Provinces of Eritrea: Difference between revisions
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== Semhar == |
== Semhar == |
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'''Semhar''' is the name of a former province of Eritrea, which has now become almost incorporated into the [[Northern Red Sea Region]] when the number and names of provinces were unilaterally changed in 1996.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Transitional justice: framing a model for Eritrea |url=http://scholar.ufs.ac.za/xmlui/handle/11660/1741 |publisher=University of the Free State |date=May 2008 |degree=Thesis |language=en |first=Daniel Rezene |last=Mekonnen}}</ref> The province was thinly settled with [[Massawa]] as the provincial capital.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27680597 |title=The Rising tide of cultural pluralism : the nation-state at bay? |date=1993 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |others=Crawford Young |isbn=0-299-13880-1 |location=Madison, Wis. |pages=183-184 |oclc=27680597}}</ref> The population is mainly [[Tigre people|Tigre]], Afar, Saho and Tigrinya. The Tigre and Tigrinya language are mainly spoken. The population is mainly pastoralist and agro-pastroalist. |
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It is a common name for Eritrean females and at times males as well.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} Semhar is also a city in Eritrea. |
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== Senhit == |
== Senhit == |
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== Serae == |
== Serae == |
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Revision as of 09:00, 27 November 2022
The Provinces of Eritrea existed between Eritrea's incorporation as a colony of Italy until the conversion of the provinces into administrative regions.
Overview
In Italian Eritrea, the Italian colonial administration had divided the colony into eight provinces (administrative regions) called Akele Guzay, Barka, Denkalia, Hamasien, Sahel, Semhar, Senhit and Serae. These administrative regions relied heavily upon the historical political boundaries in the region, including, but not exclusively, that of local nobility. These Provinces of Eritrea were also used by the Federated Eritrean Government from 1952-1962 and as districts (awrajja) in Eritrea when it was annexed by Ethiopia from 1962-1991.
After independence, the Provisional Government of Eritrea converted the original eight Provinces of Eritrea (from the Italian colonial period) to nine provinces by splitting the Barka province in two (the north known as Barka Province and the south as Gash-Setit Province), while at the same time separating Asmara from the rest of Hamasien. On April 15, 1996, the Government of Eritrea converted the then nine Provinces of Eritrea into six administrative regions.
Akele Guzay
Akeleguzay Akele Guzai Eritrea (ምድረ ቡር Madre Bur) was a province kingdom of Tigrinya civilization consisting of Akeleguzay and bordering to (ምድረ ባሕሪ Madre Bahri) ruled by King of Kings in Shewa Ethiopia. The people of Akeleguzay define themselves as midre bur and the part of themselves as due to their common heritage of ምድረ ቡር። people around these two ብሩራዉያን call them.bur Later Akeleguzay became a province in the interior of Eritrea until 1996 when the newly independent national government consolidated all provinces into six regions. The province's estimated population was 460,000 in 1990 and had an area of 8400 km2 km2, is mostly consisted of Tigrinya and Saho ethnic groups. Akele Guzai is home to more than three-fourths of the total Saho-speaking population in Eritrea. The Tigrinya people of Akele Guzai are mostly followers of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Roman Catholic while the Saho are predominantly majority from Sunni Muslim. The province of Akele Guzai is now mostly part of the Northern Red Sea Region and the Southern Region.
History
Akele Guzai is the of the most ancient regions of Eritrea. It has an inscriptional record going back to at least the 9th century BC, the earliest example of the Ge'ez script. The province was part of Dʿmt,[1] which would evolve into the Kingdom of Aksum.[2]
Akele Guzai's name has been connected to the Gaze of the Monumentum Adulitanum (which later medieval Greek notes in the margins associate with the Aksumite people[3]).[4] If the note regarding the Gaze is accurate, it would connect the name of Akele Guzai to the Agʿazyān or Agʿazi (Ge'ez speakers) of the Kingdom of Dʿmt in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia. This connection has been rejected by linguists in modern times, however, due to the lack of the middle voiced pharyngeal fricative in the triliteral roots, which is usually preserved in Tigrinya.[5]
Instead, the name may be connected with the Agazian clan conquered by the 4th-century king Ezana of Axum, and the Agʿaze (unvocalized 'GZ, referring either to a person or a group) of the Hawulti at Matara. Along with Agame in Ethiopia, it was a main center of Aksumite culture (second only to Western Tigray, where the capital was located), with a distinct sub-culture that separated the two regions from that of Western Tigray (Shire, Axum, Yeha), Central Eritrea (Serae, Hamasien, and Adulis), and frontier areas in northern Eritrea and Central Ethiopia.[6][7]
In the Middle Ages, parts of southern Akele Guzai were briefly part of the larger province of Bur, Ethiopia, which also included Agame, some northeastern Afar lowlands, and the Buri Peninsula; southern Akele Guzai and Agame were part of "Upper" (La'ilay) Bur, while the lowlands were further distinguished as "Lower" (Tahtay).[8]
Barka
Barka was a province of Eritrea until 1996, when it was divided between the present day Gash-Barka and Anseba regions. Its capital was Agordat. It had an area of 12,819 mi² (20630.180736000002 km2).[9]
Denkalia
Denkalia was a province of Eritrea until 1996, when it was divided between present day Northern Red Sea and Southern Red Sea regions of Eritrea. Its capital was Assab.
Hamasien
Hamasien (Ge’ez: ሐማሴን; Tigrinya: ሓማሴን) is a historical province including and surrounding the Eritrean capital named Asmara. Hamassien province had a population of 623,000 people in 1984 and an area of 4,400 km2.[10] In 1996 the province was divided and distributed amongst the modern Maekel, Debub, Northern Red Sea, Gash-Barka, and Anseba regions.
Hamasien's population predominantly follow Oriental Orthodox Christianity and are members of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahdo Church, with a considerable minority from the Sunni Muslim, Roman Catholic, and Lutheran communities. Hamasien was politically influential within the Eritrean highlands, in Eritrea and the whole region.
History
The former province Hamassien was the political and economic center of Eritrea; judging from excavations in the Sembel area outside Asmara, it has been so since at least the 9th century BC. The earliest surviving appearance of the name "Hamasien" is believed to have been the region ḤMS²M, i.e. ḤMŠ, mentioned in a Sabaic inscription of the Axumite king Ezana.[11][12] The region may have been mentioned as early as Puntite times by Ancient Egyptian records as 'MSW (i.e. "Amasu"), a region of Punt.[12]
During the early medieval centuries, it was ruled by the Raesis of the Hazega and Tseazega and the Bahri negasi making their center of administration in Debarwa. According to Francisco Álvares, writing in the early 16th century, the Raesi of the Tseazegas (Habtesulus) had been able to collect tax by extending their authority almost as far as Suakin in modern Sudan.
Hamsien appears on indigenous maps of the northern Horn of Africa in the 15th century.[13][14]
Despite the Emperor of Ethiopia's allegations and grants of control of the country of the Bahri negesitat the Zagwe and Solomonic dynasties, the 1984 "Proceedings of the Permanent Peoples' Tribunal of the International League for the Rights and Liberation of Peoples" declares that "There was no administration that connected Hamassien and Serae to the centre of the Ethiopian Kingdom[15] With the decline of the importance of the Midri Bahri in the 17th to 19th centuries, the province enjoyed a period of communal rule under councils of village elders, the so-called shimagile who enforced traditional laws which had prevailed uniquely in the region alongside feudal authority since ancient times.[16] The region appeared in European maps as 'The Republic of Hamasien'. Following the death of Emperor Yohannes at the Battle of Gallabat, Hamasien was occupied by the Italians, who incorporated it into their colony of Eritrea and making one of its villages, Asmara, the capital of the colony, a status it retains today as the capital of the sovereign country of Eritrea.[17]
Sahel
Sahel was a former province of Eritrea until 1996, when it was absorbed into the present day Northern Red Sea region. Its capital was Nakfa.
Semhar
Semhar is the name of a former province of Eritrea, which has now become almost incorporated into the Northern Red Sea Region when the number and names of provinces were unilaterally changed in 1996.[18] The province was thinly settled with Massawa as the provincial capital.[19] The population is mainly Tigre, Afar, Saho and Tigrinya. The Tigre and Tigrinya language are mainly spoken. The population is mainly pastoralist and agro-pastroalist.
It is a common name for Eritrean females and at times males as well.[citation needed] Semhar is also a city in Eritrea.
Senhit
Serae
See also
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- ^ Sabbe, O.Saleh, History of Eritrea, translated by Muhamad Fawaz al-Azem. Published 1970 by Dar al-Masirah in Beirut, Lebanon, p19
- ^ Fattovich, Rodolfo, "Akkälä Guzay" in Uhlig, Siegbert, ed. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz KG, 2003, p. 169.
- ^ Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: University Press, 1991. Page 187 in "online version" (PDF). (838 KiB)
- ^ L. P. Kirwan, "The Christian Topography and the Kingdom of Axum" in The Geographical Journal. The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), 1972. p.173.
- ^ Alfred Felix Landon Beeston, "Review: Excavations at Aksum: An Account of Research at the Ancient Ethiopian Capital Directed in 1972-74", in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. School of Oriental and African Studies, 1992.
- ^ Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: University Press, 1991. "Online version" (PDF). (838 KiB), pp.36-37.
- ^ Rodolfo Fattovich, "Some Data for the study of Cultural History in Ancient Northern Ethiopia" in Nyame Akuma. Newsletter of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists in America, May 1977, pp. 6-18.
- ^ "Bur" in Uhlig, Siegbert, ed. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz KG, 2003.
- ^ "how big is barka, eritrea - Google Search". www.google.com. Retrieved 2018-04-03.
- ^ Adugna, Aynalem(1984) The spatial pattern in the Ethiopian population, p.200, Durham theses, Durham University
- ^ Richard Pankhurst, The Ethiopian Borderlands (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1997), p. 21.
- ^ a b Wolbert Smidt: "Ḥamasen," in Siegbert Uhlig, ed., Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005).
- ^ Nyssen, J., Tesfaalem Ghebreyohannes, Hailemariam Meaza, Dondeyne, S., 2020. Exploration of a medieval African map (Aksum, Ethiopia) – How do historical maps fit with topography? In: De Ryck, M., Nyssen, J., Van Acker, K., Van Roy, W., Liber Amicorum: Philippe De Maeyer In Kaart. Wachtebeke (Belgium): University Press: 165-178.
- ^ Smidt W (2003) Cartography, in: Uhlig S (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, vol. 1: 688-691
- ^ "Proceedings of the Permanent Peoples' Tribunal of the International League for the Rights and Liberation of Peoples". Session on Eritrea. Rome, Italy: Research and Information Centre on Eritrea. 1984.
- ^ With further detailed references see Wolbert Smidt: "Law: Traditional Law Books", in: ebd., 516-18. See also the article on the law of Ḥamasen: Wolbert Smidt: "Ḥəggi Habsəllus Gäräkəstos", in: Siegbert Uhlig (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag 2007, vol. 3 (He-N), p. 10f.
- ^ Haggai Erlich, Ras Alula and the Scramble for Africa (Lawrenceville: Red Sea,1996), chapters 11-13
- ^ Mekonnen, Daniel Rezene (May 2008). Transitional justice: framing a model for Eritrea (Thesis thesis). University of the Free State.
- ^ The Rising tide of cultural pluralism : the nation-state at bay?. Crawford Young. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press. 1993. pp. 183–184. ISBN 0-299-13880-1. OCLC 27680597.
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