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== Career and significant contributions ==
== Career and significant contributions ==
After his Ph.D., Fernandez joined the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), where he worked with [[Ali Khademhosseini]] on the development of "Micro-masonry"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fernandez |first=Javier G. |last2=Khademhosseini |first2=Ali |date=2010-05-03 |title=Micro-Masonry: Construction of 3D Structures by Microscale Self-Assembly |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.200903893 |journal=Advanced Materials |language=en |volume=22 |issue=23 |pages=2538–2541 |doi=10.1002/adma.200903893 |pmc=2957829 |pmid=20440697}}</ref> (also known as "biolegos" or “biological [[Lego|legos]]”)<ref>{{Cite web |title='Human Lego' may one day build artificial organs |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20627615-200-human-lego-may-one-day-build-artificial-organs/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schott |first=Ben |date=2010-05-20 |title=Micromasonry & Biological Lego |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/schott.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/20/micromasonry-biological-lego/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref>, an early example of additive manufacturing of [[Artificial organ|artificial organs]] and that was considered a breakthrough in the field<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Elizabeth Armstrong |title=Breakthrough in tissue engineering: 'Bio-Legos' |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/computing/breakthrough-in-tissue-engineering-bio-legos/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=CNET |language=en}}</ref>. In 2010 Fernandez moved to [[Harvard University]] as researcher in the early stages of the [[Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering]], where he worked with its founding director, [[Donald E. Ingber]]. At the Wyss Institute, Fernandez developed the use of [[Bionics|bioinspired engineering]] to integrate [[Structural material|structural]] [[Biomolecule|biomolecules]] in high-performance and sustainable applications<ref>{{Cite web |title=Replacing Plastic: The Merits of Shrilk {{!}} Interview with Javier G. Fernández |url=https://forum-network.org/lectures/replacing-plastic-merits-shrilk/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=WGBH - Forum Network |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2014-05-05 |title=Promising solution to plastic pollution |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2014/05/promising-solution-to-plastic-pollution/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref>. This work included the development of Shrilk<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nidhi |first=Subbaraman |date=2012-11-20 |title=Insect-inspired Material That Could Solve Our Plastic Problem |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/2679028/insect-inspired-material-that-could-solve-our-plastic-problem |url-status=live |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Fast Company}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fernandez |first=Javier G. |last2=Ingber |first2=Donald E. |date=2012-01-24 |title=Unexpected Strength and Toughness in Chitosan-Fibroin Laminates Inspired by Insect Cuticle |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.201104051 |journal=Advanced Materials |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=480–484 |doi=10.1002/adma.201104051}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-12-20 |title=Your Next Suture Could Be Made of Shrilk, a Superstrong Synthetic Insectoid Material |url=https://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-12/mimicking-one-natures-hardiest-materials-harvard-researchers-create-synthetic-insect-cuticle/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref>, a biomimetic and fully biological material replicating the [[Arthropod cuticle|insects' exoskeleton]]'s mechanical properties by using its native organization and components (i.e., [[chitin]] and [[fibroin]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leopold |first=Todd |date=2014-06-16 |title=Shrimp-based invention new step in plastic {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/06/16/tech/shrimp-biodegradable-plastics-shrilk/index.html |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adee |first=Sally |title=Wonder stuff: Shrimp plus spider kills plastic |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22429900-700-wonder-stuff-shrimp-plus-spider-kills-plastic/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref>. He later demonstrated the extension Shrilk's bioinspired manufacturing approach to enable the general use of [[chitosan]] in product manufacturing<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fernandez |first=Javier G. |last2=Ingber |first2=Donald E. |date=August 2014 |title=Manufacturing of Large-Scale Functional Objects Using Biodegradable Chitosan Bioplastic |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mame.201300426 |journal=Macromolecular Materials and Engineering |language=en |volume=299 |issue=8 |pages=932–938 |doi=10.1002/mame.201300426}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-15 |title=Nature Has A Promising Replacement For Hormone-Scrambling Plastics: Shrimp Shells |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/plastic-shrimp-shells-bpa-_n_4966857 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref>, a material commonly referred to as "shrimp plastic"<ref>{{Cite web |title=I invented a shrimp-based bioplastic |url=https://www.shamengo.com/en/video/i-invented-a-shrimp-based-bioplastic/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Shamengo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Turning shrimp shells into plastic |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/turning-shrimp-shells-into-plastic/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=ZDNET |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Making Plastic Out of Shrimp Shells |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/making-plastic-out-shrimp-shells |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> due to the common sourcing of chitosan from discarded shrimp shells. Shrilk and the concept of bioinspired materials using unmodified biomolecules developed by Fernandez are regarded as having the potential to produce a global paradigm change towards sustainable manufacturing<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-15 |title=Five wonder materials that could change the world |url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/apr/15/five-wonder-materials-graphene-shrilk-spider-silk-stanene-could-change-world |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=9 Materials That Will Change the Future of Manufacturing [Slide Show] |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/slideshow/9-materials-that-will-change-manufacturing/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-08 |title=Biomimicry unleashes wave of materials innovation |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8d09584a-cec8-11e7-947e-f1ea5435bcc7 |access-date=2022-11-25}}</ref>.
After his Ph.D., Fernandez joined the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), where he worked with [[Ali Khademhosseini]] on the development of "Micro-masonry"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fernandez |first=Javier G. |last2=Khademhosseini |first2=Ali |date=2010-05-03 |title=Micro-Masonry: Construction of 3D Structures by Microscale Self-Assembly |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.200903893 |journal=Advanced Materials |language=en |volume=22 |issue=23 |pages=2538–2541 |doi=10.1002/adma.200903893 |pmc=2957829 |pmid=20440697}}</ref> (also known as "biolegos" or “biological [[Lego|legos]]”)<ref>{{Cite web |title='Human Lego' may one day build artificial organs |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20627615-200-human-lego-may-one-day-build-artificial-organs/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schott |first=Ben |date=2010-05-20 |title=Micromasonry & Biological Lego |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/schott.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/20/micromasonry-biological-lego/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref>, an early example of additive manufacturing of [[Artificial organ|artificial organs]] and that was considered a breakthrough in the field<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Elizabeth Armstrong |title=Breakthrough in tissue engineering: 'Bio-Legos' |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/computing/breakthrough-in-tissue-engineering-bio-legos/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=CNET |language=en}}</ref>. In 2010 Fernandez moved to [[Harvard University]] as researcher in the early stages of the [[Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering]], where he worked with its founding director, [[Donald E. Ingber]]. At the Wyss Institute, Fernandez developed the use of [[Bionics|bioinspired engineering]] to integrate [[Structural material|structural]] [[Biomolecule|biomolecules]] in high-performance and sustainable applications<ref>{{Cite web |title=Replacing Plastic: The Merits of Shrilk {{!}} Interview with Javier G. Fernández |url=https://forum-network.org/lectures/replacing-plastic-merits-shrilk/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=WGBH - Forum Network |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2014-05-05 |title=Promising solution to plastic pollution |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2014/05/promising-solution-to-plastic-pollution/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref>. This work included the development of Shrilk<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fernandez |first=Javier G. |last2=Ingber |first2=Donald E. |date=2012-01-24 |title=Unexpected Strength and Toughness in Chitosan-Fibroin Laminates Inspired by Insect Cuticle |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.201104051 |journal=Advanced Materials |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=480–484 |doi=10.1002/adma.201104051}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-12-20 |title=Your Next Suture Could Be Made of Shrilk, a Superstrong Synthetic Insectoid Material |url=https://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-12/mimicking-one-natures-hardiest-materials-harvard-researchers-create-synthetic-insect-cuticle/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref>, a biomimetic and fully biological material replicating the [[Arthropod cuticle|insects' exoskeleton]]'s mechanical properties by using its native organization and components (i.e., [[chitin]] and [[fibroin]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leopold |first=Todd |date=2014-06-16 |title=Shrimp-based invention new step in plastic {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/06/16/tech/shrimp-biodegradable-plastics-shrilk/index.html |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adee |first=Sally |title=Wonder stuff: Shrimp plus spider kills plastic |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22429900-700-wonder-stuff-shrimp-plus-spider-kills-plastic/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref>. He later demonstrated the extension Shrilk's bioinspired manufacturing approach to enable the general use of [[chitosan]] in product manufacturing<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fernandez |first=Javier G. |last2=Ingber |first2=Donald E. |date=August 2014 |title=Manufacturing of Large-Scale Functional Objects Using Biodegradable Chitosan Bioplastic |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mame.201300426 |journal=Macromolecular Materials and Engineering |language=en |volume=299 |issue=8 |pages=932–938 |doi=10.1002/mame.201300426}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-15 |title=Nature Has A Promising Replacement For Hormone-Scrambling Plastics: Shrimp Shells |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/plastic-shrimp-shells-bpa-_n_4966857 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref>, a material commonly referred to as "shrimp plastic"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turning shrimp shells into plastic |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/turning-shrimp-shells-into-plastic/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=ZDNET |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Making Plastic Out of Shrimp Shells |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/making-plastic-out-shrimp-shells |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> due to the common sourcing of chitosan from discarded shrimp shells. Shrilk and the concept of bioinspired materials using unmodified biomolecules developed by Fernandez are regarded as having the potential to produce a global paradigm change towards sustainable manufacturing<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-15 |title=Five wonder materials that could change the world |url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/apr/15/five-wonder-materials-graphene-shrilk-spider-silk-stanene-could-change-world |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nidhi |first=Subbaraman |date=2012-11-20 |title=Insect-inspired Material That Could Solve Our Plastic Problem |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/2679028/insect-inspired-material-that-could-solve-our-plastic-problem |url-status=live |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Fast Company}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-08 |title=Biomimicry unleashes wave of materials innovation |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8d09584a-cec8-11e7-947e-f1ea5435bcc7 |access-date=2022-11-25}}</ref>.


In 2015 he was hired again by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a professor and funder academic member of the [[Singapore University of Technology and Design]](SUTD)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-23 |title=The Spanish inventor of Shrilk, the plastic of the future, moves to Singapore |url=https://www.elmundo.es/economia/2015/06/23/55885aace2704e910b8b4580.html |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=ELMUNDO |language=es}}</ref>, MIT's most significant international collaboration in education<ref>{{Cite web |title=MIT signs formal agreement with Singapore University of Technology and Design |url=https://news.mit.edu/2010/sutd-mit |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |language=en}}</ref>. At SUTD Fernandez developed the Fungus-Like Adhesive Materials (FLAM)<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=FLAM! Researchers Test Cellulose as Sustainable 3D-Printing Material |url=https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/tb/stories/blog/29152 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Tech Briefs |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanandiya |first=Naresh D. |last2=Vijay |first2=Yadunund |last3=Dimopoulou |first3=Marina |last4=Dritsas |first4=Stylianos |last5=Fernandez |first5=Javier G. |date=2018-06-05 |title=Large-scale additive manufacturing with bioinspired cellulosic materials |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-26985-2 |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=8642 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-26985-2 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=5988822 |pmid=29872156}}</ref>, the first example of large-scale 3D printing using unmodified chitin and [[cellulose]], the two most abundant biological molecules on [[Earth]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Clare |date=2018-06-06 |title=Researchers 3D Print Large-Scale Objects with Newly Developed Type of Cellulose |url=https://3dprint.com/215947/large-scale-objects-cellulose/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=3DPrint.com {{!}} The Voice of 3D Printing / Additive Manufacturing |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FLAM points 3D printing in a new, sustainable direction |url=https://www.bioplasticsmagazine.com/en/news/meldungen/20200103FLAM-points-3D-printing-in-a-new-sustainable-direction.php |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Bioplastics (Magazine) |language=en}}</ref>. With a focus on low cost and manufacturability, FLAM enabled the industrial production of [[3D printing|3D-printed]] large biological objects<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cellulose used to fabricate large 3D objects |url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/content/news/cellulose-used-to-fabricate-large-3d-objects/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=The Engineer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientists sustainably 3D print large objects out of cellulose |url=https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2018/06/06/Scientists-sustainably-3D-print-large-objects-out-of-cellulose/9061528299881/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=United Press International |language=en}}</ref>, bringing the field of bioinspired manufacturing to an industrially relevant level<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Significance of Completely Biodegradable 3D-Printed Plastic |url=https://www.engineering.com/story/the-significance-of-completely-biodegradable-3d-printed-plastic |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Engineering.com}}</ref>. He also demonstrated the integration of FLAM and bioinspired manufacturing with ecological cycles and urban waste management<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanandiya |first=Naresh D. |last2=Ottenheim |first2=Christoph |last3=Phua |first3=Jun Wei |last4=Caligiani |first4=Augusta |last5=Dritsas |first5=Stylianos |last6=Fernandez |first6=Javier G. |date=2020-03-13 |title=Circular manufacturing of chitinous bio-composites via bioconversion of urban refuse |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-61664-1 |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=4632 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-61664-1 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=7070007 |pmid=32170094}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sertoglu |first=Kubi |date=2020-04-01 |title=Singaporean research details the 3D printing of chitinous bio-composites |url=https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/singaporean-research-details-the-3d-printing-of-chitinous-bio-composites-170484/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=3D Printing Industry |language=en-US}}</ref>. Fernandez’s approach to manufacturing based on unmodified biomolecules and their integration within ecological cycles, in addition to being a critical factor for sustainable development, has been demonstrated to be an essential aspect of long-term [[Colonization of Mars|extraplanetary colonization]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shiwei |first=Ng |last2=Dritsas |first2=Stylianos |last3=Fernandez |first3=Javier G. |date=2020-09-16 |title=Martian biolith: A bioinspired regolith composite for closed-loop extraterrestrial manufacturing |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0238606 |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=e0238606 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0238606 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=7494075 |pmid=32936806}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=Katie |date=2020-09-16 |title=This is how we should build on Mars, scientists say |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/16/world/mars-building-material-scn/index.html |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Technica |first=Jennifer Ouellette, Ars |title=Scientists May Have Found a Material for Building on Mars |language=en-US |work=Wired |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/09/chitin-could-be-used-to-build-tools-and-habitats-on-mars-study-finds/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>.
In 2015 he was hired again by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a professor and funder academic member of the [[Singapore University of Technology and Design]](SUTD)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-23 |title=The Spanish inventor of Shrilk, the plastic of the future, moves to Singapore |url=https://www.elmundo.es/economia/2015/06/23/55885aace2704e910b8b4580.html |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=ELMUNDO |language=es}}</ref>, MIT's most significant international collaboration in education<ref>{{Cite web |title=MIT signs formal agreement with Singapore University of Technology and Design |url=https://news.mit.edu/2010/sutd-mit |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |language=en}}</ref>. At SUTD Fernandez developed the Fungus-Like Adhesive Materials (FLAM)<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=FLAM! Researchers Test Cellulose as Sustainable 3D-Printing Material |url=https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/tb/stories/blog/29152 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Tech Briefs |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanandiya |first=Naresh D. |last2=Vijay |first2=Yadunund |last3=Dimopoulou |first3=Marina |last4=Dritsas |first4=Stylianos |last5=Fernandez |first5=Javier G. |date=2018-06-05 |title=Large-scale additive manufacturing with bioinspired cellulosic materials |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-26985-2 |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=8642 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-26985-2 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=5988822 |pmid=29872156}}</ref>, the first example of large-scale 3D printing using unmodified chitin and [[cellulose]], the two most abundant biological molecules on [[Earth]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Clare |date=2018-06-06 |title=Researchers 3D Print Large-Scale Objects with Newly Developed Type of Cellulose |url=https://3dprint.com/215947/large-scale-objects-cellulose/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=3DPrint.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FLAM points 3D printing in a new, sustainable direction |url=https://www.bioplasticsmagazine.com/en/news/meldungen/20200103FLAM-points-3D-printing-in-a-new-sustainable-direction.php |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Bioplastics (Magazine) |language=en}}</ref>. With a focus on low cost and manufacturability, FLAM enabled the industrial production of [[3D printing|3D-printed]] large biological objects<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cellulose used to fabricate large 3D objects |url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/content/news/cellulose-used-to-fabricate-large-3d-objects/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=The Engineer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientists sustainably 3D print large objects out of cellulose |url=https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2018/06/06/Scientists-sustainably-3D-print-large-objects-out-of-cellulose/9061528299881/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=United Press International |language=en}}</ref>, bringing the field of bioinspired manufacturing to an industrially relevant level<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Significance of Completely Biodegradable 3D-Printed Plastic |url=https://www.engineering.com/story/the-significance-of-completely-biodegradable-3d-printed-plastic |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Engineering.com}}</ref>. He also demonstrated the integration of FLAM and bioinspired manufacturing with ecological cycles and urban waste management<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanandiya |first=Naresh D. |last2=Ottenheim |first2=Christoph |last3=Phua |first3=Jun Wei |last4=Caligiani |first4=Augusta |last5=Dritsas |first5=Stylianos |last6=Fernandez |first6=Javier G. |date=2020-03-13 |title=Circular manufacturing of chitinous bio-composites via bioconversion of urban refuse |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-61664-1 |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=4632 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-61664-1 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=7070007 |pmid=32170094}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sertoglu |first=Kubi |date=2020-04-01 |title=Singaporean research details the 3D printing of chitinous bio-composites |url=https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/singaporean-research-details-the-3d-printing-of-chitinous-bio-composites-170484/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=3D Printing Industry |language=en-US}}</ref>. Fernandez’s approach to manufacturing based on unmodified biomolecules and their integration within ecological cycles, in addition to being a critical factor for sustainable development, has been demonstrated to be an essential aspect of long-term [[Colonization of Mars|extraplanetary colonization]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shiwei |first=Ng |last2=Dritsas |first2=Stylianos |last3=Fernandez |first3=Javier G. |date=2020-09-16 |title=Martian biolith: A bioinspired regolith composite for closed-loop extraterrestrial manufacturing |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0238606 |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=e0238606 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0238606 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=7494075 |pmid=32936806}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=Katie |date=2020-09-16 |title=This is how we should build on Mars, scientists say |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/16/world/mars-building-material-scn/index.html |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Technica |first=Jennifer Ouellette, Ars |title=Scientists May Have Found a Material for Building on Mars |language=en-US |work=Wired |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/09/chitin-could-be-used-to-build-tools-and-habitats-on-mars-study-finds/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>.


== Honors and awards ==
== Honors and awards ==

Revision as of 05:15, 27 November 2022

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Javier G. Fernandez (born 1981 in Cantabria) is a Spanish physicist and bioengineer, and professor at the Singapore University of Technology and Desing. He is known for his work in biomimetic materials and sustainable biomanufacturing, particularly for pioneering chitin's use for general and sustainable manufacturing.

Fernandez is a founder of the emerging fields of biologically inspired engineering and its application to sustainable manufacturing. In addition, he has made contributions to numerous other disciplines, including tissue engineering, mechanobiology, animal physiology, nanobiotechnology, robotics, artificial intelligence, and space exploration.

Fernandez is a scientific founder of Chitonous Pte. Ltd., a biomanufacturing company centered on environmental security.[1]

Education

Fernandez received his M.Sc. in Physics from the University of Cantabria and in Nanotechnology from Lund University. Fernandez completed his Ph.D. on biomedical applications of chitin in 2008, which was awarded the best Ph.D. thesis at the University of Barcelona that year[2]

Career and significant contributions

After his Ph.D., Fernandez joined the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he worked with Ali Khademhosseini on the development of "Micro-masonry"[3] (also known as "biolegos" or “biological legos”)[4][5], an early example of additive manufacturing of artificial organs and that was considered a breakthrough in the field[6]. In 2010 Fernandez moved to Harvard University as researcher in the early stages of the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, where he worked with its founding director, Donald E. Ingber. At the Wyss Institute, Fernandez developed the use of bioinspired engineering to integrate structural biomolecules in high-performance and sustainable applications[7][8]. This work included the development of Shrilk[9][10], a biomimetic and fully biological material replicating the insects' exoskeleton's mechanical properties by using its native organization and components (i.e., chitin and fibroin)[11][12]. He later demonstrated the extension Shrilk's bioinspired manufacturing approach to enable the general use of chitosan in product manufacturing[13][14], a material commonly referred to as "shrimp plastic"[15][16] due to the common sourcing of chitosan from discarded shrimp shells. Shrilk and the concept of bioinspired materials using unmodified biomolecules developed by Fernandez are regarded as having the potential to produce a global paradigm change towards sustainable manufacturing[17][18][19].

In 2015 he was hired again by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a professor and funder academic member of the Singapore University of Technology and Design(SUTD)[20], MIT's most significant international collaboration in education[21]. At SUTD Fernandez developed the Fungus-Like Adhesive Materials (FLAM)[22][23], the first example of large-scale 3D printing using unmodified chitin and cellulose, the two most abundant biological molecules on Earth[24][25]. With a focus on low cost and manufacturability, FLAM enabled the industrial production of 3D-printed large biological objects[26][27], bringing the field of bioinspired manufacturing to an industrially relevant level[28]. He also demonstrated the integration of FLAM and bioinspired manufacturing with ecological cycles and urban waste management[29][30]. Fernandez’s approach to manufacturing based on unmodified biomolecules and their integration within ecological cycles, in addition to being a critical factor for sustainable development, has been demonstrated to be an essential aspect of long-term extraplanetary colonization[31][32][33].

Honors and awards

References

  1. ^ Peels, Joris (2019-11-14). "Exclusive Interview: Chitonous Hopes to Use Ubiquitous Biological Polymers for Manufacturing". 3DPrint.com. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  2. ^ UB. "Javier Gómez wins the XIV Premi del Claustre de Doctors to the best Ph.D Thesis - Universitat de Barcelona". www.ub.edu (in Catalan). Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  3. ^ Fernandez, Javier G.; Khademhosseini, Ali (2010-05-03). "Micro-Masonry: Construction of 3D Structures by Microscale Self-Assembly". Advanced Materials. 22 (23): 2538–2541. doi:10.1002/adma.200903893. PMC 2957829. PMID 20440697.
  4. ^ "'Human Lego' may one day build artificial organs". New Scientist. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  5. ^ Schott, Ben (2010-05-20). "Micromasonry & Biological Lego". The New York Times. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  6. ^ Moore, Elizabeth Armstrong. "Breakthrough in tissue engineering: 'Bio-Legos'". CNET. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  7. ^ "Replacing Plastic: The Merits of Shrilk | Interview with Javier G. Fernández". WGBH - Forum Network. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  8. ^ "Promising solution to plastic pollution". Harvard Gazette. 2014-05-05. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  9. ^ Fernandez, Javier G.; Ingber, Donald E. (2012-01-24). "Unexpected Strength and Toughness in Chitosan-Fibroin Laminates Inspired by Insect Cuticle". Advanced Materials. 24 (4): 480–484. doi:10.1002/adma.201104051.
  10. ^ "Your Next Suture Could Be Made of Shrilk, a Superstrong Synthetic Insectoid Material". Popular Science. 2011-12-20. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  11. ^ Leopold, Todd (2014-06-16). "Shrimp-based invention new step in plastic | CNN Business". CNN. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  12. ^ Adee, Sally. "Wonder stuff: Shrimp plus spider kills plastic". New Scientist. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  13. ^ Fernandez, Javier G.; Ingber, Donald E. (August 2014). "Manufacturing of Large-Scale Functional Objects Using Biodegradable Chitosan Bioplastic". Macromolecular Materials and Engineering. 299 (8): 932–938. doi:10.1002/mame.201300426.
  14. ^ "Nature Has A Promising Replacement For Hormone-Scrambling Plastics: Shrimp Shells". HuffPost. 2014-03-15. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  15. ^ "Turning shrimp shells into plastic". ZDNET. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  16. ^ "Making Plastic Out of Shrimp Shells". www.science.org. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  17. ^ "Five wonder materials that could change the world". The Guardian. 2014-04-15. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  18. ^ Nidhi, Subbaraman (2012-11-20). "Insect-inspired Material That Could Solve Our Plastic Problem". Fast Company. Retrieved 2022-11-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  19. ^ "Biomimicry unleashes wave of materials innovation". Financial Times. 2018-01-08. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  20. ^ "The Spanish inventor of Shrilk, the plastic of the future, moves to Singapore". ELMUNDO (in Spanish). 2015-06-23. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  21. ^ "MIT signs formal agreement with Singapore University of Technology and Design". MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  22. ^ "FLAM! Researchers Test Cellulose as Sustainable 3D-Printing Material". Tech Briefs. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  23. ^ Sanandiya, Naresh D.; Vijay, Yadunund; Dimopoulou, Marina; Dritsas, Stylianos; Fernandez, Javier G. (2018-06-05). "Large-scale additive manufacturing with bioinspired cellulosic materials". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 8642. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26985-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5988822. PMID 29872156.
  24. ^ Scott, Clare (2018-06-06). "Researchers 3D Print Large-Scale Objects with Newly Developed Type of Cellulose". 3DPrint.com. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  25. ^ "FLAM points 3D printing in a new, sustainable direction". Bioplastics (Magazine). Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  26. ^ "Cellulose used to fabricate large 3D objects". The Engineer. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  27. ^ "Scientists sustainably 3D print large objects out of cellulose". United Press International. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  28. ^ "The Significance of Completely Biodegradable 3D-Printed Plastic". Engineering.com. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  29. ^ Sanandiya, Naresh D.; Ottenheim, Christoph; Phua, Jun Wei; Caligiani, Augusta; Dritsas, Stylianos; Fernandez, Javier G. (2020-03-13). "Circular manufacturing of chitinous bio-composites via bioconversion of urban refuse". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 4632. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61664-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7070007. PMID 32170094.
  30. ^ Sertoglu, Kubi (2020-04-01). "Singaporean research details the 3D printing of chitinous bio-composites". 3D Printing Industry. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  31. ^ Shiwei, Ng; Dritsas, Stylianos; Fernandez, Javier G. (2020-09-16). "Martian biolith: A bioinspired regolith composite for closed-loop extraterrestrial manufacturing". PLOS ONE. 15 (9): e0238606. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238606. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7494075. PMID 32936806.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  32. ^ Hunt, Katie (2020-09-16). "This is how we should build on Mars, scientists say". CNN. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  33. ^ Technica, Jennifer Ouellette, Ars. "Scientists May Have Found a Material for Building on Mars". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2022-11-25.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ "The winners of the Bayer Early Excellence in Science Award 2013 have been announced". Wiley Analytical Science. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  35. ^ "Outstanding Scientists Award Winners". Bayer Foundation. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  36. ^ "Innovators Under 35 | Javier Gomez Fernandez". MIT TR35 - Innovators Under 35. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  37. ^ Meet The Innovators Under 35 (2016) - Javier Gomez Fernandez, retrieved 2022-11-25
  38. ^ "Javier Fernandez: Shrilk". LAUNCH. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  39. ^ "Challenge: Closing the Loop". LAUNCH. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  40. ^ "FormNext Purmundus Innovation Award". www.purmundus-challenge.com. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  41. ^ "Shrilk and the revolution of the bioinspired materials -". Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  42. ^ Competition, A' Design Award &. "Natural Composite Pillar Research Prototype by Stylianos Dritsas and Javier Fernandez". competition.adesignaward.com. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  43. ^ "Natural Composite Pillar -". Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  44. ^ "Additive Manufacturing for Biological Composites [Natural Composite Pillar]". Good Design Award. Retrieved 2022-11-25.

The Fermart Lab at SUTD

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