Armstrong's mixture: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Pyrotechnical composition}} |
{{Short description|Pyrotechnical composition}} |
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'''Armstrong's mixture''' is a highly sensitive [[explosive material#Primary_explosive|primary explosive]]. It is very friction-sensitive.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Laska |first1=Paul R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOY1CgAAQBAJ&q=armstrong+mixture+ied&pg=PA74 |title=Bombs, IEDs, and Explosives: Identification, Investigation, and Disposal Techniques |date=10 August 2015 |isbn=9781498714501}}</ref> Formulations vary, but one consists of 67% [[potassium chlorate]], 27% [[red phosphorus]], 3% [[sulfur]], and 3% [[calcium carbonate]].<ref name="calvert">{{cite web |author=J. B. Calvert |title=Flash! Bang! Whiz!: An introduction to propellants, explosives, pyrotechnics and fireworks |url=http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/bang.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115141121/http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/bang.htm |archivedate=15 November 2006 |accessdate=2006-11-11}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |author=John Donner |title=Impact Firecrackers |url=http://www.freeinfosociety.com/pdfs/science/impactfirecrackers.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107050106/http://www.freeinfosociety.com/pdfs/science/impactfirecrackers.pdf |archive-date=2007-01-07 |accessdate=2006-11-11}}</ref> It is named for [[Sir William Armstrong]], who invented it sometime prior to 1872 for use in explosive shells.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wagner |first=Johannes Rudolf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0Q3AAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&hl=en |title=A Handbook of Chemical Technology |date=1872 |publisher=J. & A. Churchill |pages=546 |language=en}}</ref> |
'''Armstrong's mixture''' is a highly sensitive [[explosive material#Primary_explosive|primary explosive]]. It is very friction-sensitive.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Laska |first1=Paul R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOY1CgAAQBAJ&q=armstrong+mixture+ied&pg=PA74 |title=Bombs, IEDs, and Explosives: Identification, Investigation, and Disposal Techniques |date=10 August 2015 |isbn=9781498714501}}</ref> Formulations vary, but one consists of 67% [[potassium chlorate]], 27% [[red phosphorus]], 3% [[sulfur]], and 3% [[calcium carbonate]].<ref name="calvert">{{cite web |author=J. B. Calvert |title=Flash! Bang! Whiz!: An introduction to propellants, explosives, pyrotechnics and fireworks |url=http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/bang.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115141121/http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/bang.htm |archivedate=15 November 2006 |accessdate=2006-11-11}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |author=John Donner |title=Impact Firecrackers |url=http://www.freeinfosociety.com/pdfs/science/impactfirecrackers.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107050106/http://www.freeinfosociety.com/pdfs/science/impactfirecrackers.pdf |archive-date=2007-01-07 |accessdate=2006-11-11}}</ref> It is named for [[Sir William Armstrong]], who invented it sometime prior to 1872 for use in [[Explosive shell|explosive shells]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wagner |first=Johannes Rudolf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0Q3AAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&hl=en |title=A Handbook of Chemical Technology |date=1872 |publisher=J. & A. Churchill |pages=546 |language=en}}</ref> |
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== Toys == |
== Toys == |
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Armstrong's mixture can be used as ammunition for toy [[Cap gun|cap guns]]. The mixture is suspended in water with some [[gum arabic]] or similar binder and deposited in drops, each containing a few milligrams of explosive, to dry between layers of paper backing. The dots explode with some smoke when struck.<ref name="calvert" /> |
Armstrong's mixture can be used as ammunition for toy [[Cap gun|cap guns]]. The mixture is suspended in water with some [[gum arabic]] or similar binder and deposited in drops, each containing a few milligrams of explosive, to dry between layers of paper backing. The dots explode with some smoke when struck.<ref name="calvert" /> |
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Armstrong's mixture can be used in impact [[Firecracker|firecrackers]] known as ''cap torpedoes'', which explode on impact when the ball (made of clay or [[papier-mâché]]) is thrown or launched by [[slingshot]]. The firecrackers may include gravel with the explosive mixture to ensure detonation |
Armstrong's mixture can be used in impact [[Firecracker|firecrackers]] known as ''cap torpedoes'', which explode on impact when the ball (made of clay or [[papier-mâché]]) is thrown or launched by [[slingshot]]. The firecrackers may include gravel with the explosive mixture to ensure detonation.<ref name=":1" /> |
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== Military use == |
== Military use == |
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| ⚫ | With the addition of a grit such as [[boron carbide]] (in a modified formulation given as 70% KClO<sub>3</sub>, 19% red phosphorus, 3% sulfur, 3% chalk, and 5% boron carbide by weight), Armstrong's mixture has been considered for use in [[firearm]] [[Primer (firearms)|primers]].<ref name=":0">{{US patent reference|number=3973502|y=1976|m=08|d=10|inventor=Charles R Olsen|title=Tube primer}}</ref> This use as primer for artillery propellants may have been Armstrong's original purpose.<ref name=":5" /> |
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| ⚫ | With the addition of a grit such as [[boron carbide]] (in a modified formulation given as 70% KClO<sub>3</sub>, 19% red phosphorus, 3% sulfur, 3% chalk, and 5% boron carbide by weight), Armstrong's mixture has been considered for use in [[firearm]] [[Primer (firearms)|primers]].<ref name=":0">{{US patent reference|number=3973502|y=1976|m=08|d=10|inventor=Charles R Olsen|title=Tube primer}}</ref> |
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== Safety == |
== Safety == |
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Simple mixtures of red phosphorus and potassium chlorate can detonate at a wide range of proportions; a 20% phosphorus mixture had 27% of the equivalent power of a like mass of [[TNT]] in a laboratory experiment, and the detonation of the 10% and 20% phosphorus mixtures even in small unconfined samples of 1 gram was described by the authors as "impressive" and "scary".<ref name=":3" /> Pyrotechnician John Donner wrote in 1996 that it "is the most hazardous mixture commonly used in small fireworks."<ref name=":1" /> Davis Tenney called it "a combination which is the most sensitive, dangerous, and unpredictable of the many with which the pyrotechnist has to deal. Their preparation ought under no conditions to be attempted by an amateur."<ref name=":4" /> |
Simple mixtures of red phosphorus and potassium chlorate can detonate at a wide range of proportions; a 20% phosphorus mixture had 27% of the equivalent power of a like mass of [[TNT]] in a laboratory experiment, and the detonation of the 10% and 20% phosphorus mixtures even in small unconfined samples of 1 gram was described by the authors as "impressive" and "scary".<ref name=":3" /> Pyrotechnician John Donner wrote in 1996 that it "is the most hazardous mixture commonly used in small fireworks."<ref name=":1" /> Davis Tenney called it "a combination which is the most sensitive, dangerous, and unpredictable of the many with which the pyrotechnist has to deal. Their preparation ought under no conditions to be attempted by an amateur."<ref name=":4" /> |
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Toy |
Toy charges, such as the several-milligram dots used for cap guns, are individually harmless but potentially dangerous in large numbers.<ref name="calvert" /> On May 14, 1878, such an accident occurred in Paris. A store containing some six to eight million paper caps, totaling about 64 kilograms of explosive mass, caught fire and exploded, killing 14 and injuring 16 more.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Haarmann |first=Donald J. |date=1985 |title=Ask The Wiz |url=https://yarchive.net/explosives/armstrongs_mixture.html |issue=51 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010216060318/http://yarchive.net/explosives/armstrongs_mixture.html |archive-date=2001-02-16 |work=American Fireworks News}}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 01:06, 5 December 2022
Armstrong's mixture is a highly sensitive primary explosive. It is very friction-sensitive.[1] Formulations vary, but one consists of 67% potassium chlorate, 27% red phosphorus, 3% sulfur, and 3% calcium carbonate.[2][3] It is named for Sir William Armstrong, who invented it sometime prior to 1872 for use in explosive shells.[4]
Toys
Armstrong's mixture can be used as ammunition for toy cap guns. The mixture is suspended in water with some gum arabic or similar binder and deposited in drops, each containing a few milligrams of explosive, to dry between layers of paper backing. The dots explode with some smoke when struck.[2]
Armstrong's mixture can be used in impact firecrackers known as cap torpedoes, which explode on impact when the ball (made of clay or papier-mâché) is thrown or launched by slingshot. The firecrackers may include gravel with the explosive mixture to ensure detonation.[3]
Military use
With the addition of a grit such as boron carbide (in a modified formulation given as 70% KClO3, 19% red phosphorus, 3% sulfur, 3% chalk, and 5% boron carbide by weight), Armstrong's mixture has been considered for use in firearm primers.[5] This use as primer for artillery propellants may have been Armstrong's original purpose.[6]
Armstrong's mixture has been used in thrown impact-detonated improvised explosive devices, made simply by loading it into hollow balls.[1] It also was seen in various patents for matches, novelty fireworks, and signalling devices.[6]
Safety
Armstrong's mixture is both very sensitive and very explosive, a dangerous combination that limits its practical use to toy caps.[7] Such toy caps and fireworks typically contain no more than 10 milligrams each, but gram quantities can cause maiming hand injuries.[8]
The mixture is likely to explode if mixed dry and is even dangerous wet.[7] It is recommended that Armstrong's mixture be prepared as a slurry in water and adjusted to a slightly basic pH with an alkaline buffer, such as calcium carbonate, in order to neutralize any acid that may have been generated by oxidized phosphorus on contact with the water, which would cause it to deteriorate while slowly drying.[9][3] The wet slurry or paste is loaded into the fireworks, then allowed to dry.[3]
Simple mixtures of red phosphorus and potassium chlorate can detonate at a wide range of proportions; a 20% phosphorus mixture had 27% of the equivalent power of a like mass of TNT in a laboratory experiment, and the detonation of the 10% and 20% phosphorus mixtures even in small unconfined samples of 1 gram was described by the authors as "impressive" and "scary".[7] Pyrotechnician John Donner wrote in 1996 that it "is the most hazardous mixture commonly used in small fireworks."[3] Davis Tenney called it "a combination which is the most sensitive, dangerous, and unpredictable of the many with which the pyrotechnist has to deal. Their preparation ought under no conditions to be attempted by an amateur."[9]
Toy charges, such as the several-milligram dots used for cap guns, are individually harmless but potentially dangerous in large numbers.[2] On May 14, 1878, such an accident occurred in Paris. A store containing some six to eight million paper caps, totaling about 64 kilograms of explosive mass, caught fire and exploded, killing 14 and injuring 16 more.[6]
References
- ^ a b Laska, Paul R. (10 August 2015). Bombs, IEDs, and Explosives: Identification, Investigation, and Disposal Techniques. ISBN 9781498714501.
- ^ a b c J. B. Calvert. "Flash! Bang! Whiz!: An introduction to propellants, explosives, pyrotechnics and fireworks". Archived from the original on 15 November 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-11.
- ^ a b c d e John Donner. "Impact Firecrackers" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-01-07. Retrieved 2006-11-11.
- ^ Wagner, Johannes Rudolf (1872). A Handbook of Chemical Technology. J. & A. Churchill. p. 546.
- ^ US patent 3973502, Charles R Olsen, "Tube primer", issued 1976-08-10
- ^ a b c Haarmann, Donald J. (1985). "Ask The Wiz". American Fireworks News (51). Archived from the original on 2001-02-16.
- ^ a b c Kosanke, B. J.; Kosanke, K. L. (1996). "Explosive Limit of Armstrong's Mixture" (PDF). American Fireworks News (177). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-07-10. Retrieved 2022-12-04.
- ^ "The powerful, unstable explosive found in children's toys". Gizmodo. 2013-04-09. Archived from the original on 2021-06-20. Retrieved 2022-12-04.
- ^ a b Davis, Tenney L. Chemistry of Powder and Explosives. pp. 105–106.