Jump to content

The Fall of Gondolin: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→Contents: we shouldn't repeat what is in the section above...
Line 128: Line 128:
=== Publication history ===
=== Publication history ===


In 2018,<ref name="TolkienSociety100418">{{cite web |url=https://www.tolkiensociety.org/2018/04/the-fall-of-gondolin-to-be-published/ |title=The Fall of Gondolin to be published |date=10 April 2018 |first=Daniel |last=Helen |publisher=Tolkien Society |access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref> the first stand-alone version of the story was published by [[HarperCollins]] in the UK<ref name="TolkienSociety100418" /> and [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|Houghton Mifflin]] in the US.<ref name="TolkienSociety100418" /> This version, illustrated by [[Alan Lee (illustrator)|Alan Lee]], has been curated and edited by Christopher Tolkien,<ref name="TolkienSociety100418" /> J. R. R. Tolkien's son, who also edited ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'', and several other works that were published after the author's death.<ref name=BBC1/>
In 2018,<ref name="TolkienSociety100418">{{cite web |url=https://www.tolkiensociety.org/2018/04/the-fall-of-gondolin-to-be-published/ |title=The Fall of Gondolin to be published |date=10 April 2018 |first=Daniel |last=Helen |publisher=Tolkien Society |access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref> the first stand-alone version of the story was published by [[HarperCollins]] in the UK<ref name="TolkienSociety100418" /> and [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|Houghton Mifflin]] in the US.<ref name="TolkienSociety100418" /> This version, illustrated by [[Alan Lee (illustrator)|Alan Lee]], has been curated and edited by Christopher Tolkien,<ref name="TolkienSociety100418" /> J. R. R. Tolkien's son, who also edited ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', and the twelve-volume ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' which included ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]''.<ref name=BBC1/>


=== Contents ===
=== Contents ===

Revision as of 17:11, 7 December 2022

The Fall of Gondolin
Front cover of the 2018 hardback edition
EditorChristopher Tolkien
AuthorJ. R. R. Tolkien
IllustratorAlan Lee
Cover artistAlan Lee
LanguageEnglish
SubjectTolkien's legendarium
GenreHigh fantasy
Published2018
PublisherHarperCollins
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Publication placeUnited Kingdom
Media typePrint (hardback)
Pages304[1]
ISBN978-0008302757
Preceded byBeren and Lúthien 

J. R. R. Tolkien's The Fall of Gondolin is one of the stories which formed the basis for a section in his posthumously-published work, The Silmarillion, with a version later appearing in The Book of Lost Tales. In the narrative, Gondolin was founded by King Turgon in the First Age; the city was carefully hidden, enduring for centuries before being betrayed and destroyed.

A stand-alone, book-length version of the story edited by Christopher Tolkien was published in 2018.[1][2] The Fall of Gondolin is one of three stories from the First Age of Middle-earth that was published as a stand-alone book: the other two are Beren and Lúthien and The Children of Húrin.

Gondolin

"Gondolin" redirects here. For the South African fossil site, see Gondolin Cave.
Sketch map of Beleriand in the First Age. Gondolin (centre top) is encircled by mountains.

Gondolin was a secret city of Elves in the First Age of Middle-earth. The Fall of Gondolin tells of the founding of the city; of the arrival there of Tuor, a prince of Men; of the betrayal of the city to Morgoth by the king's nephew, Maeglin; and of its subsequent catastrophic destruction by Morgoth's armies. It also relates the flight of the fugitives to the Havens of Sirion, the wedding of Tuor and Idril Celebrindal, as well as the childhood of their son Eärendil.

The city of Gondolin[T 1] in Beleriand, in the extreme northwest of Middle-earth, was founded with divine inspiration. It was hidden by mountains and endured for centuries before being betrayed and destroyed. It was the mightiest of the elven homes in the Hither Lands.[T 2] The city was famed for its walls, and had possible parallels to Troy.[3]

Gondolin was founded by King Turgon in the First Age. It was originally named 'Ondolindë'. According to The Silmarillion, the Vala Ulmo, the Lord of Waters, revealed the location of the Vale of Tumladen to Turgon in a dream. Under this divine guidance, Turgon travelled from his kingdom in Nevrast and found the vale. Within the Echoriath, the Encircling Mountains, lay a round level plain with sheer walls on all sides and a ravine and tunnel leading out to the southwest known as the Hidden Way. In the middle of the vale there was a steep hill which was called Amon Gwareth, the "Hill of Watch". There Turgon decided to found a city, designed after the city of Tirion in Valinor that the Noldor had left.

Turgon and his people built Gondolin in secret. After it was completed, he took with him to dwell in the hidden city his entire people in Nevrast—almost a third of the Noldor of Fingolfin's House—as well as nearly three quarters of the northern Sindar.

The seven gates of the city

The Hidden Pass was protected by seven gates, all constantly guarded; the first of wood, then stone, bronze, iron, silver, gold, and steel, perhaps based on Herodotus's description of the Medean city of Ecbatana. The seven gates of Minas Tirith echoed this notion of a layered defence on a hill.

The fall of the city

The fall of Turgon's Tower. Illustration by Tom Loback

The city stood for nearly 400 years until it was betrayed to Morgoth by Maeglin, Turgon's nephew. Maeglin was captured while mining outside the Encircling Mountains against Turgon's orders. Maeglin betrayed the location of Gondolin after he was promised Lordship as well as Turgon's daughter Idril, whom he'd long coveted. Morgoth then sent an army over the Crissaegrim, the northernmost precipitous and dangerous portion of the Encircling Mountains, during The Gates of Summer (a great Gondolin festival), catching them unawares and sacking the city with relative ease. In addition to orcs, Balrogs and dragons, Melkor's (Morgoth's) army, in early versions of the story, included iron machines (tanks) powered by "internal fires" and used as personnel carriers, to surmount difficult geographic obstacles and to defeat fortifications. Idril, noted for her intuition, had the foresight to prepare a secret route out of Gondolin prior to the siege.[4] While her father Turgon perished, Idril successfully fled the city alongside her husband Tuor and other survivors; through their union, Tuor and Idril are the ancestors of both Elrond and Aragorn.[5]

Commentators have compared the Fall of Gondolin to the sack of Troy.[6][7] David Greenman, in Mythlore, compares The Fall of Gondolin, Tolkien's first long Middle-earth work, to Virgil's Aeneid. He finds it fitting that Tuor, "Tolkien's early quest-hero", escapes from the wreck of an old kingdom and creates new ones, just as Aeneas does, while his later quest-heroes in The Lord of the Rings, the hobbits of the Shire, are made to return to their home, ravaged while they were away, and are obliged to scour it clean, just as Odysseus does in Homer's Odyssey.[7] Greenman compared and contrasted Idril's part in the story to Cassandra and Helen of Troy, two prominent female figures in accounts of the Trojan War: like the prophetess, Idril had a premonition of impending danger and like Helen, her beauty played a major role in instigating Maeglin's betrayal of Gondolin, which ultimately led to its downfall and ruin. Conversely, Greeman noted that Idril's advice to enact a contingency plan for a secret escape route out of Gondolin was heeded by her people, and that she had always rejected Maeglin's advances and remained faithful to Tuor.[7]

The seven names of Gondolin

According to The Book of Lost Tales, the city had seven names: "’Tis said and ’tis sung: Gondobar am I called and Gondothlimbar, City of Stone and City of the Dwellers in Stone; Gondolin the Stone of Song and Gwarestrin am I named, the Tower of the Guard, Gar Thurion or the Secret Place, for I am hidden from the eyes of Melko; but they who love me most greatly call me Loth, for like a flower am I, even Lothengriol the flower that blooms on the plain."[T 3]

The Houses of Gondolin

Further information: Heraldry of Middle-earth

According to The Book of Lost Tales the active male Elves of Gondolin belonged to one of the 11 "Houses" or Thlim plus the bodyguard of Tuor which was accounted the twelfth:

Old Noldorin names of the Houses[T 4] Leader Uniforms and emblems Notes
The folk of the White Wing Tuor "These wore wings as it were of swans or gulls upon their helms, and the emblem of the White Wing was upon their shields."[T 5] The bodyguard of Tuor.[T 5]
The House of the Mole or the Thlim Doldrin Maeglin "Sable was their harness, and they bore no sign or emblem, but their round caps of steel were covered with moleskin."[T 5] Composed of skilled miners.
The House of the Swallow or the Thlim Duilin Duilin "[They] bore a fan of feathers on their helms, and they were arrayed in white and dark blue and in purple and black and showed an arrowhead on their shield."[T 5] Gondolin's best archers.
The House of the Heavenly Arch or the Thlim Quing Ilon Egalmoth "They were arrayed in a glory of colours, and their arms were set with jewels. Every shield of that battalion was of the blue of the heavens."[T 5] A very wealthy house; comprised the other part of Gondolin's archers.
The House of the Pillar or the Thlim Climbol Penlod unknown Their leader was slain during the Fall of Gondolin.
The House of the Tower of Snow or the Thlim Ith Mindon Penlod unknown Their leader was slain during the Fall of Gondolin.
The House of the Tree or the Thlim Galdon Galdor "Their raiment was green."[T 5] Wielded clubs and slings.
The House of the Golden Flower or the Thlim Losglóriol Glorfindel "[They] bore a golden flower upon their shield."[T 5]
The House of the Fountain or the Thlim Ecthel Ecthelion "Silver and diamonds was their delight ; and swords very long and bright and pale did they wield."[T 5] The guard of the fountains, primarily those of the king. Warriors of this house defended the seventh gate of Gondolin. They marched into battle to the playing of flutes.
The House of the Harp or the Thlim Salum Salgant "A harp of silver shone in their blazonry upon a field of black."[T 5] House of musicians. However, their leader was a craven.
The House of the Hammer of Wrath or the Thlim Gothodrum Rog "The sign of this people was the Stricken Anvil, and a hammer that smiteth sparks about it was set on their shields."[T 5] The largest and most valiant house. They comprised those blacksmiths who were not under Maeglin, as well as escaped thralls of Morgoth. They perished to the last elf during the Fall of Gondolin.
The House of the King King Turgon "The array of the house of the king and their colours were white and gold and red, and their emblems the moon and the sun and the scarlet heart [of Finwë Nólemë]."[T 5] The three Royal Guard battalions of King Turgon.

The tongue of Gondolin

In the hidden city of Gondolin, an isolated land, a peculiar Elvish dialect developed: "This differed from the standard (of Doriath) (a) in having Western and some Northern elements, and (b) in incorporating a good many Noldorin-Quenya words in more or less Sindarized forms. Thus the city was usually called Gondolin (from Q. Ondolin(dë)) with simple replacement of g-, not Goenlin or Goenglin [as it would have been in standard Sindarin]".[T 6] The common or standard Sindarin tongue was not used in Gondolin.

Weaponry

Further information: Named weapons in Middle-earth

The smiths of Gondolin, using Elven craft, made powerful weapons. In The Hobbit, the swords Orcrist, Glamdring and a long dagger later named Sting were found in a Troll-hoard.[T 7] Each of these weapons forged in Gondolin had the ability to detect Orcs in the immediate vicinity by glowing. They also had the property of striking fear in the hearts of Orcs when used against them in combat. All were well-crafted, and extraordinarily sharp. Apparently, Gondolinian weapons were impervious to rust and corrosion, as the examples found in the trolls' lair were over 6,000 years old and had been hanging in the lair for an indeterminate length of time, yet were sharp and ready for use when unsheathed.

The dagger Sting was highly effective against giant spiders (distant offspring of Ungoliant) and could cut their webs with ease, including the spiders of Mirkwood and Shelob. Sting was able to cut the spider's eyes and wound her sufficiently that she fled in pain. Such creatures were common in the Ered Gorgoroth south of Gondolin.

Text

Gothmog, High Captain of Angband, at the storming of Gondolin. Illustration by Tom Loback

Origins

Tolkien began writing the story that would become The Fall of Gondolin in 1917 in an army barracks on the back of a sheet of military marching music. It is the first traceable story of his Middle-earth legendarium that he wrote down on paper.[8] While the first half of the story "appears to echo Tolkien's creative development and slow acceptance of duty in the first year of the war," the second half echoes his personal experience of battle.[9] The story was read aloud by Tolkien to the Exeter College Essay Club in the spring of 1920.[T 5]

Tolkien was constantly revising his First Age stories; however, the narrative he wrote in 1917, published posthumously in The Book of Lost Tales, remains the only full account of the fall of the city.

Publication of versions of the story

The narrative "Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin" in the 1997 book The Silmarillion was the result of the editing by his son Christopher using the 1917 narrative (minus some elements all too obviously evocative of World War I warfare) and compressed versions from the different versions of the Annals and Quentas as various sources. The later Quenta Silmarillion and the Grey Annals, the main sources for much of the published Silmarillion, both stop before the beginning of the Tuor story.

A partial later version of The Fall of Gondolin was published in the 1980 book Unfinished Tales under the title "Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin". Originally titled "Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin," this narrative shows a great expansion of the earlier tale. Christopher Tolkien retitled the story before including it in Unfinished Tales, because it ends at the point of Tuor's arrival in Gondolin, and does not depict the actual Fall.

There is also an unfinished poem, The Lay of the Fall of Gondolin, of which a few verses are quoted in the 1985 book The Lays of Beleriand. In 130 verses Tolkien reaches the point where dragons attack the city.

Book

Publication history

In 2018,[1] the first stand-alone version of the story was published by HarperCollins in the UK[1] and Houghton Mifflin in the US.[1] This version, illustrated by Alan Lee, has been curated and edited by Christopher Tolkien,[1] J. R. R. Tolkien's son, who also edited The Silmarillion, Unfinished Tales, and the twelve-volume The History of Middle-earth which included The Book of Lost Tales.[8]

Contents

  • Prologue
  • The Original Tale
  • The Earliest Text
  • "Turlin and the Exiles of Gondolin"
  • The Story Told in the Sketch of the Mythology
  • The Story Told in the Quenta Noldorinwa
  • The Last Version
  • The Evolution of the Story
  • Conclusion

The book ends with a list of names, additional notes, and a glossary.

Reception

By Tolkien scholars

Douglas Kane writes in Journal of Tolkien Research that The Fall of Gondolin was the first of Tolkien's three "Great Tales" to be written, and the last to be published, the other two being the Great Tale of Túrin Turumbar (published in The Children of Húrin, 2007, edited into a continuous story) and Beren and Lúthien (2017, presented as a set of versions of the story). That left the tale which was "arguably the one in which the world of Middle-earth is most vividly presented and in which Tolkien’s philosophical themes are most profoundly expressed."[10] Kane adds that although the book collects material already published, "it still succeeds in rounding out that task", for instance by putting the "Sketch of the Mythology" in the prologue. He wonders, though, why the editor included part of the poem "The Flight of the Noldoli from Valinor" (already in The Lays of Beleriand), but omits the poem fragment "The Lay of the Fall of Gondolin" which is far more obviously relevant. Kane admires Alan Lee's illustrations, both in colour and in black and white, as providing "a perfect complement" to the final book in the "unique and remarkable" collaboration between Christopher Tolkien and his father.[10]

Jennifer Rogers, reviewing the book for Tolkien Studies, writes that it "highlights the power of the Gondolin story in its own right with minimal editorial intrusion."[11] As Tolkien's first tale and the last one to be published by his son, the book is "laden with the sense of weight such a publication brings", taking the reader back to the place where the whole Legendarium began, the story about Eärendel.[11]

In newspapers

According to Entertainment Weekly, "Patient and dedicated readers will find among the references to other books and their many footnotes and appendices a poignant sense of completion and finality to the life's pursuit of a father and son."[12] Writing for The Washington Post, writer Andrew Ervin said that "'The Fall of Gondolin' provides everything Tolkien's readers expect."[13] According to The Independent, "Even amid the complexities and difficulties of the book—and there are many—there is enough splendid imagery and characterful prose that readers will be carried along to the end even if they don't know where they are going."[14]

In science

The Finnish entomologist Lauri Kaila named multiple species of moth in the genus Elachista, such as E. finarfinella, E. gildorella, and E. turgonella, after characters from The Fall of Gondolin.[15]

See also

References

Primary

This list identifies each item's location in Tolkien's writings.
  1. ^ "Tolkien explained its origin in his "Name-list to "The Fall of Gondolin" thus: "Gondolin meaneth in Gnomish 'stone of song' (whereby figuratively the Gnomes meant stone that was carven and wrought to great beauty)".Tolkien 1984b p. 216.
  2. ^ Tolkien 1977 p. 287
  3. ^ Tolkien 1984b p. 158
  4. ^ These Elvish names come from a text written by Tolkien: "The Official Name List", and published in Parma Eldalamberon 13, pp. 100–105.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Tolkien 1984b "The Fall of Gondolin"
  6. ^ Parma Eldalamberon 17, "Words, Phrases and Passages", p. 29
  7. ^ Tolkien 1937 ch. 3 "A Short Rest"

Secondary

  1. ^ a b c d e f Helen, Daniel (10 April 2018). "The Fall of Gondolin to be published". Tolkien Society. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  2. ^ Helen, Daniel (30 August 2018). "The Fall of Gondolin published". Tolkien Society. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  3. ^ Alexander, Bruce M. (22 March 2012). "The Fall of Gondolin and the Fall of Troy: Tolkien and Book II of the Aeneid". Mythlore.
  4. ^ Rawls, Melanie (1984). "The Feminine Principle in Tolkien". Mythlore. 30 (3–4).
  5. ^ Polo, Susana (10 April 2018). "A new Lord of the Rings book is out this year". Polygon. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  6. ^ Bruce, Alexander M. (2012). "The Fall of Gondolin and the Fall of Troy: Tolkien and Book II of the Aeneid". Mythlore. 30 (3–4).
  7. ^ a b c Greenman, David (1992). "Aeneidic and Odyssean Patterns of Escape and Release in Tolkien's 'The Fall of Gondolin' and 'The Return of the King'". Mythlore. 18 (2). Article 1.
  8. ^ a b "J.R.R. Tolkien's First Middle-Earth Story, The Fall of Gondolin, to Be Published". BBC. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  9. ^ Garth, John (2013). Tolkien and the Great War: The Threshold of Middle-earth. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 217. ISBN 978-0544263727.
  10. ^ a b Kane, Douglas Charles (2018). "[Review:] The Fall of Gondolin (2018) by J.R.R. Tolkien, edited by Christopher Tolkien". Journal of Tolkien Research. 6 (2). Article 1.
  11. ^ a b Rogers, Jennifer (2019). "[Review] The Fall of Gondolin by J.R.R Tolkien". Tolkien Studies. 16 (1): 170–174. doi:10.1353/tks.2019.0013.
  12. ^ Lewis, Evan (25 August 2018). "The Fall of Gondolin is an indispensable examination of Tolkien's first Middle-earth story: EW review". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  13. ^ Ervin, Andrew (28 August 2018). "J.R.R. Tolkien's latest posthumous book may actually be the last". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  14. ^ Griffin, Andrew (31 August 2018). "JRR Tolkien, The Fall of Gondolin review: A vast and fitting last look at Middle Earth". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  15. ^ Kaila, Lauri (1999). "A Revision of the Nearctic Species of the Genus Elachista s. l. III.: The bifasciella, praelineata, saccharella and freyerella groups (Lepidoptera, Elachistidae)". Acta Zoologica Fennica (211): 1–235.

Sources

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=The_Fall_of_Gondolin&oldid=1126119575"