |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/making-plastic-out-shrimp-shells |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-07 |title=This Plastic Is Made Of Shrimp Shells |url=https://www.popsci.com/article/science/plastic-made-shrimp-shells/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref>. In 2015 he was hired again by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a professor and funder academic member of the [[Singapore University of Technology and Design]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-23 |title=The Spanish inventor of Shrilk, the plastic of the future, moves to Singapore |url=https://www.elmundo.es/economia/2015/06/23/55885aace2704e910b8b4580.html |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=ELMUNDO |language=es}}</ref>, MIT's most significant international collaboration in education<ref>{{Cite web |title=MIT signs formal agreement with Singapore University of Technology and Design |url=https://news.mit.edu/2010/sutd-mit |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |language=en}}</ref>.
After his PhD, Fernandez joined the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), where he worked with [[Ali Khademhosseini]] on the development of "Micro-masonry"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fernandez |first=Javier G. |last2=Khademhosseini |first2=Ali |date=2010-05-03 |title=Micro-Masonry: Construction of 3D Structures by Microscale Self-Assembly |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.200903893 |journal=Advanced Materials |language=en |volume=22 |issue=23 |pages=2538–2541 |doi=10.1002/adma.200903893 |pmc=PMC2957829 |pmid=20440697}}</ref> (also known as "biolegos" or “biological legos”)<ref>{{Cite web |title='Human Lego' may one day build artificial organs |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20627615-200-human-lego-may-one-day-build-artificial-organs/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-05-20 |title=Micromasonry & Biological Lego |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/schott.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/20/micromasonry-biological-lego/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref>, an early example of additive manufacturing of artificial organs and considered a breakthrough in the field<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Elizabeth Armstrong |title=Breakthrough in tissue engineering: 'Bio-Legos' |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/computing/breakthrough-in-tissue-engineering-bio-legos/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=CNET |language=en}}</ref>. In 2010 Fernandez moved to [[Harvard University]] as researcher in the early stages of the [[Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering]], where he worked directly with its director, [[Donald E. Ingber]]. There he developed the use of [[Bionics|bioinspired engineering]] to integrate [[Structural material|structural]] [[Biomolecule|biomolecules]] in high-performance and sustainable applications<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fernandez |first=Javier G. |last2=Ingber |first2=Donald E. |date=2013-09-25 |title=Bioinspired Chitinous Material Solutions for Environmental Sustainability and Medicine |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adfm.201300053 |journal=Advanced Functional Materials |language=en |volume=23 |issue=36 |pages=4454–4466 |doi=10.1002/adfm.201300053}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Replacing Plastic: The Merits of Shrilk |url=https://forum-network.org/lectures/replacing-plastic-merits-shrilk/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Forum Network |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nidhi |first=Subbaraman |date=2012-11-20 |title=Insect-inspired Material That Could Solve Our Plastic Problem |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/2679028/insect-inspired-material-that-could-solve-our-plastic-problem |url-status=live |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Fast Company}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2014-05-05 |title=Promising solution to plastic pollution |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2014/05/promising-solution-to-plastic-pollution/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref>. This work included the development of Shrilk<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fernandez |first=Javier G. |last2=Ingber |first2=Donald E. |date=2012-01-24 |title=Unexpected Strength and Toughness in Chitosan-Fibroin Laminates Inspired by Insect Cuticle |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.201104051 |journal=Advanced Materials |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=480–484 |doi=10.1002/adma.201104051}}</ref>, a replica of the [[Arthropod cuticle|insects' exoskeleton]] using its native organization and components (i.e., [[chitin]] and [[fibroin]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Waugh |first=Rob |date=2011-12-14 |title='Shrilk' is a lab-grown version of insect armour which could replace plastics - but it's made from old shrimp shells |url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2074157/Could-lab-grown-version-insects-hard-shells--Shrilk--day-replace-plastics.html |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Mail Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leopold |first=Todd |date=2014-06-16 |title=Shrimp-based invention new step in plastic {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/06/16/tech/shrimp-biodegradable-plastics-shrilk/index.html |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adee |first=Sally |title=Wonder stuff: Shrimp plus spider kills plastic |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22429900-700-wonder-stuff-shrimp-plus-spider-kills-plastic/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Javier Gomez Fernandez {{!}} Innovators Under 35 |url=https://www.innovatorsunder35.com/the-list/javier-gomez-fernandez/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.innovatorsunder35.com}}</ref>. He later demonstrated the extension of Shrilk and the bioinspired manufacturing approach to enable the first and general use of [[chitosan]] in product manufacture<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fernandez |first=Javier G. |last2=Ingber |first2=Donald E. |date=2014-08 |title=Manufacturing of Large-Scale Functional Objects Using Biodegradable Chitosan Bioplastic |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mame.201300426 |journal=Macromolecular Materials and Engineering |language=en |volume=299 |issue=8 |pages=932–938 |doi=10.1002/mame.201300426}}</ref>, a material commonly referred to as "shrimp plastic" due to the common sourcing of chitosan from discarded shrimp shells<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-15 |title=Nature Has A Promising Replacement For Hormone-Scrambling Plastics: Shrimp Shells |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/plastic-shrimp-shells-bpa-_n_4966857 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=I invented a shrimp-based bioplastic |url=https://www.shamengo.com/en/video/i-invented-a-shrimp-based-bioplastic/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Shamengo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Turning shrimp shells into plastic |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/turning-shrimp-shells-into-plastic/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=ZDNET |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Making Plastic Out of Shrimp Shells |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/making-plastic-out-shrimp-shells |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-07 |title=This Plastic Is Made Of Shrimp Shells |url=https://www.popsci.com/article/science/plastic-made-shrimp-shells/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref>. Shrilk and the concept of bioinspired materials using unmodified biomolecules developed by Fernandez are regarded as having the potential to produce a global paradigm change towards sustainable manufacturing<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-15 |title=Five wonder materials that could change the world |url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/apr/15/five-wonder-materials-graphene-shrilk-spider-silk-stanene-could-change-world |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=9 Materials That Will Change the Future of Manufacturing [Slide Show] |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/slideshow/9-materials-that-will-change-manufacturing/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-12-20 |title=Your Next Suture Could Be Made of Shrilk, a Superstrong Synthetic Insectoid Material |url=https://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-12/mimicking-one-natures-hardiest-materials-harvard-researchers-create-synthetic-insect-cuticle/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-08 |title=Biomimicry unleashes wave of materials innovation |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8d09584a-cec8-11e7-947e-f1ea5435bcc7 |access-date=2022-11-25}}</ref>.


Following his work in bioinspired manufacturing at SUTD, he developed the Fungus Like Adhesive Materials<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanandiya |first=Naresh D. |last2=Vijay |first2=Yadunund |last3=Dimopoulou |first3=Marina |last4=Dritsas |first4=Stylianos |last5=Fernandez |first5=Javier G. |date=2018-06-05 |title=Large-scale additive manufacturing with bioinspired cellulosic materials |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-26985-2 |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=8642 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-26985-2 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=PMC5988822 |pmid=29872156}}</ref>, the first example of large-scale 3D printing using unmodified Chitin and Cellulose, the two most ubiquitous biological molecules on Earth<ref>{{Cite web |last=Group |first=SAE Media |title=FLAM! Researchers Test Cellulose as Sustainable 3D-Printing Material |url=https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/tb/stories/blog/29152 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.techbriefs.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Clare |date=2018-06-06 |title=Researchers 3D Print Large-Scale Objects with Newly Developed Type of Cellulose |url=https://3dprint.com/215947/large-scale-objects-cellulose/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=3DPrint.com {{!}} The Voice of 3D Printing / Additive Manufacturing |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cellulose used to fabricate large 3D objects |url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/content/news/cellulose-used-to-fabricate-large-3d-objects/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=The Engineer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientists sustainably 3D print large objects out of cellulose |url=https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2018/06/06/Scientists-sustainably-3D-print-large-objects-out-of-cellulose/9061528299881/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref>. With a focus on low cost and manufacturability, FLAMS enabled, among others, the production of the largest 3D-printed biological objects ever made<ref>{{Cite web |title=FLAM points 3D printing in a new, sustainable direction - bioplastics MAGAZINE |url=https://www.bioplasticsmagazine.com/en/news/meldungen/20200103FLAM-points-3D-printing-in-a-new-sustainable-direction.php |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.bioplasticsmagazine.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Competition |first=A' Design Award & |title=Natural Composite Pillar Research Prototype by Stylianos Dritsas and Javier Fernandez |url=https://competition.adesignaward.com/design.php?ID=72873 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=competition.adesignaward.com}}</ref>, bringing the field of bioinspired manufacturing to an industrially relevant level<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Significance of Completely Biodegradable 3D-Printed Plastic |url=https://www.engineering.com/story/the-significance-of-completely-biodegradable-3d-printed-plastic |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Engineering.com}}</ref>. He also demonstrated the integration of FLAM and bioinspired manufacturing with ecological cycles and urban waste management<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanandiya |first=Naresh D. |last2=Ottenheim |first2=Christoph |last3=Phua |first3=Jun Wei |last4=Caligiani |first4=Augusta |last5=Dritsas |first5=Stylianos |last6=Fernandez |first6=Javier G. |date=2020-03-13 |title=Circular manufacturing of chitinous bio-composites via bioconversion of urban refuse |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-61664-1 |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=4632 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-61664-1 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=PMC7070007 |pmid=32170094}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sertoglu |first=Kubi |date=2020-04-01 |title=Singaporean research details the 3D printing of chitinous bio-composites |url=https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/singaporean-research-details-the-3d-printing-of-chitinous-bio-composites-170484/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=3D Printing Industry |language=en-US}}</ref>. Fernandez’s approach to manufacturing based on its integration within ecological cycles, in addition to being a critical factor for sustainable development, has been demonstrated to be an essential aspect of long-term [[Colonization of Mars|extraplanetary colonization]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shiwei |first=Ng |last2=Dritsas |first2=Stylianos |last3=Fernandez |first3=Javier G. |date=2020-09-16 |title=Martian biolith: A bioinspired regolith composite for closed-loop extraterrestrial manufacturing |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0238606 |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=e0238606 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0238606 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=PMC7494075 |pmid=32936806}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=Katie |date=2020-09-16 |title=This is how we should build on Mars, scientists say |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/16/world/mars-building-material-scn/index.html |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chadwick |first=Jonathan |date=2020-09-16 |title=Mars habitats could be made from a substance found in fish scales |url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-8740001/Mars-habitats-substance-fish-scales.html |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Mail Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Technica |first=Jennifer Ouellette, Ars |title=Scientists May Have Found a Material for Building on Mars |language=en-US |work=Wired |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/09/chitin-could-be-used-to-build-tools-and-habitats-on-mars-study-finds/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>.
In 2015 he was hired again by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a professor and funder academic member of the [[Singapore University of Technology and Design]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-23 |title=The Spanish inventor of Shrilk, the plastic of the future, moves to Singapore |url=https://www.elmundo.es/economia/2015/06/23/55885aace2704e910b8b4580.html |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=ELMUNDO |language=es}}</ref>, MIT's most significant international collaboration in education<ref>{{Cite web |title=MIT signs formal agreement with Singapore University of Technology and Design |url=https://news.mit.edu/2010/sutd-mit |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |language=en}}</ref>. Following his work in bioinspired manufacturing, he developed the Fungus-Like Adhesive Materials (FLAM)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanandiya |first=Naresh D. |last2=Vijay |first2=Yadunund |last3=Dimopoulou |first3=Marina |last4=Dritsas |first4=Stylianos |last5=Fernandez |first5=Javier G. |date=2018-06-05 |title=Large-scale additive manufacturing with bioinspired cellulosic materials |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-26985-2 |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=8642 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-26985-2 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=PMC5988822 |pmid=29872156}}</ref>, the first example of large-scale 3D printing using unmodified chitin and [[cellulose]], the two most ubiquitous biological molecules on Earth<ref>{{Cite web |last=Group |first=SAE Media |title=FLAM! Researchers Test Cellulose as Sustainable 3D-Printing Material |url=https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/tb/stories/blog/29152 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.techbriefs.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Clare |date=2018-06-06 |title=Researchers 3D Print Large-Scale Objects with Newly Developed Type of Cellulose |url=https://3dprint.com/215947/large-scale-objects-cellulose/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=3DPrint.com {{!}} The Voice of 3D Printing / Additive Manufacturing |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cellulose used to fabricate large 3D objects |url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/content/news/cellulose-used-to-fabricate-large-3d-objects/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=The Engineer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientists sustainably 3D print large objects out of cellulose |url=https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2018/06/06/Scientists-sustainably-3D-print-large-objects-out-of-cellulose/9061528299881/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref>. With a focus on low cost and manufacturability, FLAMS enabled the industrial production of [[3D printing|3D-printed]] large biological objects<ref>{{Cite web |title=FLAM points 3D printing in a new, sustainable direction - bioplastics MAGAZINE |url=https://www.bioplasticsmagazine.com/en/news/meldungen/20200103FLAM-points-3D-printing-in-a-new-sustainable-direction.php |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.bioplasticsmagazine.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Competition |first=A' Design Award & |title=Natural Composite Pillar Research Prototype by Stylianos Dritsas and Javier Fernandez |url=https://competition.adesignaward.com/design.php?ID=72873 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=competition.adesignaward.com}}</ref>, bringing the field of bioinspired manufacturing to an industrially relevant level<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Significance of Completely Biodegradable 3D-Printed Plastic |url=https://www.engineering.com/story/the-significance-of-completely-biodegradable-3d-printed-plastic |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Engineering.com}}</ref>. He also demonstrated the integration of FLAM and bioinspired manufacturing with ecological cycles and urban waste management<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanandiya |first=Naresh D. |last2=Ottenheim |first2=Christoph |last3=Phua |first3=Jun Wei |last4=Caligiani |first4=Augusta |last5=Dritsas |first5=Stylianos |last6=Fernandez |first6=Javier G. |date=2020-03-13 |title=Circular manufacturing of chitinous bio-composites via bioconversion of urban refuse |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-61664-1 |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=4632 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-61664-1 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=PMC7070007 |pmid=32170094}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sertoglu |first=Kubi |date=2020-04-01 |title=Singaporean research details the 3D printing of chitinous bio-composites |url=https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/singaporean-research-details-the-3d-printing-of-chitinous-bio-composites-170484/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=3D Printing Industry |language=en-US}}</ref>. Fernandez’s approach to manufacturing based on unmodified biomolecules and their integration within ecological cycles, in addition to being a critical factor for sustainable development, has been demonstrated to be an essential aspect of long-term [[Colonization of Mars|extraplanetary colonization]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shiwei |first=Ng |last2=Dritsas |first2=Stylianos |last3=Fernandez |first3=Javier G. |date=2020-09-16 |title=Martian biolith: A bioinspired regolith composite for closed-loop extraterrestrial manufacturing |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0238606 |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=e0238606 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0238606 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=PMC7494075 |pmid=32936806}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=Katie |date=2020-09-16 |title=This is how we should build on Mars, scientists say |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/16/world/mars-building-material-scn/index.html |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chadwick |first=Jonathan |date=2020-09-16 |title=Mars habitats could be made from a substance found in fish scales |url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-8740001/Mars-habitats-substance-fish-scales.html |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Mail Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Technica |first=Jennifer Ouellette, Ars |title=Scientists May Have Found a Material for Building on Mars |language=en-US |work=Wired |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/09/chitin-could-be-used-to-build-tools-and-habitats-on-mars-study-finds/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>.


== Honors and awards ==
== Honors and awards ==
Line 21: Line 21:
* 2016: Awarded top Innovator in close-loop technologies by the [[LAUNCH (Innovation Challenge)|LAUNCH organization]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Challenge: Closing the Loop |url=https://www.launch.org/circular/closing-the-loop/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=LAUNCH |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2016: Awarded top Innovator in close-loop technologies by the [[LAUNCH (Innovation Challenge)|LAUNCH organization]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Challenge: Closing the Loop |url=https://www.launch.org/circular/closing-the-loop/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=LAUNCH |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2018: [[Fraunhofer Competence Field Additive Manufacturing|FormNext]] Purmundus innovation award in additive manufacturing<ref>{{Cite web |title=FormNext Purmundus Innovation Award |url=https://www.purmundus-challenge.com/en/2018.php |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.purmundus-challenge.com}}</ref>
* 2018: [[Fraunhofer Competence Field Additive Manufacturing|FormNext]] Purmundus innovation award in additive manufacturing<ref>{{Cite web |title=FormNext Purmundus Innovation Award |url=https://www.purmundus-challenge.com/en/2018.php |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.purmundus-challenge.com}}</ref>
* 2018: [https://sgmark.org/ Singapore Good Design Award] for the invention of Shrilk and bioinspired materials<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shrilk and the revolution of the bioinspired materials - |url=https://sgmark.org/winners/shrilk-and-the-revolution-of-the-bioinspired-materials/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2018: [https://sgmark.org/ SG Mark] for the invention of Shrilk and bioinspired materials<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shrilk and the revolution of the bioinspired materials - |url=https://sgmark.org/winners/shrilk-and-the-revolution-of-the-bioinspired-materials/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2019: [[A’ Design award]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Competition |first=A' Design Award & |title=Natural Composite Pillar Research Prototype by Stylianos Dritsas and Javier Fernandez |url=https://competition.adesignaward.com/design.php?ID=72873 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=competition.adesignaward.com}}</ref>
* 2019: [[A’ Design award]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Competition |first=A' Design Award & |title=Natural Composite Pillar Research Prototype by Stylianos Dritsas and Javier Fernandez |url=https://competition.adesignaward.com/design.php?ID=72873 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=competition.adesignaward.com}}</ref>
* 2019: [https://sgmark.org/ Singapore Good Design Award] for the developing large-scale printing of biomimetic materials<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural Composite Pillar - |url=https://sgmark.org/winners/natural-composite-pillar/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2019: [https://sgmark.org/ SG Mark] for the developing large-scale printing of biomimetic materials<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural Composite Pillar - |url=https://sgmark.org/winners/natural-composite-pillar/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2019: [[Good Design Award (Japan)|Good Design Award]] for the development of large-scale additive manufacturing with biological composites<ref>{{Cite web |title=Additive Manufacturing for Biological Composites [Natural Composite Pillar] |url=http://www.g-mark.org/award/describe/49811?locale=en |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Good Design Award}}</ref>
* 2019: [[Good Design Award (Japan)|Good Design Award]] for the development of large-scale additive manufacturing with biological composites<ref>{{Cite web |title=Additive Manufacturing for Biological Composites [Natural Composite Pillar] |url=http://www.g-mark.org/award/describe/49811?locale=en |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Good Design Award}}</ref>


Revision as of 01:44, 26 November 2022

Javier G. Fernandez (born 1981 in Cantabria)[1] is a Spanish physicist and bioengineer, and professor at the Singapore University of Technology and Desing. He is known for his work in biomimetic materials and sustainable biomanufacturing[2], particularly for pioneering chitin's use for general and sustainable manufacturing.[3][4]

Fernandez is a founder of the emerging fields of biologically inspired engineering and its application to sustainable manufacturing. In addition, he has made contributions to numerous other disciplines, including tissue engineering, mechanobiology, animal physiology, nanobiotechnology, robotics, artificial intelligence, and space exploration.

Fernandez is a scientific founder of Chitonous Pte. Ltd., a biomanufacturing company centered on environmental security.[5]

Education

Fernandez received his M.Sc in Physics from the University of Cantabria and in Nanotechnology from Lund University. Fernandez completed his Ph.D. on biomedical applications of chitin in 2008, which was awarded the best Ph.D. thesis at the University of Barcelona that year[6].

Career and significant contributions

After his PhD, Fernandez joined the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he worked with Ali Khademhosseini on the development of "Micro-masonry"[7] (also known as "biolegos" or “biological legos”)[8][9], an early example of additive manufacturing of artificial organs and considered a breakthrough in the field[10]. In 2010 Fernandez moved to Harvard University as researcher in the early stages of the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, where he worked directly with its director, Donald E. Ingber. There he developed the use of bioinspired engineering to integrate structural biomolecules in high-performance and sustainable applications[11][12][13][14]. This work included the development of Shrilk[15], a replica of the insects' exoskeleton using its native organization and components (i.e., chitin and fibroin)[16][17][18][19]. He later demonstrated the extension of Shrilk and the bioinspired manufacturing approach to enable the first and general use of chitosan in product manufacture[20], a material commonly referred to as "shrimp plastic" due to the common sourcing of chitosan from discarded shrimp shells[21][22][23][24][25]. Shrilk and the concept of bioinspired materials using unmodified biomolecules developed by Fernandez are regarded as having the potential to produce a global paradigm change towards sustainable manufacturing[26][27][28][29].

In 2015 he was hired again by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a professor and funder academic member of the Singapore University of Technology and Design[30], MIT's most significant international collaboration in education[31]. Following his work in bioinspired manufacturing, he developed the Fungus-Like Adhesive Materials (FLAM)[32], the first example of large-scale 3D printing using unmodified chitin and cellulose, the two most ubiquitous biological molecules on Earth[33][34][35][36]. With a focus on low cost and manufacturability, FLAMS enabled the industrial production of 3D-printed large biological objects[37][38], bringing the field of bioinspired manufacturing to an industrially relevant level[39]. He also demonstrated the integration of FLAM and bioinspired manufacturing with ecological cycles and urban waste management[40][41]. Fernandez’s approach to manufacturing based on unmodified biomolecules and their integration within ecological cycles, in addition to being a critical factor for sustainable development, has been demonstrated to be an essential aspect of long-term extraplanetary colonization[42][43][44][45].

Honors and awards

References

  1. ^ "Javier G. Fernandez". www.wikidata.org. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  2. ^ Fernandez, Javier G.; Dritsas, Stylianos (2020-06-03). "The Biomaterial Age: The Transition Toward a More Sustainable Society will Be Determined by Advances in Controlling Biological Processes". Matter. 2 (6): 1352–1355. doi:10.1016/j.matt.2020.04.009. ISSN 2590-2393.
  3. ^ "Javier Fernandez: Shrilk". LAUNCH. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  4. ^ "Innovators Under 35: Javier Gomez Fernandez". Retrieved 2022-11-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ^ Peels, Joris (2019-11-14). "Exclusive Interview: Chitonous Hopes to Use Ubiquitous Biological Polymers for Manufacturing". 3DPrint.com | The Voice of 3D Printing / Additive Manufacturing. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  6. ^ UB. "Javier Gómez wins the XIV Premi del Claustre de Doctors to the best Ph.D Thesis - Universitat de Barcelona". www.ub.edu (in Catalan). Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  7. ^ Fernandez, Javier G.; Khademhosseini, Ali (2010-05-03). "Micro-Masonry: Construction of 3D Structures by Microscale Self-Assembly". Advanced Materials. 22 (23): 2538–2541. doi:10.1002/adma.200903893. PMC 2957829. PMID 20440697.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  8. ^ "'Human Lego' may one day build artificial organs". New Scientist. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  9. ^ "Micromasonry & Biological Lego". The New York Times. 2010-05-20. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  10. ^ Moore, Elizabeth Armstrong. "Breakthrough in tissue engineering: 'Bio-Legos'". CNET. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  11. ^ Fernandez, Javier G.; Ingber, Donald E. (2013-09-25). "Bioinspired Chitinous Material Solutions for Environmental Sustainability and Medicine". Advanced Functional Materials. 23 (36): 4454–4466. doi:10.1002/adfm.201300053.
  12. ^ "Replacing Plastic: The Merits of Shrilk". Forum Network. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  13. ^ Nidhi, Subbaraman (2012-11-20). "Insect-inspired Material That Could Solve Our Plastic Problem". Fast Company. Retrieved 2022-11-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  14. ^ "Promising solution to plastic pollution". Harvard Gazette. 2014-05-05. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  15. ^ Fernandez, Javier G.; Ingber, Donald E. (2012-01-24). "Unexpected Strength and Toughness in Chitosan-Fibroin Laminates Inspired by Insect Cuticle". Advanced Materials. 24 (4): 480–484. doi:10.1002/adma.201104051.
  16. ^ Waugh, Rob (2011-12-14). "'Shrilk' is a lab-grown version of insect armour which could replace plastics - but it's made from old shrimp shells". Mail Online. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  17. ^ Leopold, Todd (2014-06-16). "Shrimp-based invention new step in plastic | CNN Business". CNN. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  18. ^ Adee, Sally. "Wonder stuff: Shrimp plus spider kills plastic". New Scientist. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  19. ^ "Javier Gomez Fernandez | Innovators Under 35". www.innovatorsunder35.com. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  20. ^ Fernandez, Javier G.; Ingber, Donald E. (2014-08). "Manufacturing of Large-Scale Functional Objects Using Biodegradable Chitosan Bioplastic". Macromolecular Materials and Engineering. 299 (8): 932–938. doi:10.1002/mame.201300426. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  21. ^ "Nature Has A Promising Replacement For Hormone-Scrambling Plastics: Shrimp Shells". HuffPost. 2014-03-15. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  22. ^ "I invented a shrimp-based bioplastic". Shamengo. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  23. ^ "Turning shrimp shells into plastic". ZDNET. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  24. ^ "Making Plastic Out of Shrimp Shells". www.science.org. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  25. ^ "This Plastic Is Made Of Shrimp Shells". Popular Science. 2014-05-07. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  26. ^ "Five wonder materials that could change the world". the Guardian. 2014-04-15. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  27. ^ "9 Materials That Will Change the Future of Manufacturing [Slide Show]". Scientific American. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  28. ^ "Your Next Suture Could Be Made of Shrilk, a Superstrong Synthetic Insectoid Material". Popular Science. 2011-12-20. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  29. ^ "Biomimicry unleashes wave of materials innovation". Financial Times. 2018-01-08. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  30. ^ "The Spanish inventor of Shrilk, the plastic of the future, moves to Singapore". ELMUNDO (in Spanish). 2015-06-23. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  31. ^ "MIT signs formal agreement with Singapore University of Technology and Design". MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  32. ^ Sanandiya, Naresh D.; Vijay, Yadunund; Dimopoulou, Marina; Dritsas, Stylianos; Fernandez, Javier G. (2018-06-05). "Large-scale additive manufacturing with bioinspired cellulosic materials". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 8642. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26985-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5988822. PMID 29872156.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  33. ^ Group, SAE Media. "FLAM! Researchers Test Cellulose as Sustainable 3D-Printing Material". www.techbriefs.com. Retrieved 2022-11-25. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  34. ^ Scott, Clare (2018-06-06). "Researchers 3D Print Large-Scale Objects with Newly Developed Type of Cellulose". 3DPrint.com | The Voice of 3D Printing / Additive Manufacturing. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  35. ^ "Cellulose used to fabricate large 3D objects". The Engineer. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  36. ^ "Scientists sustainably 3D print large objects out of cellulose". UPI. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  37. ^ "FLAM points 3D printing in a new, sustainable direction - bioplastics MAGAZINE". www.bioplasticsmagazine.com. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  38. ^ Competition, A' Design Award &. "Natural Composite Pillar Research Prototype by Stylianos Dritsas and Javier Fernandez". competition.adesignaward.com. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  39. ^ "The Significance of Completely Biodegradable 3D-Printed Plastic". Engineering.com. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  40. ^ Sanandiya, Naresh D.; Ottenheim, Christoph; Phua, Jun Wei; Caligiani, Augusta; Dritsas, Stylianos; Fernandez, Javier G. (2020-03-13). "Circular manufacturing of chitinous bio-composites via bioconversion of urban refuse". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 4632. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61664-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7070007. PMID 32170094.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  41. ^ Sertoglu, Kubi (2020-04-01). "Singaporean research details the 3D printing of chitinous bio-composites". 3D Printing Industry. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  42. ^ Shiwei, Ng; Dritsas, Stylianos; Fernandez, Javier G. (2020-09-16). "Martian biolith: A bioinspired regolith composite for closed-loop extraterrestrial manufacturing". PLOS ONE. 15 (9): e0238606. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238606. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7494075. PMID 32936806.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  43. ^ Hunt, Katie (2020-09-16). "This is how we should build on Mars, scientists say". CNN. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  44. ^ Chadwick, Jonathan (2020-09-16). "Mars habitats could be made from a substance found in fish scales". Mail Online. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  45. ^ Technica, Jennifer Ouellette, Ars. "Scientists May Have Found a Material for Building on Mars". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2022-11-25.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  46. ^ "The winners of the Bayer Early Excellence in Science Award 2013 have been announced". Wiley Analytical Science. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  47. ^ "Outstanding Scientists Award Winners". Bayer Foundation. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  48. ^ "Javier Gomez Fernandez | Innovators Under 35". www.innovatorsunder35.com. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  49. ^ Meet The Innovators Under 35 (2016) - Javier Gomez Fernandez, retrieved 2022-11-25
  50. ^ "Challenge: Closing the Loop". LAUNCH. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  51. ^ "FormNext Purmundus Innovation Award". www.purmundus-challenge.com. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  52. ^ "Shrilk and the revolution of the bioinspired materials -". Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  53. ^ Competition, A' Design Award &. "Natural Composite Pillar Research Prototype by Stylianos Dritsas and Javier Fernandez". competition.adesignaward.com. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  54. ^ "Natural Composite Pillar -". Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  55. ^ "Additive Manufacturing for Biological Composites [Natural Composite Pillar]". Good Design Award. Retrieved 2022-11-25.

The Fermart Lab at SUTD

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