Global majority: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 15:12, 13 December 2022

Global majority is a collective term for ethnic groups which constitute approximately 89 per cent of the global population.^[1] It has been used as an alternative to terms which are seen as racialized like "ethnic minority" and "person of color" (POC), or more regional terms like "visible minority" in Canada and "Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic" (BAME) in the United Kingdom.

Terminology

The term was used as early as 2003 as a way to challenge the normativity of a white majority or Eurocentric perspective. Its proponents argue that terms like "ethnic minority" marginalize the skills, the ways of thinking, and the lived experiences of those from African, Asian, indigenous, or dual-heritage backgrounds. Therefore, terms like ethnic minority, person of color, visible minority, and BAME were criticized as racializing ethnicity.^[2]^[3]^[4]

However, the term "global majority" has been challenged on several fronts. It does not include white ethnic groups (such as Irish, Jews, and travellers in the United Kingdom) that are cultural minorities in white majority societies.^[5] It is also seen as using "majority" out of context and, thereby, distorting language.^[6]

Canada

The term visible minority is a legal term used in different sectors of the Canadian government,^[7] and has been defined by Employment Equity Act as "someone (other than an Indigenous person...) who is non-white in colour/race, regardless of place of birth."^[8] The term is likewise used by Statistics Canada, although it is currently under consultative review.^[9]

In certain parts of Canada, like Vancouver and Toronto, "visible minorities" make up the majority of the population.^[10] Advocates of "global majority" argue that the term "visible minority" creates a racialized group, in contrast with the white Canadian population.^[4]

United States

In the United States, the term "global majority" has been used since the early-2000s as a way to refer to developing countries. Organizations like the "Global Majority," founded by California senator Bill Monning, focus on non-violent conflict resolution with respect to global disputes.^[11] Likewise, the American University in Washington, DC offers a general education undergraduate course on the subject that focus on countries striving towards economic and political development. Since 2010, the American University has published a student Global Majority E-Journal connected to this course.^[12]^[13]

However, since the COVID-19 pandemic, the term has been used as a way to speak about racism in the United States. Some prefer the term over "person of color," as the latter focuses on a historical binary between African Americans as "colored people" and "color-free white people," thereby emphasizing race and white centrality.^[14] "Global majority" has been seen as a way to highlight race-related pyschological processes and to place greater emphasis on less prominent voices in white-dominated spaces.^[15]

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, in the midst of the Black Lives Matter protests, there was a growing debate around how best to describe different ethnic groups. This led to the creation of the "Commission on Race and Ethnic Disparities," which concluded in March 2021 that the term BAME was "unhelpful and redundant."^[16]^[17]

In 2020, the Church of England created an Archbishops' Anti-Racism Taskforce to examine racism in the church. At the time, it primarily used the term "United Kingdom Minority Ethnic" (UKME).^[18] When the taskforce's report was published in April 2021, it chose a broader description of "United Kingdom Minority Ethnic/Global Majority Heritage" (UKME/GMH) as more appropriate than BAME.^[19] The language of "Global Majority Heritage" is seen as a reminder that minorities often come from a majority culture before migrating to the UK.^[20] However, some have rejected the term because it is seen as associated with critical race and intersectional theories.^[21]

In November 2022, the Labour-run Westminster City Council committed to replace BAME with "global majority." However, Conservative MP John Hayes remarked that the change was part of the "liberal left agenda" and said "Minorities and majorities are about the context — you can't use the term 'majority' out of context and assume it affords some sort of accurate description" and that the change of language is "deeply sinister and must be resisted at every turn."^[6]

References

^ "Current World Population". Worldometers. July 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
^ Campbell-Stephens, Rosemary M. (2021). Educational Leadership and the Global Majority: Decolonising Narratives. Springer Nature. p. 8–9, 57–58. ISBN 978-3-030-88282-2.
^ Weller, Paul (2 January 2022). "'The Problems of the White Ethnic Majority' revisited: A personal, theological and political review". Practical Theology. 15 (1–2): 31. doi:10.1080/1756073X.2021.2023950.
^ ^a ^b Maharaj, Sachin (9 February 2021). "We are not visible minorities; we are the global majority". Toronto Star. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
^ Fuller, Kay (2013). Gender, Identity and Educational Leadership. London: Bloomsbury. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-4411-1841-7.
^ ^a ^b Beal, James (25 November 2022). "Westminster council rebrand dubs minorities 'global majority'". The Times. Archived from the original on 25 November 2022.
^ Canadian Race Relations Foundation. "Visible Minority". Canadian Race Relations Foundation Fondation canadienne des relations raciales. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
^ Canada, Public Service Commission of (19 June 2013). "Employment equity". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
^ "Visible minority concept consultative engagement". Statistics Canada. 27 October 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
^ Hiranandani, Vanmala (14 November 2012). "Diversity Management in the Canadian Workplace: Towards an Antiracism Approach". Urban Studies Research. 2012: 11. doi:10.1155/2012/385806.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
^ "Who we are". Global Majority. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
^ "GenEd Area Three". American University. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
^ "Global Majority E-Journal". American University. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
^ Lim, Daniel (11 May 2020). "I'm Embracing the Term 'People of the Global Majority'". Medium.
^ Lee, B. Andi; Ogunfemi, Nimot; Neville, Helen A.; Tettegah, Sharon (2021). "Resistance and restoration: Healing research methodologies for the global majority". Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology. doi:10.1037/cdp0000394.
^ McGuinness, Alan (29 March 2021). "Boris Johnson told to 'scrap use of BAME label' as critics brand it 'unhelpful and redundant'". Sky News.
^ Sharman, Laura (29 March 2021). "Abandon redundant BAME label, race commission tells Downing St". The Times. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021.
^ "Statement from the Anti-Racism Taskforce". The Church of England. 8 February 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
^ "From Lament to Action" (PDF). Church of England. 22 April 2021. p. 11. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
^ Kerr, Karlene (29 April 2021). "What's in a name? Why Karlene's role title has changed". Diocese of Norwich.
^ Wide, Charles (August 2022). "How the Church blew it on race". The Critic Magazine. Retrieved 26 November 2022.

[1] "Current World Population". Worldometers. July 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2022.

[2] Campbell-Stephens, Rosemary M. (2021). Educational Leadership and the Global Majority: Decolonising Narratives. Springer Nature. p. 8–9, 57–58. ISBN 978-3-030-88282-2.

[3] Weller, Paul (2 January 2022). "'The Problems of the White Ethnic Majority' revisited: A personal, theological and political review". Practical Theology. 15 (1–2): 31. doi:10.1080/1756073X.2021.2023950.

[thestar-4] Maharaj, Sachin (9 February 2021). "We are not visible minorities; we are the global majority". Toronto Star. Retrieved 26 November 2022.

[5] Fuller, Kay (2013). Gender, Identity and Educational Leadership. London: Bloomsbury. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-4411-1841-7.

[westminster-6] Beal, James (25 November 2022). "Westminster council rebrand dubs minorities 'global majority'". The Times. Archived from the original on 25 November 2022.

[7] Canadian Race Relations Foundation. "Visible Minority". Canadian Race Relations Foundation Fondation canadienne des relations raciales. Retrieved 29 November 2022.

[8] Canada, Public Service Commission of (19 June 2013). "Employment equity". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 29 November 2022.

[9] "Visible minority concept consultative engagement". Statistics Canada. 27 October 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.

[10] Hiranandani, Vanmala (14 November 2012). "Diversity Management in the Canadian Workplace: Towards an Antiracism Approach". Urban Studies Research. 2012: 11. doi:10.1155/2012/385806.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[11] "Who we are". Global Majority. Retrieved 3 December 2022.

[12] "GenEd Area Three". American University. Retrieved 3 December 2022.

[13] "Global Majority E-Journal". American University. Retrieved 3 December 2022.

[14] Lim, Daniel (11 May 2020). "I'm Embracing the Term 'People of the Global Majority'". Medium.

[15] Lee, B. Andi; Ogunfemi, Nimot; Neville, Helen A.; Tettegah, Sharon (2021). "Resistance and restoration: Healing research methodologies for the global majority". Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology. doi:10.1037/cdp0000394.

[16] McGuinness, Alan (29 March 2021). "Boris Johnson told to 'scrap use of BAME label' as critics brand it 'unhelpful and redundant'". Sky News.

[17] Sharman, Laura (29 March 2021). "Abandon redundant BAME label, race commission tells Downing St". The Times. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021.

[18] "Statement from the Anti-Racism Taskforce". The Church of England. 8 February 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2022.

[19] "From Lament to Action" (PDF). Church of England. 22 April 2021. p. 11. Retrieved 26 November 2022.

[20] Kerr, Karlene (29 April 2021). "What's in a name? Why Karlene's role title has changed". Diocese of Norwich.

[21] Wide, Charles (August 2022). "How the Church blew it on race". The Critic Magazine. Retrieved 26 November 2022.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Ethnic groups of the majority global population}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
-'''Global majority''' is a collective term for ethnic groups which constitute approximately 89 per cent of the global population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/|title=Current World Population|date=July 2020|website=Worldometers|access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref> It has been used as an alternative to terms which are seen as highly racialized like "[[ethnic minority]]" and "[[person of color]]" (POC), or more regional terms like "[[visible minority]]" in Canada and "[[BAME|Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic]]" (BAME) in the United Kingdom.
+'''Global majority''' is a collective term for ethnic groups which constitute approximately 89 per cent of the global population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/|title=Current World Population|date=July 2020|website=Worldometers|access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref> It has been used as an alternative to terms which are seen as [[racialization|racialized]] like "[[ethnic minority]]" and "[[person of color]]" (POC), or more regional terms like "[[visible minority]]" in Canada and "[[BAME|Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic]]" (BAME) in the United Kingdom.
 == Terminology ==
-The term was used as early as 2003 as a way to challenge the [[normativity]] of a Eurocentric perspective. Its proponents argue that terms like "ethnic minority" marginalize the skills, the ways of thinking, and the lived experiences of those from African, Asian, [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]], or dual-heritage backgrounds. These terms were therefore seen as racializing ethnicity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Campbell-Stephens |first1=Rosemary M. |title=Educational Leadership and the Global Majority: Decolonising Narratives |date=2021 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-88282-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYNSEAAAQBAJ |language=en |page=8–9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weller |first1=Paul |title='The Problems of the White Ethnic Majority' revisited: A personal, theological and political review |journal=Practical Theology |date=2 January 2022 |volume=15 |issue=1-2 |page=31 |doi=10.1080/1756073X.2021.2023950}}</ref><ref name="thestar">{{cite news |last1=Maharaj |first1=Sachin |title=We are not visible minorities; we are the global majority |url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/2021/02/09/we-are-not-visible-minorities-we-are-the-global-majority.html |access-date=26 November 2022 |work=Toronto Star |date=9 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
+The term was used as early as 2003 as a way to challenge the [[normativity]] of a white majority or Eurocentric perspective. Its proponents argue that terms like "ethnic minority" marginalize the skills, the ways of thinking, and the lived experiences of those from African, Asian, [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]], or dual-heritage backgrounds. Therefore, terms like ethnic minority, person of color, visible minority, and BAME were criticized as racializing ethnicity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Campbell-Stephens |first1=Rosemary M. |title=Educational Leadership and the Global Majority: Decolonising Narratives |date=2021 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-88282-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYNSEAAAQBAJ |language=en |page=8–9, 57–58}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weller |first1=Paul |title='The Problems of the White Ethnic Majority' revisited: A personal, theological and political review |journal=Practical Theology |date=2 January 2022 |volume=15 |issue=1-2 |page=31 |doi=10.1080/1756073X.2021.2023950 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1756073X.2021.2023950}}</ref><ref name="thestar">{{cite news |last1=Maharaj |first1=Sachin |title=We are not visible minorities; we are the global majority |url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/2021/02/09/we-are-not-visible-minorities-we-are-the-global-majority.html |access-date=26 November 2022 |work=Toronto Star |date=9 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
-The term has likewise been challenged as it does not include white ethnic groups (such as [[Irish in Britain|Irish]], [[British Jews|Jews]], and [[Romanichal|travellers]] in the United Kingdom) that are cultural minorities in white majority societies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fuller |first1=Kay |title=Gender, Identity and Educational Leadership |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London |isbn=978-1-4411-1841-7 |page=143 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SnEsAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |language=en}}</ref>
+However, the term "global majority" has been challenged on several fronts. It does not include white ethnic groups (such as [[Irish in Britain|Irish]], [[British Jews|Jews]], and [[Romanichal|travellers]] in the United Kingdom) that are cultural minorities in white majority societies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fuller |first1=Kay |title=Gender, Identity and Educational Leadership |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London |isbn=978-1-4411-1841-7 |page=143 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SnEsAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |language=en}}</ref> It is also seen as using "majority" out of context and, thereby, distorting language.<ref name="westminster" />
 == Canada ==
-The term [[visible minority]] is a legal term used in different sectors of the Canadian government,<ref>{{cite web |author=Canadian Race Relations Foundation|title=Visible Minority |url=https://www.crrf-fcrr.ca/en/resources/glossary-a-terms-en-gb-1/item/22883-visible-minority |website=Canadian Race Relations Foundation Fondation canadienne des relations raciales |access-date=29 November 2022 |language=en-gb}}</ref> and has been defined by [[Employment equity (Canada)|Employment Equity Act]] as "someone (other than an Indigenous person as defined above) who is non-white in colour/race, regardless of place of birth."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Canada |first1=Public Service Commission of |title=Employment equity |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-service-commission/jobs/services/gc-jobs/employment-equity.html |website=www.canada.ca |access-date=29 November 2022 |date=19 June 2013}}</ref> The term is likewise used by [[Statistics Canada]], although it is currently under consultative review.<ref>{{cite web |title=Visible minority concept consultative engagement |url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/consultation/2022/visible-minority-concept |website=Statistics Canada |access-date=29 November 2022 |language=en |date=27 October 2022}}</ref>
+The term [[visible minority]] is a legal term used in different sectors of the Canadian government,<ref>{{cite web |author=Canadian Race Relations Foundation|title=Visible Minority |url=https://www.crrf-fcrr.ca/en/resources/glossary-a-terms-en-gb-1/item/22883-visible-minority |website=Canadian Race Relations Foundation Fondation canadienne des relations raciales |access-date=29 November 2022 |language=en-gb}}</ref> and has been defined by [[Employment equity (Canada)|Employment Equity Act]] as "someone (other than an Indigenous person...) who is non-white in colour/race, regardless of place of birth."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Canada |first1=Public Service Commission of |title=Employment equity |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-service-commission/jobs/services/gc-jobs/employment-equity.html |website=www.canada.ca |access-date=29 November 2022 |date=19 June 2013}}</ref> The term is likewise used by [[Statistics Canada]], although it is currently under consultative review.<ref>{{cite web |title=Visible minority concept consultative engagement |url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/consultation/2022/visible-minority-concept |website=Statistics Canada |access-date=29 November 2022 |language=en |date=27 October 2022}}</ref>
-In certain parts of Canada, like Vancouver and Toronto, "visible minorities" make up the majority of the population.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hiranandani |first1=Vanmala |title=Diversity Management in the Canadian Workplace: Towards an Antiracism Approach |journal=Urban Studies Research |date=14 November 2012 |volume=2012 |pages=11 |doi=10.1155/2012/385806}}</ref> Advocates of "global majority" argue that the term "visible minority" creates a racialized group, which is disempowered and subordinated to the white Canadian population.<ref name="thestar"/>
+In certain parts of Canada, like Vancouver and Toronto, "visible minorities" make up the majority of the population.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hiranandani |first1=Vanmala |title=Diversity Management in the Canadian Workplace: Towards an Antiracism Approach |journal=Urban Studies Research |date=14 November 2012 |volume=2012 |pages=11 |doi=10.1155/2012/385806}}</ref> Advocates of "global majority" argue that the term "visible minority" creates a racialized group, in contrast with the white Canadian population.<ref name="thestar"/>
 == United States ==
 In the United States, the term "global majority" has been used since the early-2000s as a way to refer to [[developing country|developing countries]]. Organizations like the "Global Majority," founded by California senator [[Bill Monning]], focus on non-violent conflict resolution with respect to global disputes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who we are |url=https://globalmajority.org/who-we-are/ |website=Global Majority |access-date=3 December 2022}}</ref> Likewise, the [[American University]] in [[Washington, DC]] offers a [[general education]] undergraduate course on the subject that focus on countries striving towards economic and political development. Since 2010, the American University has published a student ''Global Majority E-Journal'' connected to this course.<ref>{{cite web |title=GenEd Area Three |url=https://www.american.edu/provost/gened/areathree.cfm |website=American University |access-date=3 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Global Majority E-Journal |url=https://www.american.edu/cas/economics/ejournal/ |website=American University |access-date=3 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
-However, since the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the term has increasingly been used as a way to speak about racism in the United States. Some prefer the term over "[[person of color]]," as the latter focuses on a historical binary between African Americans as "colored people" and "color-free white people," thereby emphasizing race and white centrality.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lim |first1=Daniel |title=I’m Embracing the Term ‘People of the Global Majority’ |url=https://regenerative.medium.com/im-embracing-the-term-people-of-the-global-majority-abd1c1251241 |website=Medium |language=en |date=11 May 2020}}</ref> "Global majority" has been seen as a helpful way to highlight race-related pyschological processes and to place greater prominence upon the voices of those often dismissed in white-dominated spaces.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=B. Andi |last2=Ogunfemi |first2=Nimot |last3=Neville |first3=Helen A. |last4=Tettegah |first4=Sharon |title=Resistance and restoration: Healing research methodologies for the global majority. |journal=Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology |date=2021 |doi=10.1037/cdp0000394}}</ref>
+However, since the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the term has been used as a way to speak about racism in the United States. Some prefer the term over "[[person of color]]," as the latter focuses on a historical binary between African Americans as "colored people" and "color-free white people," thereby emphasizing race and white centrality.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lim |first1=Daniel |title=I’m Embracing the Term ‘People of the Global Majority’ |url=https://regenerative.medium.com/im-embracing-the-term-people-of-the-global-majority-abd1c1251241 |website=Medium |language=en |date=11 May 2020}}</ref> "Global majority" has been seen as a way to highlight race-related pyschological processes and to place greater emphasis on less prominent voices in white-dominated spaces.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=B. Andi |last2=Ogunfemi |first2=Nimot |last3=Neville |first3=Helen A. |last4=Tettegah |first4=Sharon |title=Resistance and restoration: Healing research methodologies for the global majority. |journal=Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology |date=2021 |doi=10.1037/cdp0000394}}</ref>
 == United Kingdom ==
@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 In 2020, the [[Church of England]] created an Archbishops' Anti-Racism Taskforce to examine racism in the church. At the time, it primarily used the term "United Kingdom Minority Ethnic" (UKME).<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement from the Anti-Racism Taskforce |url=https://www.churchofengland.org/news-and-media/news-and-statements/statement-anti-racism-taskforce |website=The Church of England |access-date=26 November 2022 |language=en |date=8 February 2021}}</ref> When the taskforce's report was published in April 2021, it chose a broader description of "United Kingdom Minority Ethnic/Global Majority Heritage" (UKME/GMH) as more appropriate than BAME.<ref>{{cite web |title=From Lament to Action |url=https://www.churchofengland.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/FromLamentToAction-report.pdf |website=Church of England |access-date=26 November 2022 |page=11 |date=22 April 2021}}</ref> The language of "Global Majority Heritage" is seen as a reminder that minorities often come from a majority culture before migrating to the UK.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kerr |first1=Karlene |title=What's in a name? Why Karlene's role title has changed |url=https://www.dioceseofnorwich.org/news/whats-in-a-name-why-karlenes-role-title-has-changed/ |website=Diocese of Norwich |date=29 April 2021}}</ref> However, some have rejected the term because it is seen as associated with [[critical race theory|critical race]] and [[intersectionality|intersectional]] theories.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wide |first1=Charles |title=How the Church blew it on race |url=https://thecritic.co.uk/issues/august-september-2022/how-the-church-blew-it-on-race/ |work=The Critic Magazine |access-date=26 November 2022 |date=August 2022}}</ref>
-In November 2022, the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]-run [[Westminster City Council]] committed to replace BAME with "global majority." However, [[Conservative Party (UK) |Conservative]] MP [[John Hayes (British politician)|John Hayes]] remarked that the change was part of the "liberal left agenda" and said "Minorities and majorities are about the context — you can't use the term 'majority' out of context and assume it affords some sort of accurate description" and that the change of language is "deeply sinister and must be resisted at every turn".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Beal |first1=James |title=Westminster council rebrand dubs minorities 'global majority' |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/westminster-council-rebrand-dubs-minorities-global-majority-r2c7x83bv |work=The Times |date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.ph/UCQ82 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
+In November 2022, the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]-run [[Westminster City Council]] committed to replace BAME with "global majority." However, [[Conservative Party (UK) |Conservative]] MP [[John Hayes (British politician)|John Hayes]] remarked that the change was part of the "liberal left agenda" and said "Minorities and majorities are about the context — you can't use the term 'majority' out of context and assume it affords some sort of accurate description" and that the change of language is "deeply sinister and must be resisted at every turn."<ref name="westminster">{{cite news |last1=Beal |first1=James |title=Westminster council rebrand dubs minorities 'global majority' |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/westminster-council-rebrand-dubs-minorities-global-majority-r2c7x83bv |work=The Times |date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.ph/UCQ82 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
 == See also ==