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A dirt road or track is a type of unpaved road not paved with asphalt, concrete, brick, or stone^[1]; made from the native material of the land surface through which it passes, known to highway engineers as subgrade material.^{[citation needed]} Dirt roads are suitable for vehicles; a narrower path for pedestrians, animals, and possibly small vehicles would be called a dirt track—the distinction is not well-defined. Unpaved roads with a harder surface made by the addition of material such as gravel and aggregate (stones), might be referred to as dirt roads in common usage but are distinguished as improved roads by highway engineers. (Improved unpaved roads include gravel roads, laterite roads, murram roads and macadamized roads.)^{[citation needed]}

Compared to a gravel road, a dirt road is not usually graded regularly to produce an enhanced camber to encourage rainwater to drain off the road, and drainage ditches at the sides may be absent. They are unlikely to have embankments through low-lying areas. This leads to greater waterlogging and erosion, and after heavy rain the road may be impassable even to off-road vehicles. For this reason, in some countries, such as Australia and New Zealand and Finland, they are known as dry-weather roads.^{[citation needed]}

Dirt roads take on different characteristics according to the soils and geology where they pass, and may be sandy, stony, rocky or have a bare earth surface, which could be extremely muddy and slippery when wet, and baked hard when dry. They are likely to become impassable after rain. They are common in rural areas of many countries, often very narrow and infrequently used, and are also found in metropolitan areas of many developing countries, where they may also be used as major highways and have considerable width.^{[citation needed]}

Terms similar to dirt road are dry-weather road, earth road, or the "Class Four Highway" designation used in the People's Republic of China. A track, dirt track, or earth track would normally be similar but less suitable for larger vehicles.^{[citation needed]}

Dirt roads almost always form a washboard-like surface with ridges. The reason for this is that dirt roads have tiny irregularities; a wheel hitting a bump pushes it forward, making it bigger, while a wheel pushing over a bump pushes dirt into the next bump. However, the surface can remain flat for velocities less than 5 mph.^[2]

Driving on dirt roads

While most gravel roads are all-weather roads and can be used by ordinary cars, dirt roads may only be passable by trucks or four-wheel drive vehicles, especially in wet weather, or on rocky or very sandy sections. It is as easy to become bogged in sand as it is in mud; a high clearance under the vehicle may be required for rocky sections.^{[citation needed]}

Driving on dirt roads requires great attention to variations in the surface and it is easier to lose control than on a gravel road.^{[citation needed]}

Laterite and murram roads

In Africa, parts of Asia, and parts of the Americas, laterite soils are used to build dirt roads. However, laterite (called murram in East Africa), varies considerably. It ranges from a hard gravel to a softer earth embedded with small stones. Not all laterite and murram roads are therefore strictly gravel roads. Laterite and murram which contains a significant proportion of clay becomes very slippery when wet, and in the rainy season, it may be difficult even for four-wheel drive vehicles to avoid slipping off very cambered roads into the drainage ditches at the side of the road. As it dries out, such laterite can become very hard, like sun-dried bricks.^{[citation needed]}

Image gallery

Dirt road in Fremont, California
Wrightwood Street in Lincoln Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, circa 1880
Mountain track in Switzerland
Detail of a dry, loamy road
Cycling on a rough road in Tanzania
Spraying dirt road with water in Benin

References

^ Sultana, Selima; Weber, Joe (2016-04-18). Minicars, Maglevs, and Mopeds: Modern Modes of Transportation Around the World: Modern Modes of Transportation around the World. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-3495-0.
^ "Road Bumps: Why dirt roads develop a washboard surface". 2007-08-15. Retrieved 2022-12-06.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Unpaved road made from the land's native material}}
+{{Short description|Unpaved road made from the land's native material}}{{More citations needed|date=December 2022}}{{redirect|Fieldway|the area of Croydon, England|Fieldway (ward)|the light rail stop|Fieldway tram stop}}
-{{Unreferenced|date=May 2007}}
-{{redirect|Fieldway|the area of Croydon, England|Fieldway (ward)|the light rail stop|Fieldway tram stop}}
 [[File:DirtRoadCows.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cattle]] on a dirt road in [[Paraguay]].]]
-A '''dirt road''' or '''track''' is a type of [[unpaved]] [[road]] made from the native material of the land surface through which it passes, known to highway engineers as [[subgrade]] material. Dirt roads are suitable for [[vehicle]]s; a [[Trail|narrower path]] for pedestrians, animals, and possibly small vehicles would be called a '''dirt track'''&mdash;the distinction is not well-defined. Unpaved roads with a harder surface made by the addition of material such as [[gravel]] and [[aggregate (composite)|aggregate]] (stones), might be referred to as dirt roads in common usage but are distinguished as improved roads by highway engineers. (Improved unpaved roads include [[gravel road]]s, [[Gravel road#Laterite and murram roads|laterite roads, murram roads]] and [[macadam]]ized roads.)
+A '''dirt road''' or '''track''' is a type of [[unpaved]] [[road]] not paved with asphalt, concrete, brick, or stone<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sultana |first=Selima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8LWCwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA97&dq=%22a+dirt+road+is%22+-wikipedia&hl=en |title=Minicars, Maglevs, and Mopeds: Modern Modes of Transportation Around the World: Modern Modes of Transportation around the World |last2=Weber |first2=Joe |date=2016-04-18 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-3495-0 |language=en}}</ref>; made from the native material of the land surface through which it passes, known to highway engineers as [[subgrade]] material.{{Cn|date=December 2022}} Dirt roads are suitable for [[vehicle]]s; a [[Trail|narrower path]] for pedestrians, animals, and possibly small vehicles would be called a '''dirt track'''&mdash;the distinction is not well-defined. Unpaved roads with a harder surface made by the addition of material such as [[gravel]] and [[aggregate (composite)|aggregate]] (stones), might be referred to as dirt roads in common usage but are distinguished as improved roads by highway engineers. (Improved unpaved roads include [[gravel road]]s, [[Gravel road#Laterite and murram roads|laterite roads, murram roads]] and [[macadam]]ized roads.){{Cn|date=December 2022}}
-Compared to a gravel road, a dirt road is not usually [[Land grading|graded]] regularly to produce an enhanced camber to encourage rainwater to drain off the road, and drainage ditches at the sides may be absent. They are unlikely to have [[Embankment (transportation)|embankment]]s through low-lying areas. This leads to greater waterlogging and erosion, and after heavy rain the road may be impassable even to [[off-road vehicle]]s. For this reason, in some countries, such as [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] and [[Finland]], they are known as ''dry-weather roads''.
+Compared to a gravel road, a dirt road is not usually [[Land grading|graded]] regularly to produce an enhanced camber to encourage rainwater to drain off the road, and drainage ditches at the sides may be absent. They are unlikely to have [[Embankment (transportation)|embankment]]s through low-lying areas. This leads to greater waterlogging and erosion, and after heavy rain the road may be impassable even to [[off-road vehicle]]s. For this reason, in some countries, such as [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] and [[Finland]], they are known as ''dry-weather roads''.{{Cn|date=December 2022}}
 [[File:Saviselkä 2.JPG|thumb|A dirt road in [[Kärsämäki]], [[Finland]]]]
-Dirt roads take on different characteristics according to the [[soil]]s and [[geology]] where they pass, and may be sandy, stony, rocky or have a bare earth surface, which could be extremely muddy and slippery when wet, and baked hard when dry. They are likely to become impassable after rain. They are common in [[rural area]]s of many countries, often very narrow and infrequently used, and are also found in [[metropolitan area]]s of many developing countries, where they may also be used as major highways and have considerable width.
+Dirt roads take on different characteristics according to the [[soil]]s and [[geology]] where they pass, and may be sandy, stony, rocky or have a bare earth surface, which could be extremely muddy and slippery when wet, and baked hard when dry. They are likely to become impassable after rain. They are common in [[rural area]]s of many countries, often very narrow and infrequently used, and are also found in [[metropolitan area]]s of many developing countries, where they may also be used as major highways and have considerable width.{{Cn|date=December 2022}}
-Terms similar to '''dirt road''' are ''dry-weather road'', ''earth road'', or the "Class Four Highway" designation used in the [[People's Republic of China]]. A ''track'', ''dirt track'', or ''earth track'' would normally be similar but less suitable for larger vehicles.
+Terms similar to '''dirt road''' are ''dry-weather road'', ''earth road'', or the "Class Four Highway" designation used in the [[People's Republic of China]]. A ''track'', ''dirt track'', or ''earth track'' would normally be similar but less suitable for larger vehicles.{{Cn|date=December 2022}}
+Dirt roads almost always form a washboard-like surface with ridges. The reason for this is that dirt roads have tiny irregularities; a wheel hitting a bump pushes it forward, making it bigger, while a wheel pushing over a bump pushes dirt into the next bump. However, the surface can remain flat for velocities less than 5 mph.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-15 |title=Road Bumps: Why dirt roads develop a washboard surface |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/road-bumps-why-dirt-roads-develop-washboard-surface |access-date=2022-12-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>
 ==Driving on dirt roads==
-While most gravel roads are all-weather roads and can be used by ordinary [[car]]s, dirt roads may only be passable by [[truck]]s or [[four-wheel drive]] [[vehicle]]s, especially in wet weather, or on rocky or very sandy sections. It is as easy to become bogged in sand as it is in mud; a high clearance under the vehicle may be required for rocky sections.
+While most gravel roads are all-weather roads and can be used by ordinary [[car]]s, dirt roads may only be passable by [[truck]]s or [[four-wheel drive]] [[vehicle]]s, especially in wet weather, or on rocky or very sandy sections. It is as easy to become bogged in sand as it is in mud; a high clearance under the vehicle may be required for rocky sections.{{Cn|date=December 2022}}
-Driving on dirt roads requires great attention to variations in the surface and it is easier to lose control than on a gravel road.
+Driving on dirt roads requires great attention to variations in the surface and it is easier to lose control than on a gravel road.{{Cn|date=December 2022}}
 [[File:DirtRoadByAmiltonReis.jpg|thumb|right|Dirt road in Brazil]]
 ===Laterite and murram roads===
-In [[Africa]], parts of [[Asia]], and parts of [[Americas|the Americas]], [[laterite]] soils are used to build dirt roads. However, laterite (called ''murram'' in [[East Africa]]), varies considerably.  It ranges from a hard [[gravel]] to a softer earth embedded with small stones.  Not all laterite and murram roads are therefore strictly gravel roads.  Laterite and murram which contains a significant proportion of clay becomes very slippery when wet, and in the rainy season, it may be difficult even for [[four-wheel drive]] vehicles to avoid slipping off very cambered roads into the drainage ditches at the side of the road.  As it dries out, such laterite can become very hard, like [[sun-dried brick]]s.
+In [[Africa]], parts of [[Asia]], and parts of [[Americas|the Americas]], [[laterite]] soils are used to build dirt roads. However, laterite (called ''murram'' in [[East Africa]]), varies considerably.  It ranges from a hard [[gravel]] to a softer earth embedded with small stones.  Not all laterite and murram roads are therefore strictly gravel roads.  Laterite and murram which contains a significant proportion of clay becomes very slippery when wet, and in the rainy season, it may be difficult even for [[four-wheel drive]] vehicles to avoid slipping off very cambered roads into the drainage ditches at the side of the road.  As it dries out, such laterite can become very hard, like [[sun-dried brick]]s.{{Cn|date=December 2022}}
 ==Image gallery==
@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 File:Le transport au Bénin 01.webm|Spraying dirt road with water in [[Benin]]
 </gallery>
+== References ==
+{{Reflist}}
 == See also ==