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On September 28, 2007, Griffin said that NASA aims to put a man on Mars by 2037.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20070924/ts_alt_afp/spaceconferenceindiausmars_070924135921|title=Yahoo.com, NASA aims to put man on Mars by 2037}}</ref>
On September 28, 2007, Griffin said that NASA aims to put a man on Mars by 2037.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20070924/ts_alt_afp/spaceconferenceindiausmars_070924135921|title=Yahoo.com, NASA aims to put man on Mars by 2037}}</ref>


In an interview with ''[[The Guardian]]'' in July 2008 Griffin stated that an opportunity to push on to Mars by extending the Apollo program was squandered by a change in focus to Shuttle and space station programs that only reached orbit: "I spent some time analysing what we could have done had we used the budgets we received to explore the capabilities inherent in the Apollo hardware after it was built. The short answer is we would have been on Mars 15 or 20 years ago, instead of circling endlessly in low Earth orbit."<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/jul/26/spaceexploration.spacetechnology "Houston, we have a problem: Nasa will struggle when shuttle retires, says boss"] ''The Guardian'' July 26, 2008</ref>
In an interview with ''[[The Guardian]]'' in July 2008 Griffin stated, in [[criticism of the Space Shuttle program]], that an opportunity to push on to Mars by extending the Apollo program was squandered by a change in focus to Shuttle and space station programs that only reached orbit: "I spent some time analysing what we could have done had we used the budgets we received to explore the capabilities inherent in the Apollo hardware after it was built. The short answer is we would have been on Mars 15 or 20 years ago, instead of circling endlessly in low Earth orbit."<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/jul/26/spaceexploration.spacetechnology "Houston, we have a problem: Nasa will struggle when shuttle retires, says boss"] ''The Guardian'' July 26, 2008</ref>


=== Questions concerning NASA budget management ===
=== Questions concerning NASA budget management ===

Revision as of 06:25, 3 December 2022

For other people named Michael Griffin, see Michael Griffin (disambiguation).
Michael D. Griffin
Official portrait, 2018
Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering
In office
February 19, 2018 – July 10, 2020
PresidentDonald Trump
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byHeidi Shyu
11th Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
In office
April 13, 2005 – January 20, 2009
PresidentGeorge W. Bush
DeputyShana Dale
Preceded bySean O'Keefe
Succeeded byCharles Bolden
Personal details
Born
Michael Douglas Griffin

(1949-11-01) November 1, 1949 (age 75)
Aberdeen, Maryland, U.S.
Education

Michael Douglas Griffin (born November 1, 1949)[1] is an American physicist and aerospace engineer who served as the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering from 2018 to 2020.[2] He previously served as Deputy of Technology for the Strategic Defense Initiative, and as Administrator of NASA from April 13, 2005, to January 20, 2009. As NASA Administrator Griffin oversaw such areas as the future of human spaceflight, the fate of the Hubble telescope and NASA's role in understanding climate change. In April 2009 Griffin, who has an academic background, was named eminent scholar and a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at the University of Alabama in Huntsville.

Griffin had worked at NASA prior to serving as NASA Administrator, including as Associate Administrator for Exploration. When he was nominated as NASA chief, he was head of the Space Department at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland. While he describes himself as a "simple aerospace engineer from a small town", Griffin has held several high-profile political appointments. In 2007 he was included in the TIME 100, the magazine's list of the 100 most influential people.[3] Griffin's appointment as Administrator was associated with a significant shift in the direction of the agency. He began signaling intended changes at his Senate confirmation hearing.

Education

Griffin holds seven academic degrees.[4][5] He has earned a BA degree in physics from Johns Hopkins University in 1971; a MSE degree in aerospace science from the Catholic University of America in 1974; a PhD degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Maryland in 1977;[6] a MS degree in electrical engineering from the University of Southern California in 1979; an MS degree in applied physics from Johns Hopkins University in 1983; an MBA degree from Loyola University Maryland in 1990; and an MS degree in civil engineering from George Washington University in 1998.[4][5] Griffin was also working toward an MS degree in computer science at Johns Hopkins University before being appointed as NASA chief.

Career

Griffin's early career began at APL in the 1980s, where he helped design the successful Delta 180 series of missile defense technology satellites for the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO). Griffin soon rose to Deputy for Technology where he conceived and directed the first space-to-space interception of a ballistic missile in powered flight, and the first space-borne reconnaissance of ballistic missile targets in boost phase and mid-course flight.[7]

In 1991, Griffin was the President and CTO of Orbital Sciences,[8] then a small entrepreneurial space launch company with contracts from the government to build low-cost rocket launchers for the Brilliant Pebbles program. Despite early launch failures, in September 1992 they successfully sent a test probe to Mars.[9]

In 1995, Griffin authored a report published by the Heritage Foundation entitled "Ending America’s Vulnerability to Ballistic Missiles" offering recommendations for advancing the recently cancelled Brilliant Pebbles program.[10] There he advocated for a new proliferated low Earth orbit constellation of sensors and space-based interceptor weapons to defend against ballistic missiles.

In 2002, Griffin was President and COO of In-Q-Tel, a private enterprise funded by the CIA to identify and invest in companies developing cutting-edge technologies that serve national security interests. During this time, he met entrepreneur Elon Musk and accompanied him on a trip to Russia where they attempted to purchase ICBMs. The unsuccessful trip is credited as directly leading to the formation of SpaceX.[11] Griffin was an early advocate for Musk calling him a potential “Henry Ford for the rocket industry".[12]

After In-Q-Tel, Griffin served as Chief Engineer and Associate Administrator for Space Exploration at NASA Headquarters.

In 2005, he was appointed NASA Administrator where he conceived and introduced Commercial Resupply Services and crew transportation services for the International Space Station.[13] Twenty aerospace companies applied to the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program, but only SpaceX was selected and given $396 million--a surprising bet given the new company had never flown a rocket.[14] In December 2008, with SpaceX again on the verge of bankruptcy, Griffin awarded SpaceX along with his own Orbital Sciences company each contracts with a combined value of $3.5 billion.[15] Elon Musk credited the NASA contract as saving his company.[16]

In February 2018, Griffin was appointed as Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering by Donald Trump. One of his first actions was to create the Space Development Agency.[17][18] The organization was tasked with procuring a proliferated constellation of low Earth orbit satellites to defend against Chinese and Russian hypersonic weapons. Commercial contracts for the constellation were given to L3Harris and SpaceX to build Starlink military satellites.[19] CIA Director Mike Pompeo called the project a “Strategic Defense Initiative for our time, the SDI II".[20]

Long-term vision for space

In 2004 testimony to Congress on the future of human spaceflight, he stated, "For me, the single overarching goal of human space flight is the human settlement of the Solar System, and eventually beyond. I can think of no lesser purpose sufficient to justify the difficulty of the enterprise, and no greater purpose is possible." In his testimony he also advocated heavy-lift launch capabilities, development of space qualified nuclear power systems, in situ resource utilization, and cost-effective medium-size transport to low Earth orbit. Griffin told a Senate subcommittee that the first book he ever received was a book on astronomy and space when he was five years old, and "I was absolutely fascinated by it, and from that time forward, I never considered for myself anything other than being a Scientist or Engineer or Mathematician and involving myself in the space business."

Griffin has collaborated with several space advocacy organizations such as the National Space Society, Mars Society, and the Planetary Society:

  • Griffin and Astronaut Owen K. Garriott were team co-leaders for a study commissioned by the Planetary Society entitled "Extending Human Presence Into the Solar System" in 2004. Griffin cited this study in his first press conference as NASA Administrator to answer a question about sending humans to Mars, saying "I would urge you to download that report from the website because I don't have any better thinking to offer you than what I put into that report."[21]
  • Griffin was one of the original signatories of the Mars Society, which is dedicated to human settlement of Mars. Mars Society president Robert Zubrin recounts in his 1996 book, The Case for Mars, that in 1991, after Zubrin presented his ideas about a Mars mission architecture with Griffin, then NASA Associate Administrator for Exploration, Griffin presented these ideas to then NASA Administrator Daniel Goldin.
  • Griffin shared the plenary talk with Elon Musk at the fourth Mars Society gathering in 2001. It was here that Musk announced his plan to grow plants on Mars.[22]

NASA Administrator

Griffin's official portrait as NASA administrator
Michael Griffin was formally sworn in by Vice President Dick Cheney on June 28, 2005.

Before his appointment as NASA Administrator, Griffin was President-Elect of American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). He is a member of American Astronautical Society and International Academy of Astronautics. Griffin has been a professor at various universities, teaching courses in spacecraft design, Applied Math, guidance and navigation, compressible flow, computational fluid dynamics, spacecraft attitude control, aerodynamics, and introductory aerospace engineering. He is lead author of more than two dozen technical papers, and is co-author with James R. French of the astronautical engineering textbook, Space Vehicle Design. ISBN 1-56347-539-1 Griffin is also a general aviation flight Instructor and Pilot, and owner of a small airplane, a Beech Bonanza. In 2004 Griffin was named head of the Space Department at The Johns Hopkins University APL.[23]

On March 11, 2005, President George W. Bush announced his intention to nominate Griffin to serve as the 11th Administrator of NASA. He was confirmed by the Senate on April 13, 2005. Griffin was subsequently sworn in by Vice-President Dick Cheney, a rarity for a NASA Administrator and signifying the importance NASA held to the Bush Administration. Administration even recalled its former NASA transition Team Director and Chief of Staff, Courtney Stadd,[24] to assist Griffin.[25]

On September 28, 2007, Griffin said that NASA aims to put a man on Mars by 2037.[26]

In an interview with The Guardian in July 2008 Griffin stated, in criticism of the Space Shuttle program, that an opportunity to push on to Mars by extending the Apollo program was squandered by a change in focus to Shuttle and space station programs that only reached orbit: "I spent some time analysing what we could have done had we used the budgets we received to explore the capabilities inherent in the Apollo hardware after it was built. The short answer is we would have been on Mars 15 or 20 years ago, instead of circling endlessly in low Earth orbit."[27]

Questions concerning NASA budget management

Griffin has been criticized by space research organizations such as NASA Ames Research Center life sciences group for shifting portions of NASA's budget from science to human spaceflight. Griffin had stated that he would not shift "one thin dime" of funding from science to human spaceflight, but less than six months later, in February 2006, after NASA Constellation funding did not reach requested levels, NASA revealed a budget that reduced space research funding by about 25%, including indefinite deferrals of planned programs such as the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter, the Terrestrial Planet Finder, and the Space Interferometry Mission.[28] The logic was that funding Project Constellation, a presidentially mandated program, was the top priority of the space agency. Funding for a New York Company to research the Prometheus space nuclear program has also been put on hold, although Griffin has said he is anxious to pursue Prometheus after the earlier-priority development of the new spacecraft is completed.[citation needed]

Earlier, in November 2005, funding for life science research conducted largely out of Ames Research Center was cut by 80%, prompting representatives of the Ames life sciences group to write a scathing letter to Griffin criticizing this cut.[29] NASA field centers focused mainly on science rather than on human spaceflight, such as Ames and Glenn Research Center, have seen general budgetary downsizing, and many science contracts with outside researchers have been canceled.[30] Griffin attributed these cuts, along with cuts in the human spaceflight budget, as being necessitated by a $3.2 billion shortfall.[31] The National Research Council also concluded that NASA's total funding has not been enough to fulfill all its mandates and remain strong in science.[32] However, during Griffin's term, science budgets were, as a percentage of NASA's total budget, in line with those during Project Apollo. There has been some discussion, after the release of the Summary Report by the Human Space Flight Committee[33] that NASA has not been funded sufficiently to pursue a strong science program while continuing to focus on aeronautics and space exploration, the two key mission of the NASA. Limitations on NASA's budget include a mandated continuation of the Space Shuttle program, including safety upgrades and testing; the mandated construction of the International Space Station; the mandated development of the Vision for Space Exploration architecture; programs outside of human spaceflight, consisting of science research and aeronautics research; and an ever-increasing share of NASA's budget devoted to line-item earmarks sometimes characterized as pork barrel spending.[citation needed]

Struggles to complete ISS before Shuttle program termination

Vision for Space Exploration, announced by President Bush in 2004, mandated that NASA must use the Space Shuttle to finish construction of the International Space Station by the end of 2010. By June 2006, due to ongoing concerns with the safety of the Shuttle in the wake of the Columbia disaster, only one flight had been performed. Per the Presidential mandate of the Vision for Space Exploration, Griffin mandated that 18 more Space Shuttle flights be performed in the remaining four and a half years.

Griffin approved the launch of Space Shuttle Discovery for July 2006 to perform the second return-to-flight mission, overriding the NASA Chief Safety and Mission Assurance Officer, Bryan O'Connor. Although O'Connor said there were still unresolved concerns that foam insulation could break off of external fuel tank and damage the orbiter, Griffin characterized the risk as acceptable, arguing that it would be better to test one change at a time. With that flight NASA was testing the removal of protuberance air-load ramps from cable and fuel line fittings on the exterior of the external fuel tank.[34] This launch proved that the changes made to prevent shedding of foam at the air-load ramps were successful, allowing the Shuttle program to work towards completion of the ISS by the presidentially mandated year of 2010. The construction of the ISS was completed in early 2011, and then the Space Shuttle was retired.

Global warming views

In a follow-up interview to his May 31 interview with NPR's Steve Inskeep airing June 1, 2007, on NPR News' Morning Edition, Griffin said:

I have no doubt that global—that a trend of global warming exists. I am not sure that it is fair to say that it is a problem we must wrestle with. To assume that it is a problem is to assume that the state of Earth's climate today is the optimal climate, the best climate that we could have or ever have had and that we need to take steps to make sure that it doesn't change. First of all, I don't think it's within the power of human beings to assure that the climate does not change, as millions of years of history have shown, and second of all, I guess I would ask which human beings -where and when-are to be accorded the privilege of deciding that this particular climate that we have right here today, right now is the best climate for all other human beings. I think that's a rather arrogant position for people to take.[35]

Some climate scientists referred to his remarks as ignorant.[36] In particular, James E. Hansen, NASA's top official on climate change, said Griffin's comments showed "arrogance and ignorance", as millions will likely be harmed by global warming.[37][38] Jerry Mahlman, a scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, said that Griffin was either "totally clueless" or "a deep antiglobal warming ideologue".[39] In a closed-door meeting on June 4, 2007 at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Griffin said:

Unfortunately, this is an issue which has become far more political than technical, and it would have been well for me to have stayed out of it." "All I can really do is apologize to all you guys. ... I feel badly that I caused this amount of controversy over something like this.[36]

Resignation accepted by new president Obama

It was widely known that Griffin hoped to keep his job under President Barack Obama so that Constellation and NASA's other programs could maintain their steady progress.[40][41][42] In a phone call on the day after the election, Senator Bill Nelson (D, FL) requested of Lori Garver, who led the incoming Obama Administration's Transition Team, that the Administration allow Griffin to remain as NASA Administrator to provide programmatic and management continuity. However, his resignation (required of and offered by all agency heads due to an incoming President) was accepted. In part, this was because of disagreements between Griffin and Garver over the state of Project Constellation. Griffin gave a farewell address to NASA on 16 January 2009, in which he praised NASA for its recovery from the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster and urged employees to support the new administrator, whoever it may be.[43][44] He left office the day President Obama was inaugurated.

Later career

On April 14, 2009, Griffin accepted a position as eminent scholar and Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at the University of Alabama in Huntsville.[45] The university established the eminent scholar position in 1986.[46] Griffin has established the Center for System Studies at the university, which will address the need for "systems thinking" in industry and the government. System studies involve research to understand the many complex ways that technology, nature, people, and society interact so that the workings of an engineered solution are more predictable and more desirable. UA Huntsville is a Space Grant university, and has a history of cooperation with both NASA at the nearby Marshall Space Flight Center, and the U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command at Redstone Arsenal. The campus serves as the anchor tenant in Cummings Research Park, the second-largest university research park in the USA. In a 2010 Space Foundation survey, Griffin was ranked as the #7 most popular space hero.[47]

On August 14, 2012, the Schafer Corporation announced that Griffin would assume the role of Chairman and CEO at the Company.[48] The Schafer Corporation is a technology company providing products and professional services to Government and Industry customers. It was founded in 1972.[49]

Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering

On December 4, 2017, Reuters reported that Griffin was nominated by President Donald Trump to be Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (USD(R&E)).[50] The U.S. Senate confirmed him by voice vote on February 15, 2018.[2][51][needs update] As the USD(R&E), Griffin established technology modernization priorities for the DoD.[52]

On June 23, 2020, Griffin announced that he was leaving his position as USD(R&E) to pursue a private sector opportunity.[53] His deputy, Lisa Porter, announced her departure on the same date.

Rocket Lab

In August 2020, Griffin joined the board of directors at Rocket Lab.[54]

Honors

Griffin is the recipient of numerous honors and awards, including the Defense Department's highest award which can be conferred on a Non-Government employee, Distinguished Public Service Medal (1986); AIAA Space Systems Medal (1988), Significant Technical Accomplishment Award (Delta 183 Mission Team) from American Defense Preparedness Association (1989); NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal (1994); Goddard Astronautics Award (2007); and selection by Time Magazine as one of the 100 Most Influential People of 2008. Griffin received the Rotary National Award for Space Achievement's National Space Trophy in May 2009.[55]

On March 13, 2008, Griffin was awarded the title of 74th Honorary Chancellor at Florida Southern College during its annual Founder's Day Ceremony. On May 22, 2011, Griffin was awarded honorary DE degree from the University of Notre Dame.[56]

On July 11, 2018, asteroid 159999 Michaelgriffin was named after him. The main-belt asteroid was discovered by astronomer Marc Buie at the Kitt Peak National Observatory, Arizona, in 2006.

On January 1 of 2020, Michael Griffin was named an IEEE fellow.

References

  1. ^ "Michael Griffin | Biography, NASA, & Facts". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2. ^ a b Tritten, Travis J. "Senate picks up the pace with confirmations of Pentagon Chief Manager, top Air Force weapons buyer". Washington Examiner. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
  3. ^ "The 2008 Time 100". Time. Archived from the original on May 2, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  4. ^ a b Dr. Michael Griffin. UAH Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
  5. ^ a b NASA - Michael Griffin. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
  6. ^ Griffin, Michael Douglas (1977). Numerical solutions for two- and three-dimensional non-reacting flowfields in an internal combustion engine (Ph.D.). University of Maryland, College Park. OCLC 17464785 – via ProQuest.
  7. ^ U.S. Department of Defense (1 April 2020). "Michael D. Griffin, Former Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering". The Washington Post.
  8. ^ Kathy Sawyer (11 May 1999). "Rocket Failures Shake Space Industry, Washington Post". The Washington Post.
  9. ^ John Burgess (4 November 1992). "Another Orbital Sciences rocket failed last month, Pentagon says". The Washington Post.
  10. ^ Michael Douglas Griffin (15 March 1996). "Defending America: Ending America's Vulnerability to Ballistic Missiles" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 25, 2022.
  11. ^ Kenneth Chang (30 May 2020). "Entrepreneur Tries His Midas Touch in Space, New York Times". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 June 2020.
  12. ^ Josh Friedman (22 April 2003). "Entrepreneur Tries His Midas Touch in Space, Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times.
  13. ^ Tariq Malik (21 November 2005). "Griffin Reiterates NASA's Commitment to Commercial Cargo, Space News".
  14. ^ Bennett, Jay (12 November 2020). "How SpaceX became NASA's go-to ride into orbit". National Geographic.
  15. ^ John Yembrick (23 December 2008). "C08-069: NASA Awards Space Station Commercial Resupply Services Contracts".
  16. ^ Brian Berger (3 April 2014). "Why SpaceX's Elon Musk Says 2008 Was His Worst Year Ever". Space.com.
  17. ^ Sandra Erwin, Space News (21 April 2019). "Space Development Agency a huge win for Griffin in his war against the status quo".
  18. ^ Nathan Strout (24 July 2019). "What will the Space Development Agency really do?".
  19. ^ Erwin, Sandra (5 October 2020). "L3Harris, SpaceX win Space Development Agency contracts to build missile-warning satellites". SpaceNews. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  20. ^ Pompeo, Mike (January 18, 2022). "Nuclear Weapons, China, and a Strategic Defense Initiative for this Century".
  21. ^ "Planetary.org Aim for Mars study report" (PDF).
  22. ^ "Mars Society Conventions".
  23. ^ Buckley, Michael (19 April 2004). "Michael Griffin Heads Space Department at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory". JHU Applied Physics Laboratory Press Release.
  24. ^ Courtney Stadd
  25. ^ "Charles F. Bolden Jr. Sworn In As Administrator (200907170002HQ)". July 17, 2009 – via Flickr.
  26. ^ "Yahoo.com, NASA aims to put man on Mars by 2037".
  27. ^ "Houston, we have a problem: Nasa will struggle when shuttle retires, says boss" The Guardian July 26, 2008
  28. ^ Benson, Michael (April 2, 2006). "Is NASA in Outer Space?" – via www.washingtonpost.com.
  29. ^ "The Scientist News".
  30. ^ "Scientists, researchers feel pain of NASA budget cuts - USATODAY.com". USA Today.
  31. ^ Olsen, Stefanie. "NASA budget emphasizes space exploration". CNET. Archived from the original on 2012-07-11.
  32. ^ "Science Careers.org: NASA Cutbacks Cause Uncertainty among Space Researchers". Archived from the original on December 31, 2006.
  33. ^ "NASA - Summary Report from the Review of U.S. Human Space Flight Plans Committee". www.nasa.gov. 8 Sep 2009.
  34. ^ Gugliotta, Guy (June 29, 2006). "Discovery's Goal: A Quiet Trip". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  35. ^ "NASA Administrator Not Sure Global Warming A Problem". www.spacedaily.com.
  36. ^ a b Chang, Alicia (June 6, 2007). "NASA chief regrets remarks on global warming". msnbc.com.
  37. ^ "NASA head unsure global warming is a problem". msnbc.com. June 1, 2007.
  38. ^ Kaufman, Marc (June 1, 2007). "NASA Administrator Questions Need to Fight Global Warming" – via www.washingtonpost.com.
  39. ^ "NASA Leader: Who Says Warming Is a Problem?". New York Times. June 1, 2007. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  40. ^ "NASA chief Michael Griffin's wife to Barack Obama: Don't fire him". Chicago Sun-Times. December 31, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-23.[dead link‍]
  41. ^ "Campaign to keep NASA administrator on the job". Los Angeles Times. January 1, 2009. Archived from the original on January 3, 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
  42. ^ "NASA Chief's Wife to Obama: Don't Fire My Husband". Associated Press. January 1, 2009. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
  43. ^ Dunn, Marcia (2009-01-16). "NASA chief Griffin says goodbye to employees". Associated Press. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
  44. ^ Johnson, John Jr. (2009-01-17). "NASA chief Michael Griffin praises post-Columbia effort in farewell". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
  45. ^ Unknown (2009-04-14). "UAHuntsville appoints former NASA Administrator as eminent scholar, professor". UAHuntsville. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
  46. ^ "Articles Of Incorporation of UAH Hi-Tech Eminent Scholars Foundation" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-20. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
  47. ^ "Space Foundation Survey Reveals Broad Range of Space Heroes". Archived from the original on 2012-07-23.
  48. ^ Unknown (2012-08-14). "Schafer Corporation Appoints Michael Griffin Chairman and Chief Executive Officer". Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2012-08-14.
  49. ^ "Schafer Corporation - Our Heritage". Archived from the original on 2012-06-27. Retrieved 2012-08-14.
  50. ^ "Trump to nominate former NASA chief Griffin for defense undersecretary". Reuters. 2017-12-04. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
  51. ^ "PN1316 — Michael D. Griffin — Department of Defense". U.S. Congress. 2018-02-15. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
  52. ^ "modernization-priorities – DoD Research & Engineering". www.cto.mil. Retrieved 2020-04-16.
  53. ^ "Undersecretary of Defense Mike Griffin and deputy Lisa Porter stepping down". space.com. 2020-06-23. Retrieved 2020-06-30.
  54. ^ Foust, Jeff (2020-08-12). "Mike Griffin joins board of Rocket Lab". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2020-09-08.
  55. ^ Marianne Dyson (2009-02-27). "Rotary National Award for Space Achievement (RNASA) - 2009 National Space Trophy Recipient". Retrieved 2011-04-19.
  56. ^ "University of Notre Dame". Honorary Degrees. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2011.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Michael D. Griffin.
Political offices
Preceded by Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2005–2009 		Succeeded by
New office Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering
2018–2020 		Succeeded by
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