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Two different genetic studies were written about the Manchu [[Aisin Gioro]] imperial family. In 2005, a study led by a researcher at the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute]] said that C3b2a-M48 was found in ten different ethnic minorities in northeastern China (1.5 million men) such as Inner Mongolians, Outer Mongolians, Evenks, Oroqen, Hezhe, Manchus and Xibe, but is totally absent from all Han Chinese populations (Heilongjiang, Gansu, Guangdong, Sichuan and Xinjiang).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Recent Spread of a Y-Chromosomal Lineage in Northern China and Mongolia |date=2015-09-28 |pmc=1285168 |pmid=16380921 |doi=10.1086/498583 |volume=77 |issue=6 |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |pages=1112–6 | last1 = Xue | first1 = Y | last2 = Zerjal | first2 = T | last3 = Bao | first3 = W | last4 = Zhu | first4 = S | last5 = Lim | first5 = SK | last6 = Shu | first6 = Q | last7 = Xu | first7 = J | last8 = Du | first8 = R | last9 = Fu | first9 = S | last10 = Li | first10 = P | last11 = Yang | first11 = H | last12 = Tyler-Smith | first12 = C |quote="Notable features are the occurrence of the lineage in seven different populations but its apparent absence from the most populous Chinese ethnic group, the Han."}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Recent Spread of a Y-Chromosomal Lineage in Northern China and Mongolia |doi=10.1086/498583 |volume=77 |issue=6 |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |pages=1112–1116 |pmid=16380921 |pmc=1285168 |year=2005 | last1 = Xue | first1 = Y | last2 = Zerjal | first2 = T | last3 = Bao | first3 = W | last4 = Zhu | first4 = S | last5 = Lim | first5 = SK | last6 = Shu | first6 = Q | last7 = Xu | first7 = J | last8 = Du | first8 = R | last9 = Fu | first9 = S | last10 = Li | first10 = P | last11 = Yang | first11 = H | last12 = Tyler-Smith | first12 = C}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Xue|first1= Y.|last2= Zerjal|first2= T.|last3= Bao|first3= W.|last4= Zhu|first4= S.|last5= Lim|first5= S. K.|last6= Shu|first6= Q.|last7= Xu|first7= J.|last8= Du|first8= R.|last9= Fu|first9= S.|last10= Li|first10= P.|last11= Yang|first11= H.|last12= Tyler-Smith|first12= C.|date= December 2005 |title= Recent Spread of a Y-Chromosomal Lineage in Northern China and Mongolia|journal= Am J Hum Genet|volume= 77|issue= 6|pages= 1112–1116|doi= 10.1086/498583|pmid= 16380921|pmc= 1285168}}</ref><ref name="1.5m">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4396246.stm "1.5m Chinese 'descendants of one man'"]. ''[[BBC]]''. 1 November 2005. Retrieved 15 March 2013.</ref> This was attributed to Giocangga's and his descendants' many wives and [[concubine]]s.<ref name="1.5m"/> Giocangga's descendants in the patrilineal line are concentrated among several [[ethnic minorities in China|ethnic minorities]]{{which|date=May 2019}} who were part of the Manchu [[Eight Banners]] system, and are not found in the [[Han Chinese|Han]] population.
Two different genetic studies were written about the Manchu [[Aisin Gioro]] imperial family. In 2005, a study led by a researcher at the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute]] said that C3b2a-M48 was found in ten different ethnic minorities in northeastern China (1.5 million men) such as Inner Mongolians, Outer Mongolians, Evenks, Oroqen, Hezhe, Manchus and Xibe, but is totally absent from all Han Chinese populations (Heilongjiang, Gansu, Guangdong, Sichuan and Xinjiang).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Recent Spread of a Y-Chromosomal Lineage in Northern China and Mongolia |date=2015-09-28 |pmc=1285168 |pmid=16380921 |doi=10.1086/498583 |volume=77 |issue=6 |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |pages=1112–6 | last1 = Xue | first1 = Y | last2 = Zerjal | first2 = T | last3 = Bao | first3 = W | last4 = Zhu | first4 = S | last5 = Lim | first5 = SK | last6 = Shu | first6 = Q | last7 = Xu | first7 = J | last8 = Du | first8 = R | last9 = Fu | first9 = S | last10 = Li | first10 = P | last11 = Yang | first11 = H | last12 = Tyler-Smith | first12 = C |quote="Notable features are the occurrence of the lineage in seven different populations but its apparent absence from the most populous Chinese ethnic group, the Han."}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Recent Spread of a Y-Chromosomal Lineage in Northern China and Mongolia |doi=10.1086/498583 |volume=77 |issue=6 |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |pages=1112–1116 |pmid=16380921 |pmc=1285168 |year=2005 | last1 = Xue | first1 = Y | last2 = Zerjal | first2 = T | last3 = Bao | first3 = W | last4 = Zhu | first4 = S | last5 = Lim | first5 = SK | last6 = Shu | first6 = Q | last7 = Xu | first7 = J | last8 = Du | first8 = R | last9 = Fu | first9 = S | last10 = Li | first10 = P | last11 = Yang | first11 = H | last12 = Tyler-Smith | first12 = C}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Xue|first1= Y.|last2= Zerjal|first2= T.|last3= Bao|first3= W.|last4= Zhu|first4= S.|last5= Lim|first5= S. K.|last6= Shu|first6= Q.|last7= Xu|first7= J.|last8= Du|first8= R.|last9= Fu|first9= S.|last10= Li|first10= P.|last11= Yang|first11= H.|last12= Tyler-Smith|first12= C.|date= December 2005 |title= Recent Spread of a Y-Chromosomal Lineage in Northern China and Mongolia|journal= Am J Hum Genet|volume= 77|issue= 6|pages= 1112–1116|doi= 10.1086/498583|pmid= 16380921|pmc= 1285168}}</ref><ref name="1.5m">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4396246.stm "1.5m Chinese 'descendants of one man'"]. ''[[BBC]]''. 1 November 2005. Retrieved 15 March 2013.</ref> This was attributed to Giocangga's and his descendants' many wives and [[concubine]]s.<ref name="1.5m"/> Giocangga's descendants in the patrilineal line are concentrated among several [[ethnic minorities in China|ethnic minorities]]{{which|date=May 2019}} who were part of the Manchu [[Eight Banners]] system, and are not found in the [[Han Chinese|Han]] population.


However, this study of 1.5 million men was challenged by other geneticists who conducted a new genetic test on actual verified Aisin Gioro descendants with genealogies since the scientists involved on the first test with the 1.5 million men did not even test Aisin Gioro descendants and the Y chromosome subclade in question nicknamed the "Manchu cluster" was found more in other ethnic minorities like Mongols in Inner and Outer Mongolia, Hezhe,Evenki and Oroqen in Heilongjiang than in Manchu people and Xibe people who are close to Manchus. In addition to that, the Qing dynasty meticulously recorded the number, names and genealogy of male descendants of the Aisin Gioro and forbade them from leaving the cities of Beijing and Mukden (Shenyang). In the last official census of Aisin Gioro clansmen in 1915 by the Qing Imperial household, there were only 27,884 Aisin Gioro clan members. Manchus were also not exempt from family planning and wars and events in China over the past decades prevented the Aisin Gioro population from growing too much so the geneticists still estimate the actual number of Aisin Gioro is less than 30,000 today and they are still heavily concentrated in Beijing and Mukden. This second genetic test was conducted on seven men who claimed Aisin Gioro descent with three of them showing documented genealogical information of all their ancestors up to Nurhaci. Three of them turned out to share the Haplogroup C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483) haplogroup, out of them, two of them were the ones who provided their documented family trees. The other four tested were unrelated. This Y haplogroup subclade is rare among all ethnic groups in China including Manchus, and is the most likely candidate for Aisin Gioro, showing that royalty and powerful men do not necessarily have many descendants. <ref>{{cite journal |last1= Yan|first1= S.|last2= Tachibana|first2= H.|last3= Wei|first3= LH|date= 2015|title= Y chromosome of Aisin Gioro, the imperial house of the Qing dynasty|url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269876995|archive-url=|journal= J Hum Genet|volume= 60|issue= 6|pages= 295–298|doi= 10.1038/jhg.2015.28|pmid= 25833470|s2cid= 7505563|access-date=}}</ref> Geneticist [[Luca Cavalli-Sforza]] also ridiculed the first study claiming 1.5 million men descended from Aisin Gioro's founder, pointing out that their dating methods were too imprecise to claim the Y DNA was Giocangga's.<ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/news051024-1</ref>
However, this study of 1.5 million men was challenged by other geneticists who conducted a new genetic test on actual verified Aisin Gioro descendants with genealogies since the scientists involved on the first test with the 1.5 million men did not even test Aisin Gioro descendants and the Y chromosome subclade in question nicknamed the "Manchu cluster" was found more in other ethnic minorities like Mongols in Inner and Outer Mongolia, Hezhe,Evenki and Oroqen in Heilongjiang than in Manchu people and Xibe people who are close to Manchus. In addition to that, the Qing dynasty meticulously recorded the number, names and genealogy of male descendants of the Aisin Gioro and forbade them from leaving the cities of Beijing and Mukden (Shenyang). In the last official census of Aisin Gioro clansmen in 1915 by the Qing Imperial household, there were only 27,884 Aisin Gioro clan members. Manchus were also not exempt from family planning and wars and events in China over the past decades prevented the Aisin Gioro population from growing too much so the geneticists still estimate the actual number of Aisin Gioro is less than 30,000 today and they are still heavily concentrated in Beijing and Mukden. This second genetic test was conducted on seven men who claimed Aisin Gioro descent with three of them showing documented genealogical information of all their ancestors up to Nurhaci. Three of them turned out to share the Haplogroup C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483) haplogroup, out of them, two of them were the ones who provided their documented family trees. The other four tested were unrelated. This Y haplogroup subclade is rare among all ethnic groups in China including Manchus, and is the most likely candidate for Aisin Gioro, showing that royalty and powerful men do not necessarily have many descendants and also revealed that people claiming to belong to Aisin Gioro but lacking written genealogies are likely imposters. <ref>{{cite journal |last1= Yan|first1= S.|last2= Tachibana|first2= H.|last3= Wei|first3= LH|date= 2015|title= Y chromosome of Aisin Gioro, the imperial house of the Qing dynasty|url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269876995|archive-url=|journal= J Hum Genet|volume= 60|issue= 6|pages= 295–298|doi= 10.1038/jhg.2015.28|pmid= 25833470|s2cid= 7505563|access-date=}}</ref> Geneticist [[Luca Cavalli-Sforza]] also ridiculed the first study claiming 1.5 million men descended from Aisin Gioro's founder, pointing out that their dating methods were too imprecise to claim the Y DNA was Giocangga's.<ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/news051024-1</ref>


== Family ==
== Family ==

Revision as of 17:59, 7 December 2022

This name uses Manchu naming customs. The family name is Aisin Gioro.
This article contains Manchu text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Manchu alphabet.

Giocangga (Manchu: ᡤᡳᠣᠴᠠᠩᡤᠠ; Chinese: 覺昌安; pinyin: Juéchāng'ān; 1526–1583) was the son of Fuman and the paternal grandfather of Nurhaci, the man who unified the Jurchen peoples and founded the Later Jin dynasty of China. Both he and his son Taksi attacked Atai's fort, which was being besieged by a rival Jurchen chieftain Nikan Wailan (ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ
ᠸᠠᡳᠯᠠᠨ; 尼堪外蘭 Níkān Wàilán), who promised the governance of the city to whoever would kill Atai. One of Atai's underlings rebelled and murdered him. Both Giocangga and Taksi were killed by Nikan Wailan under unclear circumstances. Giocangga, Taksi and Nikan were all under command of Li Chengliang.

Giocangga was accorded the temple name Jǐngzǔ (景祖) and the posthumous name Emperor Yi (翼皇帝) by the Qing dynasty.

Two different genetic studies were written about the Manchu Aisin Gioro imperial family. In 2005, a study led by a researcher at the British Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute said that C3b2a-M48 was found in ten different ethnic minorities in northeastern China (1.5 million men) such as Inner Mongolians, Outer Mongolians, Evenks, Oroqen, Hezhe, Manchus and Xibe, but is totally absent from all Han Chinese populations (Heilongjiang, Gansu, Guangdong, Sichuan and Xinjiang).[1][2][3][4] This was attributed to Giocangga's and his descendants' many wives and concubines.[4] Giocangga's descendants in the patrilineal line are concentrated among several ethnic minorities[which?] who were part of the Manchu Eight Banners system, and are not found in the Han population.

However, this study of 1.5 million men was challenged by other geneticists who conducted a new genetic test on actual verified Aisin Gioro descendants with genealogies since the scientists involved on the first test with the 1.5 million men did not even test Aisin Gioro descendants and the Y chromosome subclade in question nicknamed the "Manchu cluster" was found more in other ethnic minorities like Mongols in Inner and Outer Mongolia, Hezhe,Evenki and Oroqen in Heilongjiang than in Manchu people and Xibe people who are close to Manchus. In addition to that, the Qing dynasty meticulously recorded the number, names and genealogy of male descendants of the Aisin Gioro and forbade them from leaving the cities of Beijing and Mukden (Shenyang). In the last official census of Aisin Gioro clansmen in 1915 by the Qing Imperial household, there were only 27,884 Aisin Gioro clan members. Manchus were also not exempt from family planning and wars and events in China over the past decades prevented the Aisin Gioro population from growing too much so the geneticists still estimate the actual number of Aisin Gioro is less than 30,000 today and they are still heavily concentrated in Beijing and Mukden. This second genetic test was conducted on seven men who claimed Aisin Gioro descent with three of them showing documented genealogical information of all their ancestors up to Nurhaci. Three of them turned out to share the Haplogroup C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483) haplogroup, out of them, two of them were the ones who provided their documented family trees. The other four tested were unrelated. This Y haplogroup subclade is rare among all ethnic groups in China including Manchus, and is the most likely candidate for Aisin Gioro, showing that royalty and powerful men do not necessarily have many descendants and also revealed that people claiming to belong to Aisin Gioro but lacking written genealogies are likely imposters. [5] Geneticist Luca Cavalli-Sforza also ridiculed the first study claiming 1.5 million men descended from Aisin Gioro's founder, pointing out that their dating methods were too imprecise to claim the Y DNA was Giocangga's.[6]

Family

  • Brothers
  1. Desikū (ᡩᡝᠰᡳᡴᡠ; 德世庫, Déshìkù)
  2. Liocan (ᠯᡳᠣᠴᠠᠨ; 瑠闡, Liúchǎn)
  3. Soocangga (ᠰᠣᠣᠴᠠᠩᡤᠠ; 索長阿, Suǒcháng'ā)
  4. Boolangga (ᠪᠣᠣᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ; 包朗阿, Bāolǎng'ā)
  5. Boosi (ᠪᠣᠣᠰᡳ; 寶實, Bǎoshí)
  • Children: (5 sons)
  1. Lidun Baturu (ᠯᡳᡩᡠᠨ
    ᠪᠠᡨᡠᡵᡠ    ; 禮敦巴圖魯 Lǐdūn Bātúlǔ)
  2. Erguwen(ᡝᡵᡤᡠᠸᡝᠨ; 額爾袞 É'ěrgǔn)
  3. Jaikan (ᠵᠠᡳᡴᠠᠨ; 界堪 Jièkān)
  4. Taksi (ᡨᠠᡴᠰᡳ; 塔克世 Tǎkèshì)
  5. Taca Fiyanggū (塔察ᡨᠠᠴᠠ
    ᡶᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᡡ    ; 篇古 Tǎchá Piāngǔ)

References

  1. ^ Xue, Y; Zerjal, T; Bao, W; Zhu, S; Lim, SK; Shu, Q; Xu, J; Du, R; Fu, S; Li, P; Yang, H; Tyler-Smith, C (2015-09-28). "Recent Spread of a Y-Chromosomal Lineage in Northern China and Mongolia". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 77 (6): 1112–6. doi:10.1086/498583. PMC 1285168. PMID 16380921. Notable features are the occurrence of the lineage in seven different populations but its apparent absence from the most populous Chinese ethnic group, the Han.
  2. ^ Xue, Y; Zerjal, T; Bao, W; Zhu, S; Lim, SK; Shu, Q; Xu, J; Du, R; Fu, S; Li, P; Yang, H; Tyler-Smith, C (2005). "Recent Spread of a Y-Chromosomal Lineage in Northern China and Mongolia". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 77 (6): 1112–1116. doi:10.1086/498583. PMC 1285168. PMID 16380921.
  3. ^ Xue, Y.; Zerjal, T.; Bao, W.; Zhu, S.; Lim, S. K.; Shu, Q.; Xu, J.; Du, R.; Fu, S.; Li, P.; Yang, H.; Tyler-Smith, C. (December 2005). "Recent Spread of a Y-Chromosomal Lineage in Northern China and Mongolia". Am J Hum Genet. 77 (6): 1112–1116. doi:10.1086/498583. PMC 1285168. PMID 16380921.
  4. ^ a b "1.5m Chinese 'descendants of one man'". BBC. 1 November 2005. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
  5. ^ Yan, S.; Tachibana, H.; Wei, LH (2015). "Y chromosome of Aisin Gioro, the imperial house of the Qing dynasty". J Hum Genet. 60 (6): 295–298. doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.28. PMID 25833470. S2CID 7505563.
  6. ^ https://www.nature.com/articles/news051024-1
Giocangga
Born: 1526 Died: 1583
Regnal titles
Preceded by Chieftain of the Jianzhou Jurchens
1542–1571 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Giocangga&oldid=1126127174"