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{{Short description|Russian long-range multiple launch rocket system}}
{{Infobox weapon
|name= Tornado
|image=9A52-4 Smerch combat vehicle at Engineering Technologies 2012 01.jpg
|image_size=300px
|caption=
|origin=Russia
|type= [[Multiple rocket launcher]]
<!-- Type selection -->
|is_ranged=
|is_bladed=
|is_explosive=
|is_artillery=yes
|is_vehicle= yes
|is_UK=
<!-- Service history -->
|service=2014–present
|wars=[[Syrian Civil War]]{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}<br /> [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|War in Donbass]] <br /> [[Russia-Ukraine War]]
<!-- Production history -->
|designer=[[Motovilikha Plants]]
|design_date=2000s
|manufacturer=[[NPO Splav]]<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.arms-expo.ru/news/production/nikolay_makarovets_sanktsii_na_predpriyatii_ne_otrazilis/|title=Николай Макаровец: санкции на предприятии не отразились|access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref>
|production_date=2011–present
|number=More than 200 units in service
|variants=9A53-G Tornado, 9A53-S Tornado
<!-- General specifications -->
|weight= 24.65 t
|length= 11.2 m
|part_length=
|width= 2.5 m
|height= 3.15 m
|crew= 2
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
|cartridge=
|caliber= 122 mm/220 mm/300 mm
|barrels= 15/8/6
|action=
|rate=
|velocity=
|range=
|max_range= 200 km (300 mm 9M544 rocket)
|feed=
|sights=
<!-- Artillery specifications -->
|breech=
|recoil=
|carriage=
|elevation=
|traverse=
<!-- Bladed weapon specifications -->
|blade_type=
|hilt_type=
|sheath_type=
|head_type=
|haft_type=
<!-- Explosive specifications -->
|diameter=
|filling=
|filling_weight=
|detonation=
|yield=
<!-- Vehicle specifications -->
|armour=
|primary_armament= 9M55 or 9M528 rockets
|secondary_armament=
|engine= KamAZ-740.50.360 diesel
|engine_power= 360 hp
|pw_ratio=
|suspension= 8×8 wheeled
|vehicle_range= 1,000 km
|speed= 90 km/h
}}
The '''Tornado''' is a family of related [[multiple rocket launcher]]s developed by [[NPO Splav]] for the [[Russian Ground Forces]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Russian Defence Ministry to continue procuring newest Tornado-S and Tornado-G MLRS |url=https://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12162176@egNews |website=Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation |access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/> Variants of the system, which include the Tornado-G and Tornado-S models, have different capabilities and different battlefield roles.<ref name="milfactory">{{cite web |title=KAMAZ Tornado-G |url=https://www.militaryfactory.com/armor/detail.php?armor_id=1161 |website=MilitaryFactory.com |access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref>

==Variants==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2022}}
The 9A52-4 Tornado system is a lightweight rocket launcher. There are two other systems. A modular MLRS based on the [[MZKT]]-79306 truck, which can carry two BM-27 Uragan or BM-30 Smerch launcher modules, and one based on the [[Kamaz]] 6×6 truck. The "Tornado-G" system is an upgrade package for the existing BM-21 Grad. The Russian government ordered 36 new "Tornado-G" based on the Kamaz 6x6 chassis, instead of the old systems based on the Ural-4320 truck.

Systems in the Tornado family:{{fact|date=August 2022}}
* '''9A53-G Tornado''' (2 × 15; 1×40 122&nbsp;mm Upgraded [[BM-21 Grad]] Multiple Rocket Launcher Module, based on a Kamaz Truck or on a [[Ural-4320]]).
* '''9A53-S Tornado''' (2 × 6; 2×4 300&nbsp;mm Upgraded [[BM-30 Smerch]] Multiple Rocket Launcher Modules, based on a MZKT-79306).

===Tornado-G===
[[File:Combat vehicle 2B17-1 from 9K51M Tornado-G MLRS - TankBiathlon14part2-47.jpg|thumb|A 9K51M Tornado-G]]
The Tornado-G model is aimed at replacing the [[BM-21 Grad]] multiple rocket launcher. Currently the sole operator is [[Russian Ground Forces]]. A version will be approved for export.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=http://rostec.ru/en/news/rostec-launched-tornado-g-on-the-international-market/ |title=Rostec launched Tornado-G on the international market |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706190551/http://rostec.ru/en/news/rostec-launched-tornado-g-on-the-international-market/ |archive-date=6 July 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

[[Russian ground forces]] received about 30 Tornado-G systems in 2011, replacing the BM-21 Grad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2011/1230/185511024/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / Новости / В 2011 году в Сухопутные войска в рамках гособоронзаказа поступило более 30 РСЗО «Торнадо-Г"|website=www.armstrade.org}}</ref>

Tornado-G received export permission in June 2018 and Tornado-S with 120&nbsp;km range satellite-guided shells in August 2019.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tass.com/defense/1011154|title=Russia to offer upgraded multiple launch rocket system to Western customers|website=TASS}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://tass.com/defense/1074375 | title=Russian hi-tech firm to export latest multiple launch rocket system with smart shells }}</ref> The three upgraded 122&nbsp;mm Grad HE-Frag and HE/HEAT rocket variants for the Tornado-G multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) codenamed 9M538, 9M539 and 9M541 have a significant increase in firepower, albeit at a lower range capability.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/82576/splav-details-tornado-g-rockets|title=Splav details Tornado-G rockets - Jane's 360|website=www.janes.com}}</ref> BM-21 Grad systems are being upgraded to the level of new-generation Tornado-G systems.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

The Tornado-G entered series production in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20131224/986083837.html#13878806043954&message=resize&relto=login&action=removeClass&value=registration|title=НПО "Сплав" начало серийное производство системы "Торнадо-Г"|work=РИА Новости|date=24 December 2013|access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> The system entered service with the [[Russian armed forces]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20141119/1034071161.html|title=Гендиректор НПО "Сплав": реактивный "Град" прослужит еще 10-15 лет|work=РИА Новости|date=19 November 2014|access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref>

===Tornado-S===
The improved Tornado-S was upgraded with the special [[GLONASS]] satellite navigation system used in the Smerch missile system. The Tornado-S has guided rocket rounds with a range of 72 miles (120&nbsp;km). The Tornado-S has a longer range and increased effectiveness, due to the use of new warhead payloads and a reduced launch readiness time of just three minutes.

The Tornado-S was approved for service in July–August 2016 and started its serial deliveries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tass.com/defense/902239|title=Russian army to get Tornado-S multiple rocket launchers in 2017|website=TASS}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mz.perm.ru/press-center/news/7286/|title="Мотовилихинские заводы» отправили заказчику первую партию машин из состава комплекса РСЗО "Торнадо-С" - Мотовилиха|website=mz.perm.ru}}</ref> 20 Tornado-S vehicles ordered in summer 2019.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4102655 | title="Мотовилихинские заводы" загрузят залпом | date=24 September 2019 }}</ref> A new order was made in August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2020/0826/094559332/detail.shtml | title=ЦАМТО / Новости / Минобороны России и Ростех подписали на «Армии-2020» соглашения на сумму более 300 млрд. рублей }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2020/0901/102059416/detail.shtml | title=ЦАМТО / Новости / НПО "СПЛАВ" поставит в войска изделия на сумму около 30 млрд. рублей }}</ref> More missiles ordered in August 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/mainnews/2022/0817/084269022/detail.shtml |title=ЦАМТО / Главное / На форуме «Армия-2022» подписаны 7 и вручены 29 госконтрактов с 26 предприятиями ОПК |publisher=Armstrade.org |date= |accessdate=2022-08-29}}</ref>

Russian forces used Tornado-S during the [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|War in Donbass]] and the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|2022 invasion in Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/UA_150212_MinskAgreement_en.pdf |title=Minsk agreement |website=peacemaker.un.org }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/ukraine/11408266/Minsk-agreement-on-Ukraine-crisis-text-in-full.html|title=Minsk agreement on Ukraine crisis: text in full|date=12 February 2015|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1498796325202280452|user=mhrinin|title=Reposting the message from General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine about today events in Kharkiv (full text):…|date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=11 March 2022|title=Ukraine conflict: Russian forces employ guided rockets|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/ukraine-conflict-russian-forces-employ-guided-rockets|access-date=|website=[[Janes Information Services]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319221356/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/ukraine-conflict-russian-forces-employ-guided-rockets|archive-date=19 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

===9A52-4===
[[File:9A52-4 Tornado REA 2009.jpg|thumb|A 9A52-4 launcher vehicle (right) and 9T234-4 reloading vehicle (left), Perm, RussianExpoArms, 2009.]]
[[Janes Information Services|Janes]] describes the 9A52-4 Tornado as a lighter variant of the Tornado-S launcher.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine conflict: Russian forces employ guided rockets |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/ukraine-conflict-russian-forces-employ-guided-rockets |access-date=29 August 2022 |work=Janes.com |date=2022-03-11 |language=en}}</ref> The 300&nbsp;mm multiple rocket launcher was first unveiled in 2007 as a more strategically and tactically mobile launcher, albeit at the expense of a slight reduction in firepower.

The 9A52-4 Tornado system is based on the chassis of the KamAZ-63501 8×8 military truck, which provides good tactical mobility. It is equipped with a single container with six launcher tubes for 300-mm rockets, which can fire all current Smerch rockets, including HE-FRAG, incendiary, thermobaric, cluster with anti-personnel or anti-tank mines. Cluster rounds may also carry self-targeting anti-tank munitions.

The 800&nbsp;kg standard rocket has a maximum range of 90&nbsp;km. A range and direction correction system provides better accuracy compared to its predecessors. The 9A52-4 can launch rockets singularly, by a partial ripple or by a full salvo, which can cover an area of 32 hectares. A full salvo can be fired within 20 seconds. The 9A52-4 launching vehicle can be reloaded within 8 minutes.

Launcher pods are designed for use with 122&nbsp;mm and 220&nbsp;mm rockets. The weapons system is equipped with an automated laying and fire control system, along with an autonomous satellite navigation and positioning system. Positioning and firing data are exchanged between the launch vehicle and the command vehicle.

== General characteristics ==
===9A52-4 Tornado===
* Chassis: Kamaz-63501
* Salvo Time: 6 rounds in 20 seconds
* Reload Time: 8 min

== Rocket projectiles ==
== Rocket projectiles ==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
Line 22: Line 137:
| rowspan=7| 1934&nbsp;kg
| rowspan=7| 1934&nbsp;kg
| rowspan=7| 800&nbsp;kg
| rowspan=7| 800&nbsp;kg
| rowspan="17" style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 m
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;"| 7.6 m
| rowspan=5|243&nbsp;kg
| 243&nbsp;kg
| 72 × 1.75&nbsp;kg, each with 96 fragments <small>(4.5&thinsp;g each)</small>
| 72 × 1.75&nbsp;kg, each with 96 fragments <small>(4.5&thinsp;g each)</small>
| style="text-align:center;"| 110 s
| style="text-align:center;"| 110 s
Line 31: Line 146:
!9M55K1<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m55k1/ |title=9M55K1 |lang=ru |archive-url=http://archive.today/2022.11.26-131239/https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m55k1/ |archive-date=2022-11-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>
!9M55K1<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m55k1/ |title=9M55K1 |lang=ru |archive-url=http://archive.today/2022.11.26-131239/https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m55k1/ |archive-date=2022-11-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| Cluster munition, self-guided anti-tank
| Cluster munition, self-guided anti-tank
| 243&nbsp;kg
| 5 × 15&nbsp;kg
| 5 × 15&nbsp;kg
|-
|-
!9M55K4<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m55k4/ |title=9M55K4 |lang=ru |archive-url=http://archive.today/2022.11.26-131407/https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m55k4/ |archive-date=2022-11-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>
!9M55K4<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m55k4/ |title=9M55K4 |lang=ru |archive-url=http://archive.today/2022.11.26-131407/https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m55k4/ |archive-date=2022-11-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| Cluster munition, [[Anti-tank mine|AT minelets]].
| Cluster munition, [[Anti-tank mine|AT minelets]].
| 25 × 4.85&nbsp;kg mines
| 243&nbsp;kg
| 25 × 5&nbsp;kg mines
| style="text-align:center;"| 24 hour
| style="text-align:center;"| 24 hour
|-
|-
!9M55K5<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m55k5/ |title=9M55K5 |lang=ru |archive-url=http://archive.today/2022.11.26-131436/https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m55k5/ |archive-date=2022-11-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>
!9M55K5<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m55k5/ |title=9M55K5 |lang=ru |archive-url=http://archive.today/2022.11.26-131436/https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m55k5/ |archive-date=2022-11-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| Cluster munition, [[High-explosive anti-tank warhead|HEAT]]/HE-Fragmentation.
| Cluster munition, [[High-explosive anti-tank warhead|HEAT]]/HE-Fragmentation.
| 243&nbsp;kg
| 646 × 0.25&nbsp;kg <small>(120&nbsp;mm RHA armor-piercing)</small>
| 646 × 0.25&nbsp;kg <small>(120&nbsp;mm RHA armor-piercing)</small>
| style="text-align:center;"| 260 s
| style="text-align:center;"| 260 s
| rowspan=13| 25&thinsp;km
| rowspan=4| 25&thinsp;km
|-
|-
!9M55K6<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m55k6/ |title=9M55K6 |lang=ru |archive-url=http://archive.today/2022.11.26-131509/https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m55k6/ |archive-date=2022-11-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>
!9M55K6<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m55k6/ |title=9M55K6 |lang=ru |archive-url=http://archive.today/2022.11.26-131509/https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m55k6/ |archive-date=2022-11-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| Projectile with self-aiming Armor penetration submunitions.
| Projectile with self-aiming Armor penetration submunitions.
| 243&nbsp;kg
| 5 × 17.3&nbsp;kg
| 5 × 17.3&nbsp;kg
|
|
Line 52: Line 171:
| separable HE-Fragmentation
| separable HE-Fragmentation
| 258&nbsp;kg
| 258&nbsp;kg
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 59: Line 177:
| 243&nbsp;kg
| 243&nbsp;kg
|
|
|
|-
!9M525<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m525/ |title=9M525 |lang=ru |archive-url=http://archive.today/2022.11.26-142754/https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m525/ |archive-date=2022-11-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| Cluster munition, anti-personnel
| rowspan=9| 1964&nbsp;kg
| rowspan=9| 815&nbsp;kg
| rowspan=9|243&nbsp;kg
| 72 × 1.75&nbsp;kg
| style="text-align:center;"| 110 s
| rowspan=9| 90&thinsp;km
|-
!9M526<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m526/ |title=9M526 |lang=ru |archive-url=http://archive.today/2022.11.26-142818/https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m526/ |archive-date=2022-11-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| Cluster munition, self-guided anti-tank
| 5 × 15&nbsp;kg
|
|-
!9M527<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m527/ |title=9M527 |lang=ru |archive-url=http://archive.today/2022.11.26-142857/https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m527/ |archive-date=2022-11-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| Cluster munition, AT minelets
| 25 × 4.85&nbsp;kg mines
|
|-
!9M528<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m528/ |title=9M528 |lang=ru |archive-url=http://archive.today/2022.11.26-142928/https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m528/ |archive-date=2022-11-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| Cluster munition, HEAT/HE-Fragmentation
| 95&nbsp;kg 800 fragments <small>(50&thinsp;g each)</small>
|
|-
!9M529<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m529/ |title=9M529 |lang=ru |archive-url=http://archive.today/2022.11.26-142933/https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m529/ |archive-date=2022-11-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| Thermobaric
|
| style="text-align:center;"| 110-160 s
|-
!9M530<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m530/ |title=9M530 |lang=ru |archive-url=http://archive.today/2022.11.26-142954/https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m530/ |archive-date=2022-11-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| Penetrating HE
| 75&nbsp;kg
|
|-
!9M531<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m531/ |title=9M531 |lang=ru |archive-url=http://archive.today/2022.11.26-143004/https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m531/ |archive-date=2022-11-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| Cumulative fragmentation
| 616 × 0.24&nbsp;kg
| style="text-align:center;"| 130-260 s
|-
!9M532<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m532/ |title=9M532 |lang=ru |archive-url=http://archive.today/2022.11.26-143049/https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m532/ |archive-date=2022-11-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| Self-aiming submunitions, <small>armored vehicles and tanks</small>
| 20 × 6.7&nbsp;kg
|
|-
!9M533<ref>{{cite web |url=https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m533/ |title=9M533 |lang=ru |archive-url=http://archive.today/2022.11.26-143111/https://roe.ru/catalog/sukhoputnye-vosyka/boepripasy/9m533/ |archive-date=2022-11-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|Self-aiming submunitions, <small>groups of armored vehicles and tanks</small>
| 5 × 17.25&nbsp;kg
|
|-
|-
!9М542<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/5616/5616.shtml|title=Корректируемый реактивный снаряд 9М542 - Ракетная техника|website=rbase.new-factoria.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.milkavkaz.net/2016/09/rszo-tornados-pojdet-v-seriyu-v-2017-godu.html |title=РСЗО "Торнадо-С" пойдет в серию в 2017 году |access-date=24 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925015707/http://www.milkavkaz.net/2016/09/rszo-tornados-pojdet-v-seriyu-v-2017-godu.html |archive-date=25 September 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
!9М542<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/5616/5616.shtml|title=Корректируемый реактивный снаряд 9М542 - Ракетная техника|website=rbase.new-factoria.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.milkavkaz.net/2016/09/rszo-tornados-pojdet-v-seriyu-v-2017-godu.html |title=РСЗО "Торнадо-С" пойдет в серию в 2017 году |access-date=24 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925015707/http://www.milkavkaz.net/2016/09/rszo-tornados-pojdet-v-seriyu-v-2017-godu.html |archive-date=25 September 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
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|}
|}
A new longer range (possibly 200&nbsp;km) high precision missile 9M544 for the Tornado-S system with cumulative-fragmentation munitions was tested in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/defense_news_september_2020_global_security_army_industry/russian_tornado-s_mlrs_fires_new_missile.html|title=Russian Tornado-S MLRS fires new missile &#124; Defense News September 2020 Global Security army industry &#124; Defense Security global news industry army 2020 &#124; Archive News year|website=www.armyrecognition.com}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/Y5XIsLsvOs8 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210126031200/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y5XIsLsvOs8 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y5XIsLsvOs8&feature=emb_title| title = Высокоточный реактивный снаряд для "Торнадо-С" показали на форуме "Армия-2020" | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
A new longer range (possibly 200&nbsp;km) high precision missile 9M544 for the Tornado-S system with cumulative-fragmentation munitions was tested in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/defense_news_september_2020_global_security_army_industry/russian_tornado-s_mlrs_fires_new_missile.html|title=Russian Tornado-S MLRS fires new missile &#124; Defense News September 2020 Global Security army industry &#124; Defense Security global news industry army 2020 &#124; Archive News year|website=www.armyrecognition.com}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/Y5XIsLsvOs8 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210126031200/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y5XIsLsvOs8 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y5XIsLsvOs8&feature=emb_title| title = Высокоточный реактивный снаряд для "Торнадо-С" показали на форуме "Армия-2020" | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Operators ==

===Tornado-G===
* {{flag|Russia}}: Russian Ground Forces (180+)<ref name="milbalance22">{{cite book |title=The Military Balance 2022 |date=14 February 2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-62003-0 |page=906 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vOFeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA906 |language=en}}</ref>

===Tornado-S===
* {{flag|Russia}}: Russian Ground Forces (20+)<ref name="milbalance22"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2022/1116/111070395/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / / «Мотовилиха» отправила в войска партию РСЗО «Торнадо-Г» и «Торнадо-С»|website=armstrade.org}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Katyusha rocket launcher|Katyusha]], BM-13, BM-8, and BM-31 multiple rocket launchers of World War II
* [[BM-14]] 140mm multiple rocket launcher
* [[BM-21 Grad]] 122mm multiple rocket launcher
* [[BM-27 Uragan]] 220mm multiple rocket launcher
* [[M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System|M270]], U.S. multiple rocket launcher
* [[Pinaka multi barrel rocket launcher]] Indian 122&nbsp;mm / 214&nbsp;mm multiple rocket launcher
* [[T-122 Sakarya]] 122&nbsp;mm rocket launcher
* [[Fajr-5]] 333&nbsp;mm rocket launcher
* [[TOROS artillery rocket system|TOROS]] 230–260&nbsp;mm rocket launcher
* [[Falaq-2]] Unguided rocket launcher
* [[HIMARS]] U.S. downsized derivative version of M270
* [[TOS-1|TOS-1 Buratino]] Heavy Flame Thrower System (multiple rocket / thermobaric weapon launcher)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|ZcRSW_Djq5Q|CV 9A52-4 Tornado MRLS New Russian multiple rocket launcher system Russia army Video RIA Novosti}}
* [http://www.military-today.com/artillery/9a52_4.htm 9A52-4 Tornado Multiple Launch Rocket System]

{{SovArtyColdWar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

[[Category:Weapons of Russia]]
[[Category:Rocket artillery]]
[[Category:Self-propelled artillery of Russia]]
[[Category:Multiple rocket launchers]]
[[Category:Motovilikha Plants products]]
[[Category:NPO Splav products]]
[[Category:Modular rocket launchers]]
[[Category:Cluster munition]]
[[Category:Military vehicles introduced in the 2010s]]

Revision as of 15:37, 26 November 2022

Tornado
TypeMultiple rocket launcher
Place of originRussia
Service history
In service2014–present
WarsSyrian Civil War[citation needed]
War in Donbass
Russia-Ukraine War
Production history
DesignerMotovilikha Plants
Designed2000s
ManufacturerNPO Splav[1]
Produced2011–present
No. builtMore than 200 units in service
Variants9A53-G Tornado, 9A53-S Tornado
Specifications
Mass24.65 t
Length11.2 m
Width2.5 m
Height3.15 m
Crew2
Caliber122 mm/220 mm/300 mm
Barrels15/8/6
Maximum firing range200 km (300 mm 9M544 rocket)
Main
armament
9M55 or 9M528 rockets
EngineKamAZ-740.50.360 diesel
360 hp
Suspension8×8 wheeled
Operational
range
1,000 km
Maximum speed 90 km/h

The Tornado is a family of related multiple rocket launchers developed by NPO Splav for the Russian Ground Forces.[2][1] Variants of the system, which include the Tornado-G and Tornado-S models, have different capabilities and different battlefield roles.[3]

Variants

The 9A52-4 Tornado system is a lightweight rocket launcher. There are two other systems. A modular MLRS based on the MZKT-79306 truck, which can carry two BM-27 Uragan or BM-30 Smerch launcher modules, and one based on the Kamaz 6×6 truck. The "Tornado-G" system is an upgrade package for the existing BM-21 Grad. The Russian government ordered 36 new "Tornado-G" based on the Kamaz 6x6 chassis, instead of the old systems based on the Ural-4320 truck.

Systems in the Tornado family:[citation needed]

  • 9A53-G Tornado (2 × 15; 1×40 122 mm Upgraded BM-21 Grad Multiple Rocket Launcher Module, based on a Kamaz Truck or on a Ural-4320).
  • 9A53-S Tornado (2 × 6; 2×4 300 mm Upgraded BM-30 Smerch Multiple Rocket Launcher Modules, based on a MZKT-79306).

Tornado-G

A 9K51M Tornado-G

The Tornado-G model is aimed at replacing the BM-21 Grad multiple rocket launcher. Currently the sole operator is Russian Ground Forces. A version will be approved for export.[4]

Russian ground forces received about 30 Tornado-G systems in 2011, replacing the BM-21 Grad.[5]

Tornado-G received export permission in June 2018 and Tornado-S with 120 km range satellite-guided shells in August 2019.[4][6][7] The three upgraded 122 mm Grad HE-Frag and HE/HEAT rocket variants for the Tornado-G multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) codenamed 9M538, 9M539 and 9M541 have a significant increase in firepower, albeit at a lower range capability.[8] BM-21 Grad systems are being upgraded to the level of new-generation Tornado-G systems.[citation needed]

The Tornado-G entered series production in 2013.[9] The system entered service with the Russian armed forces in 2014.[10]

Tornado-S

The improved Tornado-S was upgraded with the special GLONASS satellite navigation system used in the Smerch missile system. The Tornado-S has guided rocket rounds with a range of 72 miles (120 km). The Tornado-S has a longer range and increased effectiveness, due to the use of new warhead payloads and a reduced launch readiness time of just three minutes.

The Tornado-S was approved for service in July–August 2016 and started its serial deliveries.[11][12] 20 Tornado-S vehicles ordered in summer 2019.[13] A new order was made in August 2020.[14][15] More missiles ordered in August 2022.[16]

Russian forces used Tornado-S during the War in Donbass and the 2022 invasion in Ukraine.[17][18][19][20]

9A52-4

A 9A52-4 launcher vehicle (right) and 9T234-4 reloading vehicle (left), Perm, RussianExpoArms, 2009.

Janes describes the 9A52-4 Tornado as a lighter variant of the Tornado-S launcher.[21] The 300 mm multiple rocket launcher was first unveiled in 2007 as a more strategically and tactically mobile launcher, albeit at the expense of a slight reduction in firepower.

The 9A52-4 Tornado system is based on the chassis of the KamAZ-63501 8×8 military truck, which provides good tactical mobility. It is equipped with a single container with six launcher tubes for 300-mm rockets, which can fire all current Smerch rockets, including HE-FRAG, incendiary, thermobaric, cluster with anti-personnel or anti-tank mines. Cluster rounds may also carry self-targeting anti-tank munitions.

The 800 kg standard rocket has a maximum range of 90 km. A range and direction correction system provides better accuracy compared to its predecessors. The 9A52-4 can launch rockets singularly, by a partial ripple or by a full salvo, which can cover an area of 32 hectares. A full salvo can be fired within 20 seconds. The 9A52-4 launching vehicle can be reloaded within 8 minutes.

Launcher pods are designed for use with 122 mm and 220 mm rockets. The weapons system is equipped with an automated laying and fire control system, along with an autonomous satellite navigation and positioning system. Positioning and firing data are exchanged between the launch vehicle and the command vehicle.

General characteristics

9A52-4 Tornado

  • Chassis: Kamaz-63501
  • Salvo Time: 6 rounds in 20 seconds
  • Reload Time: 8 min

Rocket projectiles

Variant Rocket Warhead Self-destruct time Range
Name Type Mass Weight Length Weight Submunition Min. Max.
9M55K[22] Cluster munition, anti-personnel 1934 kg 800 kg 7.6 m 243 kg 72 × 1.75 kg, each with 96 fragments (4.5 g each) 110 s 20 km 70 km
9M55K1[23] Cluster munition, self-guided anti-tank 243 kg 5 × 15 kg
9M55K4[24] Cluster munition, AT minelets. 243 kg 25 × 5 kg mines 24 hour
9M55K5[25] Cluster munition, HEAT/HE-Fragmentation. 243 kg 646 × 0.25 kg (120 mm RHA armor-piercing) 260 s 25 km
9M55K6[26] Projectile with self-aiming Armor penetration submunitions. 243 kg 5 × 17.3 kg
9M55F separable HE-Fragmentation 258 kg
9M55S Thermobaric 243 kg
9М542[27][28] Satellite-guided (GLONASS),[29] HE-Fragmentation 820 kg 250 kg 70kg, 500 fragments (50g each)[30] 40 km 120 km

A new longer range (possibly 200 km) high precision missile 9M544 for the Tornado-S system with cumulative-fragmentation munitions was tested in 2020.[31][32]

Operators

Tornado-G

Tornado-S

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Николай Макаровец: санкции на предприятии не отразились". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  2. ^ "Russian Defence Ministry to continue procuring newest Tornado-S and Tornado-G MLRS". Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  3. ^ "KAMAZ Tornado-G". MilitaryFactory.com. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  4. ^ a b "Rostec launched Tornado-G on the international market". Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  5. ^ "ЦАМТО / Новости / В 2011 году в Сухопутные войска в рамках гособоронзаказа поступило более 30 РСЗО «Торнадо-Г"". www.armstrade.org.
  6. ^ "Russia to offer upgraded multiple launch rocket system to Western customers". TASS.
  7. ^ "Russian hi-tech firm to export latest multiple launch rocket system with smart shells".
  8. ^ "Splav details Tornado-G rockets - Jane's 360". www.janes.com.
  9. ^ "НПО "Сплав" начало серийное производство системы "Торнадо-Г"". РИА Новости. 24 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  10. ^ "Гендиректор НПО "Сплав": реактивный "Град" прослужит еще 10-15 лет". РИА Новости. 19 November 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  11. ^ "Russian army to get Tornado-S multiple rocket launchers in 2017". TASS.
  12. ^ ""Мотовилихинские заводы» отправили заказчику первую партию машин из состава комплекса РСЗО "Торнадо-С" - Мотовилиха". mz.perm.ru.
  13. ^ ""Мотовилихинские заводы" загрузят залпом". 24 September 2019.
  14. ^ "ЦАМТО / Новости / Минобороны России и Ростех подписали на «Армии-2020» соглашения на сумму более 300 млрд. рублей".
  15. ^ "ЦАМТО / Новости / НПО "СПЛАВ" поставит в войска изделия на сумму около 30 млрд. рублей".
  16. ^ "ЦАМТО / Главное / На форуме «Армия-2022» подписаны 7 и вручены 29 госконтрактов с 26 предприятиями ОПК". Armstrade.org. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  17. ^ "Minsk agreement" (PDF). peacemaker.un.org.
  18. ^ "Minsk agreement on Ukraine crisis: text in full". 12 February 2015 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  19. ^ @mhrinin (1 March 2022). "Reposting the message from General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine about today events in Kharkiv (full text):…" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  20. ^ "Ukraine conflict: Russian forces employ guided rockets". Janes Information Services. 11 March 2022. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022.
  21. ^ "Ukraine conflict: Russian forces employ guided rockets". Janes.com. 11 March 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  22. ^ "9M55K". Rosoboronexport (in Russian). Archived from the original on 26 November 2022.
  23. ^ "9M55K1" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 26 November 2022.
  24. ^ "9M55K4" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 26 November 2022.
  25. ^ "9M55K5" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 26 November 2022.
  26. ^ "9M55K6" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 26 November 2022.
  27. ^ "Корректируемый реактивный снаряд 9М542 - Ракетная техника". rbase.new-factoria.ru.
  28. ^ "РСЗО "Торнадо-С" пойдет в серию в 2017 году". Archived from the original on 25 September 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  29. ^ tvzvezda.ru, Редакция (17 April 2016). "Чудовищный "Торнадо" после "Смерча": российские РСЗО способны превратить 67 Га в пустыню". Телеканал «Звезда».
  30. ^ "9М542" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 22 September 2022.
  31. ^ "Russian Tornado-S MLRS fires new missile | Defense News September 2020 Global Security army industry | Defense Security global news industry army 2020 | Archive News year". www.armyrecognition.com.
  32. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Высокоточный реактивный снаряд для "Торнадо-С" показали на форуме "Армия-2020"". YouTube.
  33. ^ a b The Military Balance 2022. Routledge. 14 February 2022. p. 906. ISBN 978-1-000-62003-0.
  34. ^ "ЦАМТО / / «Мотовилиха» отправила в войска партию РСЗО «Торнадо-Г» и «Торнадо-С»". armstrade.org.

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