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**[[UEFA European Championship video games|''Euros 96'']] and ''[[Sega Rally Championship]]'' were major system-sellers for the Sega Saturn in the United Kingdom, with the latter becoming the fastest selling CD game at the time.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Tonight We're Going to Party like it's 1996!|magazine=[[Sega Saturn Magazine]]|issue=16 |publisher=[[Emap International Limited]]|date=February 1997|page=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Sega go to the Top of the Charts!|magazine=[[Sega Saturn Magazine]]|issue=5 |publisher=[[Emap International Limited]]|date=March 1996|page=6}}</ref>
**[[UEFA European Championship video games|''Euros 96'']] and ''[[Sega Rally Championship]]'' were major system-sellers for the Sega Saturn in the United Kingdom, with the latter becoming the fastest selling CD game at the time.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Tonight We're Going to Party like it's 1996!|magazine=[[Sega Saturn Magazine]]|issue=16 |publisher=[[Emap International Limited]]|date=February 1997|page=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Sega go to the Top of the Charts!|magazine=[[Sega Saturn Magazine]]|issue=5 |publisher=[[Emap International Limited]]|date=March 1996|page=6}}</ref>
**''[[Die Hard Arcade]]'' and ''[[Fighters Megamix]]'' boosted the Sega Saturn's sales in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sega.com/buzz/press_releases/june97/pricedrop.html |title=Sega Online: Buzz (Press Releases) |website=www.sega.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970630063324/http://www.sega.com/buzz/press_releases/june97/pricedrop.html |archive-date=30 June 1997 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
**''[[Die Hard Arcade]]'' and ''[[Fighters Megamix]]'' boosted the Sega Saturn's sales in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sega.com/buzz/press_releases/june97/pricedrop.html |title=Sega Online: Buzz (Press Releases) |website=www.sega.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970630063324/http://www.sega.com/buzz/press_releases/june97/pricedrop.html |archive-date=30 June 1997 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In the early lifespan of the original [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]], games like ''[[Ridge Racer (1993 video game)|Ridge Racer]]'',<ref>{{cite magazine|first1=Stuart|last1=Levy|first2=Ed|last2=Semrad |title=Rage Racer |magazine=[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]]|issue=90|publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]|date=January 1997|page=112}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://uk.psx.ign.com/articles/080/080401p1.html | title=Top 25 Games of All Time: Complete List | website=IGN | date=23 January 2002 | access-date=6 January 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504134205/http://uk.psx.ign.com/articles/080/080401p1.html | archive-date=4 May 2010 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ''[[Tekken]]'',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stevens |first1=Chris |title=Designing for the iPad: Building Applications that Sell |date=4 January 2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-97693-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUUfc9Z06D4C&pg=PA100 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Wipeout (video game)|Wipeout]]'',<ref name="SatMag5">{{cite news|last=Hickman |first=Sam |title=The Thrill of the Chase!|work=[[Sega Saturn Magazine]]|issue=5|publisher=[[Emap International Limited]]|date=March 1996|pages=36|quote=And if there was one game that sold Playstation on launch, it was WipEout}}</ref><ref name="eurogamer1">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/digitalfoundry-2014-20-years-of-playstation-the-making-of-wipeout|title=20 years of PlayStation: the making of WipEout|last=Leadbetter|first=Richard|date=4 December 2014|work=[[Eurogamer]]|publisher=Gamer Network|access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> ''[[Resident Evil (1996 video game)|Resident Evil]]'',<ref name="NG Alphas: NFL GameDay '97">{{cite magazine |title=NG Alphas: NFL GameDay '97|magazine=[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]]|issue=23 |publisher=[[Imagine Media]] |date=November 1996|page=92}}</ref> ''[[Tomb Raider (1996 video game)|Tomb Raider]]''<ref name="GS-History">{{cite web| url = http://www.gamespot.com/features/tombraider_hist/index.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090306100124/http://www.gamespot.com/features/tombraider_hist/index.html| archive-date = 6 March 2009| title = GameSpot's History of Tomb Raider| website= [[GameSpot]]|author1=Blache, Fabian |author2=Fielder, Lauren | date = 31 October 2000| access-date = 1 June 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> and ''[[NFL GameDay (video game series)|NFL GameDay]]''<ref name="NG Alphas: NFL GameDay '97"/> were considered its killer apps.{{efn|name="PS1KillerApps"|While ''Tomb Raider'' released for the Sega Saturn first and for [[MS-DOS]] at the same time, and ''Resident Evil'' was later ported for the Saturn and [[Microsoft Windows]], both games contributed substantially to the original PlayStation's early success. (see ''Blache Fabian & Lauren Fielder'' and ''NG Alphas'')}}
*''[[Ridge Racer (1993 video game)|Ridge Racer]]'',<ref>{{cite magazine|first1=Stuart|last1=Levy|first2=Ed|last2=Semrad |title=Rage Racer |magazine=[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]]|issue=90|publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]|date=January 1997|page=112}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://uk.psx.ign.com/articles/080/080401p1.html | title=Top 25 Games of All Time: Complete List | website=IGN | date=23 January 2002 | access-date=6 January 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504134205/http://uk.psx.ign.com/articles/080/080401p1.html | archive-date=4 May 2010 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ''[[Tekken]]'',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stevens |first1=Chris |title=Designing for the iPad: Building Applications that Sell |date=4 January 2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-97693-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUUfc9Z06D4C&pg=PA100 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Wipeout (video game)|Wipeout]]'',<ref name="SatMag5">{{cite news|last=Hickman |first=Sam |title=The Thrill of the Chase!|work=[[Sega Saturn Magazine]]|issue=5|publisher=[[Emap International Limited]]|date=March 1996|pages=36|quote=And if there was one game that sold Playstation on launch, it was WipEout}}</ref><ref name="eurogamer1">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/digitalfoundry-2014-20-years-of-playstation-the-making-of-wipeout|title=20 years of PlayStation: the making of WipEout|last=Leadbetter|first=Richard|date=4 December 2014|work=[[Eurogamer]]|publisher=Gamer Network|access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> and ''[[Tomb Raider (1996 video game)|Tomb Raider]]''<ref name="GS-History">{{cite web| url = http://www.gamespot.com/features/tombraider_hist/index.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090306100124/http://www.gamespot.com/features/tombraider_hist/index.html| archive-date = 6 March 2009| title = GameSpot's History of Tomb Raider| website= [[GameSpot]]|author1=Blache, Fabian |author2=Fielder, Lauren | date = 31 October 2000| access-date = 1 June 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> were the killer apps for the [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]].{{efn|name="PS1KillerApps"|While ''Tomb Raider'' released for the Sega Saturn first and for [[MS-DOS]] at the same time, but the games contributed substantially to the original PlayStation's early success. (see ''Blache Fabian & Lauren Fielder'' and ''NG Alphas'')}}
**''[[Final Fantasy VII]]'' was a killer app for the original Sony PlayStation in 1997. ''Computing Japan'' magazine said that it was largely responsible for the PlayStation's global [[installed base]] increasing from {{nowrap|10 million}} units sold by November 1996 to {{nowrap|16 million}} units sold by May 1997, a 60% increase.<ref name="Computing-Japan"/>
**''[[Final Fantasy VII]]'' was another killer app for the [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]]. ''Computing Japan'' magazine said that it was largely responsible for the PlayStation's global [[installed base]] increasing from {{nowrap|10 million}} units sold by November 1996 to {{nowrap|16 million}} units sold by May 1997, a 60% increase.<ref name="Computing-Japan"/>
*''[[Super Mario 64]]'' and ''[[GoldenEye 007 (1997 video game)|GoldenEye 007]]'' were the killer apps for the [[Nintendo 64]].<ref name="hutchinson20130113">{{Cite web |last=Hutchinson |first=Lee |date=2013-01-13 |title=How I launched 3 consoles (and found true love) at Babbage's store no. 9 |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/01/how-i-launched-3-consoles-and-found-true-love-at-babbages-store-no-9/ |access-date=2020-06-20 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=The 52 Most Important Video Games of All Time (page 5 of 8) |url=http://www.gamepro.com/article/features/110069/the-52-most-important-video-games-of-all-time-page-5-of-8/ |magazine=[[GamePro]] |date=April 24, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404032903/http://www.gamepro.com/article/features/110069/the-52-most-important-video-games-of-all-time-page-5-of-8/ |access-date=17 May 2021 |archive-date=4 April 2010}}</ref>
*''[[Super Mario 64]]'' and ''[[GoldenEye 007 (1997 video game)|GoldenEye 007]]'' were the killer apps for the [[Nintendo 64]].<ref name="hutchinson20130113">{{Cite web |last=Hutchinson |first=Lee |date=2013-01-13 |title=How I launched 3 consoles (and found true love) at Babbage's store no. 9 |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/01/how-i-launched-3-consoles-and-found-true-love-at-babbages-store-no-9/ |access-date=2020-06-20 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=The 52 Most Important Video Games of All Time (page 5 of 8) |url=http://www.gamepro.com/article/features/110069/the-52-most-important-video-games-of-all-time-page-5-of-8/ |magazine=[[GamePro]] |date=April 24, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404032903/http://www.gamepro.com/article/features/110069/the-52-most-important-video-games-of-all-time-page-5-of-8/ |access-date=17 May 2021 |archive-date=4 April 2010}}</ref>
*''[[Virtua Fighter 3]]'', ''[[Sonic Adventure]]'', and ''[[The House of the Dead 2]]'' were the killer apps for the [[Dreamcast]].<ref>https://www.ign.com/articles/1999/03/02/a-brief-history-of-dreamcast</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/games/2018/nov/28/sega-dreamcast-at-20-futuristic-console|title = Sega Dreamcast at 20: The futuristic games console that came too soon|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = 28 November 2018}}</ref><ref>https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/05/15/sega-needs-back-on-iphone</ref>
*''[[Virtua Fighter 3]]'', ''[[Sonic Adventure]]'', and ''[[The House of the Dead 2]]'' were the killer apps for the [[Dreamcast]].<ref>https://www.ign.com/articles/1999/03/02/a-brief-history-of-dreamcast</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/games/2018/nov/28/sega-dreamcast-at-20-futuristic-console|title = Sega Dreamcast at 20: The futuristic games console that came too soon|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = 28 November 2018}}</ref><ref>https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/05/15/sega-needs-back-on-iphone</ref>

Revision as of 23:04, 1 December 2022

In marketing terminology, a killer application (commonly shortened to killer app) is any computer program or software that is so necessary or desirable that it proves the core value of some larger technology, such as computer hardware, a video game console, software, a programming language, a software platform, or an operating system.[1] In other words, consumers would buy the (usually expensive) hardware just to run that application. A killer app can substantially increase sales of the platform on which it runs.[2][3]

Examples

One mark of a good computer is the appearance of a piece of software specifically written for that machine that does something that, for a while at least, can only be done on that machine.

— Steven Levy, 1985[4]
VisiCalc, the earliest generally agreed-upon example of a killer application

One of the first recognized examples of a killer application is generally agreed to be the VisiCalc spreadsheet for the Apple II series.[4][5] Because it was not available on other computers for 12 months, people spent $100 for the software first, then $2,000 to $10,000 on the Apple computer they needed to run it.[6] BYTE wrote in 1980, "VisiCalc is the first program available on a microcomputer that has been responsible for sales of entire systems",[7] while Creative Computing's VisiCalc review was subtitled "reason enough for owning a computer".[8] Others also chose to develop software, such as EasyWriter, for the Apple II first because of its increasing sales.

Lotus 1-2-3 similarly benefited sales of the IBM PC.[4] Noting that computer purchasers did not want PC compatibility as much as compatibility with certain PC software, InfoWorld suggested "let's tell it like it is. Let's not say 'PC compatible,' or even 'MS-DOS compatible.' Instead, let's say '1-2-3 compatible.'"[6][9] Another killer app is WordStar, the most popular word processor during much of the 1980s.[10]

The UNIX Operating System served as a killer application for the DEC PDP-11 and VAX-11 minicomputers during roughly 1975–1985. Many of the PDP-11 and VAX-11 processors never ran DEC's operating systems (RSTS or VAX/VMS), but instead, they ran UNIX, which was first licensed in 1975. To get a virtual-memory UNIX (BSD 3.0), a VAX-11 computer must be purchased. Many universities wanted a general-purpose timesharing system that would meet the needs of students and researchers (early versions of UNIX included free compilers for C, Fortran, and Pascal; at the time, offering even one free compiler was unprecedented). From its inception UNIX could drive high-quality typesetting equipment and later PostScript printers using the nroff/troff typesetting language, and this was also unprecedented for its time. UNIX was the first operating system offered in source-license form (a university license cost only $10,000, less than a PDP-11), allowing it to run on an unlimited number of machines, and allowing the machines to interface to any type of hardware because the UNIX I/O system was extensible.

Usage

The first recorded use of the term in print was 1988, in PC Week 24 May. 39/1. "Everybody has only one killer application. The secretary has a word processor. The manager has a spreadsheet."[11]

The definition of "killer app" came up during Bill Gates' questioning in the United States v. Microsoft Corp. antitrust case. Bill Gates had written an email in which he described Internet Explorer as a killer app. In the questioning, he said that the term meant "a popular application", and did not connote an application that would fuel sales of a larger product or one that would supplant its competition, as the Microsoft Computer Dictionary defined it.

Introducing the iPhone in 2007, Steve Jobs said that "the killer app is making calls."[12] Reviewing the iPhone's first decade, David Pierce for Wired wrote that although Jobs did indeed prioritize a good experience making calls in the phone's development, other features of the phone soon turned out to be more important, such as its data connectivity and ability to install third-party software (which was added later).[13]

The World Wide Web, through the web browsers Mosaic and Netscape Navigator were killer apps that popularized the Internet,[14] as was the music-sharing program Napster.[15]

Killer apps for computers and operating systems

Killer app games for video game hardware

The term has also been applied to computer and video games that persuade consumers to buy a particular video game console or other video game hardware product over a competing one, by virtue of being exclusive to that platform. Such a game is also known in video game parlance as a "system seller". Examples of video game killer applications include:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ While Tomb Raider released for the Sega Saturn first and for MS-DOS at the same time, but the games contributed substantially to the original PlayStation's early success. (see Blache Fabian & Lauren Fielder and NG Alphas)

References

  1. ^ "Killer app". Merrian-Webmaster. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  2. ^ Scannell, Ed (February 20, 1989). "OS/2: Waiting for the Killer Applications". InfoWorld. Vol. 11, no. 8. Menlo Park, CA: InfoWorld Publications. pp. 41–45. ISSN 0199-6649. Early use of the term "Killer Application".
  3. ^ Kask, Alex (September 18, 1989). "Revolutionary Products Are Not in the Industry's Near Future". InfoWorld. Vol. 11, no. 38. Menlo Park, CA: InfoWorld Publications. p. 68. ISSN 0199-6649. Early use of the term "Killer App".
  4. ^ a b c Levy, Steven (January 1985). "The Life and Times of PC junior". Popular Computing. p. 92. Retrieved 2020-03-12.
  5. ^ D.J. Power, A Brief History of Spreadsheets, DSSResources.COM, v3.6, 30 August 2004
  6. ^ a b McMullen, Barbara E. and John F. (1984-02-21). "Apple Charts The Course For IBM". PC Magazine. p. 122. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  7. ^ Ramsdell, Robert E (November 1980). "The Power of VisiCalc". BYTE. pp. 190–192. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
  8. ^ Green, Doug (August 1980). "VisiCalc: Reason Enough For Owning A Computer". Creative Computing. p. 26. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
  9. ^ Clapp, Doug (1984-02-27). "PC compatibility". InfoWorld. p. 22. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  10. ^ Bergin, Thomas J. (Oct–Dec 2006). "The Origins of Word Processing Software for Personal Computers: 1976-1985". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 28 (4): 32–47. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2006.76. S2CID 18895790.
  11. ^ Earliest usage cited in Oxford English Dictionary
  12. ^ Newton, Cal (25 January 2019). "Steve Jobs Never Wanted Us to Use Our iPhones Like This". New York Times. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  13. ^ Pierce, David. "Even Steve Jobs Didn't Predict the iPhone Decade". Wired. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  14. ^ John Markoff (1993-12-08). "BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY; A Free and Simple Computer Link". New York Times.
  15. ^ Brad King (2002-05-15). "The Day the Napster Died". Wired.
  16. ^ a b Vaughan-Nichols, Steven (May 14, 2013). "Goodbye, Lotus 1-2-3". Retrieved 2022-01-24.
  17. ^ Robinson, Phillip (March 2, 1992). "Next's Giant Step". Retrieved 2022-01-24.
  18. ^ Bourgeois, Derek (2001-11-01). "Score yourself an orchestra". The Guardian. Retrieved 2011-05-10. Many composers bought an Archimedes simply to have access to the program.
  19. ^ "The Definitive Space Invaders". Retro Gamer. No. 41. Imagine Publishing. September 2007. pp. 24–33. Retrieved 2011-04-20.
  20. ^ Williams, Gregg (May 1981). "Star Raiders". BYTE. p. 106. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
  21. ^ Greenlaw, Stanley (November–December 1981). "Eastern Front". Computer Gaming World (review). pp. 29–30. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
  22. ^ "150 Best Games of All Time". Computer Gaming World. November 1996. pp. 64–80. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
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  24. ^ Kurokawa, Fumio (17 March 2018). "ビデオゲームの語り部たち 第4部：石村繁一氏が語るナムコの歴史と創業者・中村雅哉氏の魅力". 4Gamer.net. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
  25. ^ Adams, Roe R. III (November 1990). "Westward Ho! (Toward Japan, That Is)". Computer Gaming World. p. 83. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  26. ^ a b "The lack of a killer app". Computing Japan. Vol. 36–41. LINC Japan. 1997. p. 44. Noguchi points out that every time sales of a particular game console have taken off, it has been because it had a new "killer software." Nintendo had Super Mario Brothers, Dragonquest, and Final Fantasy. And Sony PlayStation now has Final Fantasy VII, which has been selling like hotcakes since it was released at the end of January. Total shipments of PlayStation, which numbered 10 million worldwide as of November 1996, had jumped to 12 million by February 14 and 16 million by the end of May.
  27. ^ Hruby, Patrick (2010-08-05). "The Franchise". ESPN. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  28. ^ Fahs, Travis (2008-08-06). "IGN Presents the History of Madden". IGN. Retrieved 2009-03-30.
  29. ^ Gates, James (4 May 2018). "The Creation of Sonic The Hedgehog". Culture Trip. Retrieved 2020-05-21.
  30. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Icons - Mortal Kombat - Part 2". YouTube.
  31. ^ "Sonic, Street Fighter and the 'golden age' of gaming magazines". BBC News. 4 September 2019.
  32. ^ Patterson, Eric L. (November 3, 2011). "EGM Feature: The 5 Most Influential Japanese Games Day Four: Street Fighter II". Electronic Gaming Monthly. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
  33. ^ "PC Retroview: Myst". IGN. August 1, 2000. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2008.
  34. ^ Hickman, Sam (15 December 1995). "Virtua Sell Out!". Sega Saturn Magazine. No. 3 (January 1996). Emap International Limited. p. 7.
  35. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/19961220011108/http://www.sega.com/news/releases/prices.html
  36. ^ IGN
  37. ^ "Tonight We're Going to Party like it's 1996!". Sega Saturn Magazine. No. 16. Emap International Limited. February 1997. p. 10.
  38. ^ "Sega go to the Top of the Charts!". Sega Saturn Magazine. No. 5. Emap International Limited. March 1996. p. 6.
  39. ^ "Sega Online: Buzz (Press Releases)". www.sega.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 1997. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  40. ^ Levy, Stuart; Semrad, Ed (January 1997). "Rage Racer". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 90. Ziff Davis. p. 112.
  41. ^ "Top 25 Games of All Time: Complete List". IGN. 23 January 2002. Archived from the original on 4 May 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
  42. ^ Stevens, Chris (4 January 2011). Designing for the iPad: Building Applications that Sell. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-97693-7.
  43. ^ Hickman, Sam (March 1996). "The Thrill of the Chase!". Sega Saturn Magazine. No. 5. Emap International Limited. p. 36. And if there was one game that sold Playstation on launch, it was WipEout
  44. ^ Leadbetter, Richard (4 December 2014). "20 years of PlayStation: the making of WipEout". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  45. ^ Blache, Fabian; Fielder, Lauren (31 October 2000). "GameSpot's History of Tomb Raider". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 6 March 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  46. ^ Hutchinson, Lee (2013-01-13). "How I launched 3 consoles (and found true love) at Babbage's store no. 9". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2020-06-20.
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  48. ^ https://www.ign.com/articles/1999/03/02/a-brief-history-of-dreamcast
  49. ^ "Sega Dreamcast at 20: The futuristic games console that came too soon". TheGuardian.com. 28 November 2018.
  50. ^ https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/05/15/sega-needs-back-on-iphone
  51. ^ Nicholson, Zy (September 2001). "Final Reality". Official UK PlayStation 2 Magazine (11): 49, 50.
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  53. ^ https://www.ign.com/articles/2010/05/21/the-best-star-wars-games-ever-made
  54. ^ http://cube.ign.com/articles/100/100981p1.html
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  65. ^ McKeand, Kirk (23 March 2020). "Half-Life: Alyx review - VR's killer app is a key component in the Half-Life story". VG247. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  66. ^ Carbotte, Kevin (23 March 2020). "Half-Life: Alyx Gameplay Review: (Almost) Every VR Headset Tested". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  67. ^ Robinson, Andrew (23 March 2020). "Review: Half-Life Alyx is VR's stunning killer app". VGC. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  68. ^ Oloman, Jordan (23 March 2020). "Half-Life: Alyx is a watershed moment for virtual reality | TechRadar". www.techradar.com.
  69. ^ "CES 2020: Teslasuit Will Unveil New Haptic VR Gloves". Tech Times. 27 December 2019.
  70. ^ Parlock, Joe (9 December 2019). "The Valve Index VR Headset Sells Out Before Christmas Thanks To 'Half-Life: Alyx'", Forbes. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
  71. ^ "Microsoft Flight Simulator review: The killer app". August 17, 2020.
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