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After his death, Samson's family recovers his body from the rubble and buries him near the tomb of his father Manoah.
After his death, Samson's family recovers his body from the rubble and buries him near the tomb of his father Manoah.


===Deuteronomist's prologue===
According to the [[documentary hypothesis]], the first verse of the Samson story is an addition by the composer of the [[Deuteronomist|D source]] in the 7th century BCE. The original Samson story didn’t include this verse.

:Again the Israelites did evil in the eyes of the LORD, so the LORD delivered them into the hands of the Philistines for forty years. Judges 13:1

The original story portrays Samson’s mission as beginning the liberation of the Israelites (Judges 13:5). [[The LORD]] uses Samson to strike at the Philistines. But the prologue says that the Philistines were doing the will of the LORD. This verse reflects the characteristic Israelite concept that the nation’s victories and defeats were both by the will of the LORD.




Revision as of 08:33, 4 March 2007

Samson and Delilah, by Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641)
This article is about Biblical figure. For other uses, see Samson (disambiguation).

Samson, Shimshon (Hebrew: שִׁמְשׁוֹן, Standard Šimšon Tiberian Šimšôn; meaning "of the sun" – perhaps proclaiming he was radiant and mighty, or "[One who] Serves [God]") or Shama'un (Arabic) is the third to last of the Judges of the ancient Children of Israel mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, the Tanach. He is described in the Book of Judges chapters 13 to 16. Interestingly, while there are many common prophets in Jewish, Christian and Islamic discourse, stories about Samson are absent in narratives from the Quran, although some Muslims consider Samson a Prophet. Samson is something of a Herculean figure, utilizing massive strength to combat his enemies and perform heroic feats unachievable by ordinary men: wrestling a lion, slaying an entire army with nothing more than a donkey's jawbone, and tearing down an entire building.

Biblical story

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Samson lived when God was punishing the Israelites by giving them "into the hand of the Philistines." An angel from God appears to Manoah, an Israelite from the tribe of Dan, in the city of Zorah, and to his wife, who is sterile. This angel predicts that they will have a son who will begin to deliver the Israelites from the Philistines. In accordance with Nazaritic requirements, she is to abstain from all alcoholic beverages and all unclean meat, and her promised child is not to shave or cut his hair. In due time the son, Samson, is born; he is reared according to these provisions.

When he becomes a young man Samson leaves the hills of his people to see the cities of the Philistines. While there, Samson becomes so infatuated with a Philistine woman from Timnah that, overcoming the objections of his parents, he decides to marry her. The intended marriage is actually part of God's plan to strike at the Philistines. On the way to ask for the woman's hand in marriage, Samson is attacked by a lion and kills it. He continues on to the Philistine's house, winning her hand in marriage. On his way to the wedding, Samson notices that bees have nested in the carcass of the lion and have made honey. He eats a handful of the honey and gives some to his parents. At the wedding-feast, Samson proposes that he tell a riddle to his thirty groomsmen (all Philistines); if they can solve it, he will give them thirty sets of clothes and undergarments. The riddle ("Out of the eater, something to eat; out of the strong, something sweet.") is a veiled account of his second encounter with the lion (at which only he was present). The Philistines are infuriated by the riddle.

The thirty groomsmen tell Samson's new wife that they will burn her and her father's household if she does not discover the answer to the riddle. At the urgent and tearful imploring of his bride, Samson tells her the solution, and she tells it to the thirty groomsmen. When they solve his riddle, Samson flies into a rage, saying that they would not have been able to solve the riddle if they hadn't "plowed with [his] heifer." Filled with the spirit of Yahweh, he kills thirty Philistines of Ashkelon for their garments, which he gives his thirty groomsmen. Still in a rage, he returns to his father's house, and his bride is given to the best man as his wife.

When Samson returns to Timnah, he finds his father-in-law has given his wife to one of Samson's companions. Her father refuses to allow him to see her, and wishes to give Samson the younger sister. Samson attaches torches to the tails of three hundred foxes, leaving the panicked beasts to run through the fields and vineyards of the Philistines, burning all in their wake. The Philistines find out why Samson burned their crops, and they burn Samson's wife and father-in-law to death. In revenge, Samson slaughters many more Philistines, smiting them "hip and thigh."

Samson then takes refuge in a cave in the rock of Etam. An army of Philistines went up and demanded from 3,000 men of Judah to deliver them Samson. With Samson's consent, they tie him with two new ropes and are about to hand him over to the Philistines when he breaks free. Using the jawbone of a donkey, he slays one thousand Philistines. At the conclusion of Judges 15 it is said that "Samson led Israel for twenty years in the days of the Philistines."

Samson and Delilah, by Francesco Morone

Later, Samson goes to Gaza where he stays with a prostitute. His enemies wait at the gate of the city to ambush him, but he rips the gate up and carries it to "the hill that is in front of Hebron."

He then falls in love with Delilah at the Brook of Sorek. The Philistines approach Delilah and induce her to try to find the secret of Samson's strength. Samson tells her that he can be bound with fresh bowstrings. She does so while he sleeps, but when he wakes up he snaps the strings. She persists, and he tells her he can be bound with new ropes. She binds him with new ropes while he sleeps, and he snaps them, too. She asks again, and he says he can be bound if his locks are woven together. She weaves them together, but he undoes them when he wakes. Eventually Samson tells Delilah that he will lose his strength at the loss of his hair. Delilah calls for a servant to shave Samson's seven locks. Since that breaks the Nazarite oath, Yahweh leaves him, and Samson is captured by the Philistines. They gouge out his eyes. After being blinded, Samson is brought to Gaza, imprisoned, and put to work grinding grain.

One day the Philistine leaders assemble in a temple for a religious sacrifice to Dagon, their god, for having delivered Samson into their hands. They summon Samson so that he may entertain them. Three thousand more men and women gather on the roof to watch. Once inside the temple, Samson asks the servant who is leading him to the temple's central pillars if he may lean against them.

"Then Samson prayed to the Lord, 'O Lord God, remember me, I pray thee, and strengthen me, I pray thee, only this once, O God, that I may be at once avenged of the Philistines for one of my two eyes.' (Judges 16:28)." "Samson said, 'Let me die with the Philistines!' (Judges 16:30) Down came the temple on the rulers and all the people in it. Thus he killed many more as he died than while he lived." (Judges 16:30).

After his death, Samson's family recovers his body from the rubble and buries him near the tomb of his father Manoah.

Deuteronomist's prologue

According to the documentary hypothesis, the first verse of the Samson story is an addition by the composer of the D source in the 7th century BCE. The original Samson story didn’t include this verse.

Again the Israelites did evil in the eyes of the LORD, so the LORD delivered them into the hands of the Philistines for forty years. Judges 13:1

The original story portrays Samson’s mission as beginning the liberation of the Israelites (Judges 13:5). The LORD uses Samson to strike at the Philistines. But the prologue says that the Philistines were doing the will of the LORD. This verse reflects the characteristic Israelite concept that the nation’s victories and defeats were both by the will of the LORD.


In rabbinic literature

Rabbinical literature identifies Samson with Bedan; Bedan was a Judge mentioned by Samuel in his farewell address (1 Samuel 12:11) among the Judges that delivered Israel from their enemies. However, the name "Bedan" is not found in the Book of Judges. The name "Samson" is derived from shemesh (= "sun"), so that Samson bore the name of God, who is also "a sun and shield" (Psalms 84:12). As God protected Israel, so did Samson watch over it in his generation, judging the people even as did God. Samson's strength was divinely derived (Talmud, Tractate Sotah 10a]). Samson resembled God in requiring neither aid nor help (Midrash Genesis Rabbah xcviii. 18).

Jewish legend records that Samson's shoulders were sixty ells broad. He was lame in both feet (Talmud Sotah 10a), but when the spirit of God came upon him he could step with one stride from Zorah to Eshtaol, while the hairs of his head arose and clashed against one another so that they could be heard for a like distance (Midrash Lev. Rabbah viii. 2). Samson was said to be so strong that he could uplift two mountains and rub them together like two clods of earth (ibid.; Sotah 9b), yet his superhuman strength, like Goliath's, brought woe upon its possessor (Midrash Eccl. Rabbah i., end).

In licentiousness he is compared with Amnon and Zimri, both of whom were punished for their sins (Lev. R. xxiii. 9). Samson's eyes were put out because he had "followed them" too often (Sotah l.c.). It is said that in the twenty years during which Samson judged Israel he never required the least service from an Israelite (Midrash Numbers Rabbah ix. 25), and he piously refrained from taking the name of God in vain. Therefore, as soon as he told Delilah that he was a Nazarite of God she immediately knew that he had spoken the truth (Sotah l.c.). When he pulled down the temple of Dagon and killed himself and the Philistines the structure fell backward, so that he was not crushed, his family being thus enabled to find his body and to bury it in the tomb of his father (Midrash Gen. Rabbah l.c. § 19). In the Talmudic period many seem to have denied that Samson was a historic figure; he was apparently regarded as a purely mythological personage. This was viewed as heretical by the rabbis of the Talmud, and they refuted this view.

Other cultural references

Israeli culture

"[T]he figure of "Samson the hero" played a role in the construction of Zionist collective memory, and in building the identity of the 'new Jew' who leaves behind exilic helplessness for Israeli self-determination," Benjamin Balint, a writer in Jerusalem, has written. Vladimir Jabotinsky (1880–1940), the founder of Revisionist Zionism wrote a 1926 novel in Russian (English translation in 1930), Samson in which the author makes Samson an assimilated Jew attracted by the surrounding, more sophisticated (and un-philistine) Philistine culture. Some important Twentieth century Hebrew poems have also been written about the Bible hero. More recently, elite Israeli combat units have been named "Samson", and the Israeli nuclear program was called the "Samson Option".[1]

Noam Chomsky and others have said Israel suffers from a "Samson complex" which could lead to the destruction of itself as well as its Arab enemies.[1]

Literature

  • In 2006, David Grossman's novel, Lion's Honey: The Myth of Samson was published.

Classical Music

Handel wrote his oratorio Samson in 1743. Camille Saint-Saëns wrote an opera, Samson et Dalila between 1868 and 1877.

Art

Samson has been a popular subject for paintings:[2]

Anonymous:

Film

The most detailed film version of the Biblical Samson was the 1949 Cecil B. deMille film Samson and Delilah, starring Victor Mature as Samson.

The Samson character was later featured in a series of 5 sword-and-sandal adventure films made in Italy in the 1960s, as follows:

  • Samson (1961)
  • Samson vs. The Pirates (1963) a/k/a Samson and the Sea Beast
  • Samson Challenges Hercules (1963) a/k/a Hercules, Samson and Ulysses
  • Samson vs. the Black Pirate (1963) a/k/a Hercules and the Black Pirate
  • Samson and the Mighty Challenge (1965) a semi comedy/satire co-starring Hercules, Ursus & Maciste

The name Samson was inserted into the U.S. film titles of 6 Italian sword-and-sandal movies when they were dubbed in English and retitled for distribution in the USA, although these films all featured the adventures of famed Italian muscleman hero Maciste. Samson Against the Sheik (1962), Son of Samson (1960), Samson and the Slave Queen (1963), Samson and the Seven Miracles of the World (1961), Samson vs. The Giant King (1964), and Samson in King Solomon's Mines (1964) were all retitled "Maciste" movies, because the American distrubtors didn't feel the name Maciste in the titles would be marketable to American filmgoers.

There was also an Italian muscleman film called Samson and the Treasure of the Incas (1964), but this story was apparently set in the days of the Old West in South America, and the lead muscleman character apparently had no connection with the mythological/ Biblical Samson. The film was apparently never dubbed in English and is very scarce.

"Samson" was a generic comic-book hero sparsely appearing in Marvel Comic books; the nickname "Doc Samson" was awarded to a physicist who developed super-strength following a nuclear accident. While earlier in his career Doc Samson was cast against The Incredible Hulk, he later on assisted Bruce Banner, the Hulk's alter ego, to evade military forces in Peter David's surprisingly literary story-lines.

Music

Indie Rock band mewithoutYou references to Samson in the song "In A Market Dimly Lit" from the album Brother, Sister released September of 2006.

The British singer/songwriter Donovan refers to Samson's strength in his song Ferris Wheel, which appears on his 1966 US released Sunshine Superman album.

The Atlantic Canada Teen Christian Rock Group "The Judges" Featuring Eric Rogers, Matt Forrest, Mike Gray, Kyle Ross and Jon Jays , Make Many refrences to Samson and the other judes form the bible in many of their songs based on biblical bases.

Samson is also mentioned in the song "Empire City" by indie rock band Bishop Allen.

The song "Gouge Away" from the album Doolittle by the Pixies retells the story of Samson.

The song "Someday We'll Know" by late 90's one-hit wonder New Radicals asks the hypothetical question "Someday we'll know why Samson loved Delilah".

Regina Spektor has a song titled "Samson" (included on her 2002 album Songs and on her 2006 album Begin to Hope) which, in the style of many of her songs, tells a short story about him, from the point of view of Delilah. The line 'Well I cut his hair myself one night, with a pair of dull scissors in the yellow light, he told me that I'd done alright, and kissed me 'till the morning light' references his demise.

Leonard Cohen's song "Hallelujah" which has been covered by various artists makes a reference to Samson: "She tied you to her kitchen chair, she broke your throne and she cut your hair."

Bruce Springsteen's 1986 song, Fire refers to Samson & Delilah's love as one that "they couldn't deny", and also puts them in line with Romeo & Juliet. (This song was later covered by Pointer Sisters)

PJ Harvey's song "Hair" is about Samson and Delilah, told in the voice of Delilah.

Indie rock band tunnelkid performed a song called "Samson" on the album "hang me now or shoot me later."

The Grateful Dead played the song "Samson & Delilah" from the mid-1970s and throughout their career. The song is a traditional song which Bob Weir learned from Reverend Gary Davis[3]. The lyrics cover some parts of the history around Samson, notably his fight with the lion.

Other references

From 1939 to 1942, Fox Feature Syndicate published the adventure of a modern day Samson, who was a direct descendant of the Biblical hero.

The character of Doc Samson in the Marvel comic The Incredible Hulk is based on the Biblical Samson as his powers stem from the length of his hair.

The Simpsons episode "Simpson and Delilah" gets its name from this story. In the episode, Homer grows long hair, which he believes is the sources of his success at work.

In the Television cartoon The Venture Brothers, Brock Samson can be seen as a clear reference to the biblical version. In the show, Brock is a bodyguard for the feeble Dr. Venture and kills a veritable army of Monarch Henchmen in the premiere episode, Dia de los Dangerous. He has superhuman strength, and wears a mullet.

In the animated cartoon Thundercats by Rankin/Bass, Samson is the name of one of the giant frog robots who protect the Great Oceanic Plug in the season one episode "Dr. Dometone".

Thomas Harris, the writer behind the novels concerning the terrifying psychiatrist Dr. Hannibal Lecter who was made famous through the Jonathan Demme movie The Silence of the Lambs in 1991, writes in his novel "Hannibal" about the Doctor writing a letter to FBI investingator Clarice Starling. In this, the doctor states that she is "the answer to Samson's riddle: La miele dentro la leonessa, the honey in the lion."

Frederik, a finnish pop/Schlager musican, published a song about Samson in 1983, called Simson.

Trivia

EPIGRAM.

Jack, eating rotten cheese, did say,
Like Samson I my thousands slay.
I vow, quoth Roger, so you do,
And with the self-same weapon too.

(attributed to Benjamin Franklin)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Balent, Benjamin, "Eyeless in Israel: Biblical metaphor and the Jewish state," review of Lion's Honey: The Myth of Soloman, by David Grossman, The Weekly Standard, October 30, 2006, pages 35–36
  2. ^ [1] "The Text This Week Lectionary, Scripture Study and Worship Links and Resources" Web site, Web page titled "Links to Images of Samson",, accessed November 2, 2006
  3. ^ "Grateful Dead Lyric & Song Finder". Lyrics for the traditional song "Samson & Delilah".
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