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She began an affair with British politician [[Boris Johnson]], then [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]], in 2018 while he was still married to his second wife, [[Marina Wheeler]].<ref name=observer-20201129 /><ref name=BI190723>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/who-is-carrie-symonds-boris-johnson-partner-2019-7|title=Everything you need to know about Boris Johnson's fiancée Carrie Symonds, who just gave birth to a baby boy|first=Bill|last=Bostock|website=Business Insider|date=23 July 2019|access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref> In July 2019, Johnson became prime minister and both he and Symonds officially moved into the flat above [[11 Downing Street]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-49102466|title=Boris Johnson becomes UK's new prime minister|date=24 July 2019 |work=BBC News |access-date=24 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/aug/01/why-carrie-symonds-is-the-embodiment-of-the-boris-johnson-brand|title=Why Carrie Symonds is the embodiment of the Boris Johnson brand|last=Perkins|first=Anne|date=1 August 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077 |access-date=28 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/29/boris-johnson-and-carrie-symonds-move-into-downing-street|title=Boris Johnson and Carrie Symonds move into Downing Street|first=Rowena|last=Mason|date=29 July 2019|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/2019/08/240674/women-who-go-out-with-problematic-men|title=The Women Who Stay With Problematic Men|date=24 August 2019|last=Spratt|first=Vicky|website=Refinery29|access-date=28 August 2019}}</ref> She was the first unmarried partner of a prime minister to reside at [[Downing Street]]. The following month, she was barred from entering the United States as her visa application was rejected due to a previous visit with her close friend [[Nimco Ali]] to [[Somaliland]], which the US considers to be part of immigration-restricted Somalia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news.com.au/finance/work/leaders/carrie-symonds-girlfriend-of-british-pm-boris-johnson-has-been-denied-a-visa-to-the-us/news-story/02f4f588f52f6884409578d7ff850356|title=Carrie Symonds, girlfriend of British PM Boris Johnson, has been denied a visa to the US|date=21 August 2019|website=news.com.au}}</ref> On 16 August 2019, she made her first public appearance since entering 10 Downing Street, when she addressed what she called the "gigantic" [[climate crisis]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/08/14/carrie-symonds-carry-first-solo-event-since-boris-johnson-became/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/08/14/carrie-symonds-carry-first-solo-event-since-boris-johnson-became/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-status=live|title=Carrie Symonds to carry out first solo event since Boris Johnson became PM at 'birdwatchers' Glastonbury'|first1=Helena|last1=Horton|first2=Christopher|last2=Hope|date=14 August 2019|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|url-access=limited|access-date=16 April 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/aug/16/carrie-symonds-warns-politicians-of-gigantic-climate-crisis-responsibility|title=Carrie Symonds warns politicians of 'gigantic' climate crisis responsibility|date=16 August 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
She began an affair with British politician [[Boris Johnson]], then [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]], in 2018 while he was still married to his second wife, [[Marina Wheeler]].<ref name=observer-20201129 /><ref name=BI190723>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/who-is-carrie-symonds-boris-johnson-partner-2019-7|title=Everything you need to know about Boris Johnson's fiancée Carrie Symonds, who just gave birth to a baby boy|first=Bill|last=Bostock|website=Business Insider|date=23 July 2019|access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref> In July 2019, Johnson became prime minister and both he and Symonds officially moved into the flat above [[11 Downing Street]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-49102466|title=Boris Johnson becomes UK's new prime minister|date=24 July 2019 |work=BBC News |access-date=24 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/aug/01/why-carrie-symonds-is-the-embodiment-of-the-boris-johnson-brand|title=Why Carrie Symonds is the embodiment of the Boris Johnson brand|last=Perkins|first=Anne|date=1 August 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077 |access-date=28 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/29/boris-johnson-and-carrie-symonds-move-into-downing-street|title=Boris Johnson and Carrie Symonds move into Downing Street|first=Rowena|last=Mason|date=29 July 2019|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/2019/08/240674/women-who-go-out-with-problematic-men|title=The Women Who Stay With Problematic Men|date=24 August 2019|last=Spratt|first=Vicky|website=Refinery29|access-date=28 August 2019}}</ref> She was the first unmarried partner of a prime minister to reside at [[Downing Street]]. The following month, she was barred from entering the United States as her visa application was rejected due to a previous visit with her close friend [[Nimco Ali]] to [[Somaliland]], which the US considers to be part of immigration-restricted Somalia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news.com.au/finance/work/leaders/carrie-symonds-girlfriend-of-british-pm-boris-johnson-has-been-denied-a-visa-to-the-us/news-story/02f4f588f52f6884409578d7ff850356|title=Carrie Symonds, girlfriend of British PM Boris Johnson, has been denied a visa to the US|date=21 August 2019|website=news.com.au}}</ref> On 16 August 2019, she made her first public appearance since entering 10 Downing Street, when she addressed what she called the "gigantic" [[climate crisis]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/08/14/carrie-symonds-carry-first-solo-event-since-boris-johnson-became/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/08/14/carrie-symonds-carry-first-solo-event-since-boris-johnson-became/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-status=live|title=Carrie Symonds to carry out first solo event since Boris Johnson became PM at 'birdwatchers' Glastonbury'|first1=Helena|last1=Horton|first2=Christopher|last2=Hope|date=14 August 2019|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|url-access=limited|access-date=16 April 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/aug/16/carrie-symonds-warns-politicians-of-gigantic-climate-crisis-responsibility|title=Carrie Symonds warns politicians of 'gigantic' climate crisis responsibility|date=16 August 2019|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>


Amid the [[Partygate]] scandal was issued with a [[fixed penalty notice]] in April 2022, alongside Boris and chancellor [[Rishi Sunak]], for breaching [[COVID-19]] [[Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic|regulations]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Scott |first=Jennifer |date=12 April 2022 |title=Boris Johnson and Rishi Sunak reject calls to resign over lockdown fines |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-61083402 |work=[[BBC News]] |location= |access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref>
Amid the [[Partygate]] scandal, she was issued with a [[fixed penalty notice]] in April 2022, alongside Boris and chancellor [[Rishi Sunak]], for breaching [[COVID-19]] [[Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic|regulations]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Scott |first=Jennifer |date=12 April 2022 |title=Boris Johnson and Rishi Sunak reject calls to resign over lockdown fines |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-61083402 |work=[[BBC News]] |location= |access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref>


=== Political influence ===
=== Political influence ===

Revision as of 12:25, 26 November 2022

Carrie Johnson
Johnson in 2022
Born
Caroline Louise Bevan Symonds[1]

(1988-03-17) 17 March 1988 (age 36)
London, England
EducationGodolphin and Latymer School[2]
Alma materUniversity of Warwick (BA)[2]
OccupationMedia advisor
Known forSpouse of a former prime minister of the United Kingdom (2021–2022)
Political partyConservative
Spouse
(m. 2021)
Children2
Parents
Relatives

Caroline Louise Beavan Johnson[3][4][5] (née Symonds; born 17 March 1988) is a British media consultant and the wife of Boris Johnson, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 24 July 2019 to 6 September 2022. She is the daughter of Matthew Symonds, co-founder of The Independent.

Carrie worked as a Conservative Party media official and an environmental activist, and remains a senior advisor to the ocean conservation charity Oceana.[6] She married Johnson in 2021, and served as the spouse of the prime minister of the United Kingdom from their marriage in May 2021 to Johnson's resigntion in September 2022.

Early life and education

Caroline Louise Beavan Symonds was born on 17 March 1988 to Matthew Symonds, co-founder of The Independent, and Josephine McAfee (née Lawrence), a lawyer working for that newspaper.[7][8] Her paternal grandfather was John Beavan, Baron Ardwick (at one time editor of the Daily Herald and later, during the 1970s, a Labour Party MEP), and her paternal grandmother was Anne Symonds, a BBC World Service journalist.[9][10]

Symonds was the result of an affair between her parents, who were both married to other people at the time.[2] She was brought up by her mother in East Sheen, South West London, and between 1999 and 2006 attended Godolphin and Latymer School, an independent day school for girls. She went to the University of Warwick to study Art History and Theatre Studies, graduating as BA (Hons) in 2009.[2][11]

Career and political activism

Symonds originally planned to become an actor, and unsuccessfully auditioned for the 2007 film Atonement. She subsequently worked in marketing.[2]

In 2009, Symonds joined the Conservative Party as a press officer.[12] She worked at Conservative Campaign Headquarters,[13] and later campaigned for Boris Johnson in the 2010 London Conservative Party mayoral selection.[14] During this period, Symonds had a role running campaigns for the newly elected MP Zac Goldsmith.[2] She has also worked as a media special adviser for Conservative Cabinet ministers Sajid Javid (Communities, Local Government and Housing Secretary) and John Whittingdale (Culture, Media and Sport Secretary).[14] Symonds was present when Whittingdale and others launched Conservative Friends of Russia (later called the Westminster Russia Forum and disbanded in March 2022) and has attended several of its meetings.[15][16]

Symonds became the Conservative Party's head of communications in 2018,[17] but left the position later that year,[7] taking up a job in public relations for the Oceana project.[18][14] It was reported that she was asked to leave her post as director of communications, with Conservative Party sources in the Daily Mail newspaper claiming that the firing was due to poor performance and allegations of significant unjustified expenses claims.[19][2] These accusations were claimed by an anonymous "longtime colleague" to be a smear campaign allegedly spread by Symonds's political strategist, Lynton Crosby (subsequently denied by Crosby).[20][21]

She is a patron of the Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation.[22]

John Worboys case

In 2007, aged 19, Symonds was driven home from a King's Road nightclub by taxi-driver John Worboys, who in 2009 was convicted of multiple sexual assaults on his passengers. She later recalled Worboys offering her champagne and vodka,[2] which she believed was spiked and, after returning home, began "vomiting and laughing hysterically before passing out until 3pm the next day".[23]

Symonds was one of fourteen women who testified against Worboys at his trial. She subsequently told The Telegraph that he was "a sad, wicked man who is a danger to society. I feel so angry that he pleaded not guilty and made us go through the pain of giving evidence in court".[23]

Symonds was the youngest of Worboys's victims, and waived her anonymity to talk about her experiences and, later, to campaign against his early release, fundraising for a successful judicial review of the decision.[24][2]

Public and personal life

Symonds and Boris Johnson on Commonwealth Day, March 2020

Symonds was previously in a relationship with British political journalist Harry Cole.[25]

She began an affair with British politician Boris Johnson, then Foreign Secretary, in 2018 while he was still married to his second wife, Marina Wheeler.[2][11] In July 2019, Johnson became prime minister and both he and Symonds officially moved into the flat above 11 Downing Street.[26][27][28][29] She was the first unmarried partner of a prime minister to reside at Downing Street. The following month, she was barred from entering the United States as her visa application was rejected due to a previous visit with her close friend Nimco Ali to Somaliland, which the US considers to be part of immigration-restricted Somalia.[30] On 16 August 2019, she made her first public appearance since entering 10 Downing Street, when she addressed what she called the "gigantic" climate crisis.[31][32]

Amid the Partygate scandal, she was issued with a fixed penalty notice in April 2022, alongside Boris and chancellor Rishi Sunak, for breaching COVID-19 regulations.[33]

Political influence

Johnson greeting U.S. First Lady Jill Biden at the 47th G7 summit in Cornwall, June 2021

Concerns over her influence on the prime minister were raised in January 2020, when it came to light that she had received briefs from animal rights activists just before the government pulled a planned cull of badgers in Derbyshire.[34] An association representing farmers, the NFU, asserted that this meeting and her influence played a key role in the government ignoring scientific advice in favour of retaining the cull. According to The Guardian, a judicial review was granted permission to examine how the decision was reached.[34] She was also influential in making sure that Lee Cain did not get a job as the prime minister's chief of staff,[35] and urged Boris Johnson to fire environment secretary George Eustice from his role.[36] She was additionally involved in a political controversy over the refurbishment of the 11 Downing Street flat,[36] and her comments over the flat's decor being a "John Lewis furniture nightmare" (John Lewis typically being an aspirational, upper-middle-class shop) led to accusations of snobbery.[37][38][39]

During Dominic Cummings's tenure as chief adviser, Cummings and Carrie Symonds were said to represent two separate factions influencing the prime minister.[40] Cummings also said that the prime minister "cancel[led] an inquiry about a leak ... because it might implicate his girlfriend's friends";[41] Cummings accused Henry Newman, the senior adviser in Downing Street and ally of Carrie Symonds, of being a "chatty rat" who leaked plans for a second lockdown in October.[42] Cummings later said in 2021 that Symonds acted "illegally" in awarding influential jobs to her friends, including press secretary Allegra Stratton.[43]

Conservative MP Caroline Nokes asserted that Carrie Johnson's influence has been exaggerated for sexist purposes;[42] she has been likened to both Lady Macbeth and Marie Antoinette ("Carrie Antoinette") by her critics.[44] Writing in The Sunday Times, Marie Le Conte disagreed that such criticism is sexist.[45] Journalist Sarah Vine, on the other hand, said that while it is easy to "blame the woman", the truth is "far more complicated", adding that Johnson's head did not deserve "to be on the block".[46]

Carrie and Boris Johnson departing 10 Downing Street

In December 2021, Politico Europe named her as one of the "disrupters" in its annual list of 28 people who will shape Europe in the year to come.[47]

In February 2022, Carrie Johnson's spokeswoman denied that Johnson has influence over her husband amidst allegations from Tory peer Lord Ashcroft, who had written an unauthorised biography of her.[46] Labour leader Keir Starmer said in relation to the book, "I approach politics on the basis that we should treat people with respect... Obviously, respect differences of opinion, but I do not go along with the idea that we should drag everybody into the gutter."[48]

In June 2022, an article by Simon Walters appeared in The Times alleging that Boris Johnson recommended Carrie, who was then his mistress, as a candidate for a £100,000 per annum job as Chief-of-Staff in the Foreign Office while Johnson was Foreign Secretary.[49][50] After senior aide Ben Gascoigne threatened to resign if she was appointed, the proposal was dropped.[50] This story was removed from the paper after No. 10 intervened,[49] although Walters says that he stands by the story.[50]

Engagement and marriage

On 29 February 2020, Symonds and Boris Johnson announced that they had become engaged in late 2019.[51] Their son, Wilfred Lawrie Nicholas Johnson, was born on 29 April 2020 in London.[52] She used to be a practising Catholic and had her son baptised into the Catholic Church.[53]

Symonds married Boris Johnson on 29 May 2021 in a secret ceremony at Westminster Cathedral attended by thirty guests.[54][55][56] She wore a boho-chic style bridal gown by Greek designer Christos Costarellos.[57][58] In July 2021, she announced that they were expecting their second child together, also revealing that she had suffered a miscarriage earlier that year.[59] Their daughter, Romy Iris Charlotte Johnson, was born on 9 December 2021 in London.[60][61]

References

  1. ^ GRO Register of Births = MAR 1988 15 449 WANDSWORTH - Caroline Louise B. Symonds, mother's maiden name = Lawrence
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hinsliff, Gaby (29 November 2020). "Under new management: is Carrie Symonds the real power at No 10?". The Observer. Retrieved 30 April 2021 – via The Guardian.
  3. ^ Lynch, Lucy (17 March 2009). ""I was drugged by rapist John Worboys" - Warwick University student bravely speaks out". Coventry Telegraph. Coventry. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  4. ^ Superintendent Registrar, Certified copy of an entry of marriage, No. RPA 249936 Entry No. 522032088 18th June 2021.
  5. ^ Gillett, Francesca; Webster, Lucy (30 May 2021). "Carrie Johnson: Who is the prime minister's wife?". BBC News. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  6. ^ "PM's partner Carrie Symonds makes first speech since No 10 move". BBC News. 17 August 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  7. ^ a b Barr, Sabrina; Ritschel, Chelsea; Javed, Saman (30 May 2021). "Who is Carrie Symonds? Boris Johnson marries fiancee in 'secret ceremony'". The Independent. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  8. ^ Bird, Steve; Sheridan, Danielle; Horton, Helena (3 May 2020). "Baby Johnson named in tribute to doctors". The Sunday Telegraph.
  9. ^ Fergusson, James (19 August 1994). "Obituary: Lord Ardwick". The Independent. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  10. ^ Lancaster, Terence (19 August 1994). "Obituary: Lord Ardwick". The Independent. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  11. ^ a b Bostock, Bill (23 July 2019). "Everything you need to know about Boris Johnson's fiancée Carrie Symonds, who just gave birth to a baby boy". Business Insider. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  12. ^ "Carrie Symonds: who is Boris Johnson's live-in girlfriend?". The Week UK. 24 July 2019.
  13. ^ Rushton, Simon (24 July 2019). "Who is Carrie Symonds? Boris Johnson's girlfriend and Tory PR guru, set to join new prime minister in 10 Downing Street". inews.co.uk. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  14. ^ a b c Gillett, Francesca; Webster, Lucy (29 April 2020). "Carrie Symonds: Who is Boris Johnson's fiancee?". BBC News. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  15. ^ steerpike (3 March 2022). "Tory pro-Russia lobbying group disbands". The Spectator. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  16. ^ Burton, Lisa (8 March 2022). "Conservative Friends of Russia group disbands with immediate effect". Yorkshire Bylines. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
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  19. ^ Crerar, Pippa (9 July 2019). "Boris Johnson's partner 'left £80k Tory HQ job over unauthorised expense claims'". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
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  21. ^ Wheeler, Caroline (28 July 2019). "PM's row with Lynton Crosby over briefings against girlfriend Carrie Symonds". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  22. ^ "About". Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
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  28. ^ Mason, Rowena (29 July 2019). "Boris Johnson and Carrie Symonds move into Downing Street". The Guardian.
  29. ^ Spratt, Vicky (24 August 2019). "The Women Who Stay With Problematic Men". Refinery29. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
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  32. ^ "Carrie Symonds warns politicians of 'gigantic' climate crisis responsibility". The Guardian. 16 August 2019. ISSN 0261-3077.
  33. ^ Scott, Jennifer (12 April 2022). "Boris Johnson and Rishi Sunak reject calls to resign over lockdown fines". BBC News. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  34. ^ a b Doward, Jamie (25 January 2020). "Court to probe Carrie Symonds' influence on PM after cancellation of badger cull". The Observer. London. Retrieved 8 March 2021 – via The Guardian.
  35. ^ Elgot, Jessica (12 November 2020). "Lee Cain: Johnson's senior aide resigns amid infighting at No 10". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
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  37. ^ Strick, Katie; Sleigh, Sophia (27 April 2021). "How could Boris and Carrie's Downing St refurbishment cost £200,000?". Evening Standard. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  38. ^ "A question for Boris Johnson and Carrie Symonds: what is wrong with John Lewis?". The Independent. 28 April 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  39. ^ Parker, Sadie (28 April 2021). "John Lewis: rich woman's nightmare, poor woman's dream". West Country Bylines. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
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  43. ^ Courea, Eleni (27 May 2021). "Carrie Symonds 'tried to install friends in key roles', Dominic Cummings claims". The Times. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
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  45. ^ Conte, Marie Le (2 May 2021). "Carrie Symonds is a serious political player — so it's not sexist to ask 'What's her game?'". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  46. ^ a b Turner, Lauren (6 February 2022). "Carrie Johnson: I'm target of a brutal briefing campaign". BBC News. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
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  48. ^ Mason, Rowena (7 February 2022). "Senior Tory and Labour figures speak out over media focus on Carrie Johnson". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  49. ^ a b "No 10 spoke to Times before Carrie Johnson story dropped". BBC News. 20 June 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  50. ^ a b c Mandrake (19 June 2022). "Times journalist: I stand by my Johnson scoop". The New European. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  51. ^ "Boris Johnson and Carrie Symonds engaged and expecting baby". BBC News. London. 29 February 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  52. ^ Braddick, Imogen (2 May 2020). "Boris Johnson and Carrie Symonds name baby boy Wilfred Lawrie Nicholas Johnson after doctors who saved PM's life". Evening Standard. London. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
  53. ^ Sherwood, Harriet; Walker, Peter; Giuffrida, Angela (21 September 2020). "Italian airport quashes claims of secret Boris Johnson trip". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  54. ^ Beech, Samantha (30 May 2021). "Boris Johnson marries Carrie Symonds in secret wedding". CNN. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  55. ^ Shearing, Hazel; Snowdon, Kathryn (30 May 2021). "Boris Johnson marries Carrie Symonds at Westminster Cathedral". BBC News. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  56. ^ Malnick, Edward; Stanley, Tim; Southworth, Phoebe (30 May 2021). "Boris Johnson and Carrie Symonds married in secret wedding ceremony at Westminster Cathedral". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  57. ^ Javed, Saman. "Everything we know about Carrie Symonds' wedding look". The Independent. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  58. ^ "Carrie Symonds wears a boho-organza tiered white gown and flower crown for a wedding with Boris Johnson". The Independent. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  59. ^ "Carrie Johnson and Boris Johnson expecting second child". BBC News. 31 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  60. ^ "Boris and Carrie Johnson announce birth of a girl". BBC News. 9 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  61. ^ Keane, Daniel (16 December 2021). "Romy Iris Charlotte: Boris Johnson and Carrie name their baby daughter". Evening Standard. Retrieved 16 December 2021.