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* {{official website|http://www.globeatnight.org/}}
* {{official website|http://www.globeatnight.org/}}
* [http://www.darksky.org/ International Dark-Sky Association]
* [http://www.darksky.org/ International Dark-Sky Association]
* [http://www.darkskiesawareness.org/nomogram.php Conversion of NELM into other units]
* [http://www.darkskiesawareness.org/nomogram.php Conversion of NELM into other units] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014517/http://www.darkskiesawareness.org/nomogram.php |date=2020-11-12 }}


{{Portal bar|Society|Astronomy|Stars|Spaceflight|Outer space|Solar System|Education|Science}}
{{Portal bar|Society|Astronomy|Stars|Spaceflight|Outer space|Solar System|Education|Science}}

Revision as of 17:48, 13 December 2022

Artificial lights showing the locations of light pollution in October 2012.

Globe at Night is an international scientific research program that crowdsources measurements of light pollution in the night sky. At set time periods within each year, the project asks people to count the number of stars that they can see from their location and report it to the project's website. The coordinating researchers compile this information to produce a public, freely available map of global light pollution. By September 2011, almost 70,000 measurements had been made.[1] The use of data collected by the public makes the program an example of citizen science.[2] Globe at Night began as a NASA educational program in the US organized by the NOAO, and was expanded internationally during the 2009 International Year of Astronomy;[3] it is an offshoot of the GLOBE Program, which focuses on school-based science education.

Scientific rationale

Artificial lights attract many insects, to the advantage of some spiders, as on this lighted bridge over the Loire River, France. These changes in behavior can then affect food webs and cause further knock-on effects.

Light pollution, the introduction of artificial light into formerly dark ecosystems, has numerous adverse ecological effects. Exposure to artificial light can prove fatal for some organisms (e.g. moths that fly into a burning flame), can interrupt a life cycle phase for others (e.g. glowworms are unable to attract mates), and can reduce the possibilities for finding food (because of increased risk of predation).[4] Light at night can also interfere with the chronobiology of many animals, including humans, through suppression of melatonin secretion.[5]

There are also cultural and economic reasons for concern about excessive light at night. Skyglow prevents large fractions of the Earth's population from viewing the Milky Way,[6] which drove the development of much of ancient science, mythology, and religion. In the US, the cost of generating wasted light is estimated to be 7 billion US dollars per year;[7] the production of the electricity for this wasted light also results in the release of chemical pollution and greenhouse gases.

The Globe at Night project has two main goals: raise public awareness of light pollution and its effects, and provide global mapping data for light pollution.[1][8][9]

Method

The visibility of the constellation Orion varies depending on the observer's local level of light pollution; clear sky is on left, light-polluted sky is on right. Note that the photo at left shows more detail than can be seen with the human eye.

The project asks members of the public to go outside on dark moonless nights and report how many stars are visible in particular constellations.[1][3] The project focuses on students, teachers, and families, and has produced activity packets in 13 languages.[3][10] NASA encourages students in its INSPIRE program to participate.[11]

Participating individuals are asked to go outside on specified dates at least an hour after sunset, then let their eyes adjust to the ambient light level, and observe a specific constellation: Orion or Leo in the Northern Hemisphere, Crux in the Southern Hemisphere.[8][10][12] The choice of a two-week span of dates near the new moon removes any effect on sky brightness from scattered moonlight, and observing well after sunset prevents any lingering light from twilight.[13] By comparing the stars they see with star charts showing stellar visibility under different light pollution conditions, they qualitatively measure light pollution.[14][15] Stellar visibility can also be measured for the project using a Sky Quality Meter, a tool used by amateur astronomers.[14] These light pollution data are then submitted to the coordinating website via a web browser.[16][17] The assembled data are provided to researchers and the public via a mapping interface that displays the data overlaid on Google Maps.[18]

With this technique, observers are reporting a naked eye limiting magnitude (NELM) between 1 and 7. Humans are able to observe stars below 7th magnitude, although this may require blocking out other sources of light.[13] Under clear, unpolluted skies, the measurement of NELM should be strongly correlated with the level of light pollution. Other factors, particularly those that reduce the seeing, can reduce NELM:[13]

Globe at Night also distributes teaching kits that demonstrate how fully shielded lights reduce glare and improve the visibility of the night sky.[3][25]

Accuracy of measurements

When Globe at Night observations are averaged together, they are very strongly related to the sky brightness in the location. This is a single panel from this image.

The standard deviation of an individual Globe at Night observation is approximately 1.2 stellar magnitudes.[2] Due to the law of large numbers, when the observations are considered in aggregate, the errors from individual observations cancel each other out, leading to very stable mean values. This means that Globe at Night observations could be used to estimate global or regional trends in sky luminance.[2]

Conversion of measurements into other units

Globe at Night observations identify the dimmest stars that are visible given the surrounding conditions. Assuming normal visible acuity and clear skies, it is possible to approximately convert Globe at Night naked eye limiting maximum estimates into other units:[26]

NELM Visible stars mcd/m2 mag/arcsec2
1 10 160 14.6
2 30 60 15.6
3 80 20 16.6
4 250 8 17.8
5 800 3 19.0
6 2,500 0.8 20.4
7 7,000 0.2 22.0

History

Locations of Globe at Night observations from 2009–2011.

The Globe at Night project was launched as a NASA program in the United States.[1] The project quickly expanded internationally, and was part of the outreach effort of the International Year of Astronomy in 2009.[27] The size of the project (in terms of number of observations) expanded dramatically in that year. In 2014, the project expanded to also include data obtained via the Loss of the Night app for Android devices, and the Dark Sky Meter app for iOS devices. In addition, new star charts were added to extend the standard map based campaign throughout the whole year. In 2015, as part of the International Year of Light, two "International Nights of Skyglow Observation" were introduced, to encourage data submission in March and September.[28]

The number of observations for each year are reported on the Globe at Night webpage:[9]

  • 2006 – 3,990 total observations
  • 2007 – 8,490 total observations
  • 2008 – 6,838 total observations
  • 2009 – 15,300 total observations
  • 2010 – 17,805 total observations
  • 2011 – 14,249 total observations
  • 2012 – 16,848 total observations
  • 2013 – 14,879 total observations
  • 2014 – 18,506 total observations

Spinoff research

Data from the Globe at Night program has also been used in a study of the effects of artificial lighting on the foraging habits of bats.[29]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Fazekas, Andrew. "GLOBE at Night – Helping to Save the Night Sky". National Geographic. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
  2. ^ a b c Kyba, Christopher C. M.; Wagner, Janna M.; Kuechly, Helga U.; Walker, Constance E.; Elvidge, Christopher D.; Falchi, Fabio; Ruhtz, Thomas; Fischer, Jürgen; Hölker, Franz (16 May 2013). "Citizen Science Provides Valuable Data for Monitoring Global Night Sky Luminance". Scientific Reports. 3: 1835. Bibcode:2013NatSR...3E1835K. doi:10.1038/srep01835. PMC 3655480. PMID 23677222.
  3. ^ a b c d Walker, Constance; Stephen Pompea (3 November 2010). "Global campaign to save energy and fight light pollution". SPIE Newsroom. doi:10.1117/2.1201009.003213.
  4. ^ Rich, Catherine and Longcore, Travis (2006). Ecological consequences of artificial night lighting. Island Press. ISBN 978-1-55963-128-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Navara, KJ; Nelson (2007). "The dark side of light at night: physiological, epidemiological, and ecological consequences". J Pineal Res. 43 (3): 215–224. doi:10.1111/j.1600-079X.2007.00473.x. PMID 17803517.
  6. ^ Cinzano, P.; Falchi, F.; Elvidge, C. D. (2001). "The first world atlas of the artificial night sky brightness" (PDF). Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 328 (3): 689–707. arXiv:astro-ph/0108052. Bibcode:2001MNRAS.328..689C. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04882.x. S2CID 15365532. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-08-19.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ Gallaway, Terrel; Olsen, Reed N.; Mitchell, David M. (2010). "The economics of global light pollution". Ecological Economics. 69 (3): 658–665. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.10.003.
  8. ^ a b "Globe at Night - Home page". Globe at Night. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  9. ^ a b "Globe at Night - Analyze". Globe at Night. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  10. ^ a b "Globe at Night Family Activity Packet". Globe at Night. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  11. ^ "EINSPIRE Communication". Archived from the original on 2013-07-06. Retrieved 2013-04-29.
  12. ^ NASA Education Office. "Join the Worldwide Globe at Night 2012 Campaign". spaceref.com. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  13. ^ a b c d Weaver, Harold F. (1947). "The Visibility of Stars Without Optical Aid". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 59 (350): 232. Bibcode:1947PASP...59..232W. doi:10.1086/125956.
  14. ^ a b Beatty, Kelly. "Make the Effort for "Globe at Night"". Sky & Telescope. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
  15. ^ "Globe at Night - Magnitude Charts Orion 40 deg N". Globe at Night. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  16. ^ "NSF Current Newsletter - March 2012". National Science Foundation. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  17. ^ "Globe at Night webapp". Globe at Night. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  18. ^ "Globe at Night Interactive Map viewer". Globe at Night. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  19. ^ Kyba, Christopher C. M.; Ruhtz, Thomas; Fischer, Jürgen; Hölker, Franz (2011). "Cloud Coverage Acts as an Amplifier for Ecological Light Pollution in Urban Ecosystems". PLOS ONE. 6 (3): e17307. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617307K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017307. PMC 3047560. PMID 21399694.
  20. ^ Garstang, R. H. (October 1991). "Dust and light pollution". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 103: 1109–1116. Bibcode:1991PASP..103.1109G. doi:10.1086/132933. S2CID 121416771.
  21. ^ Westheimer, G (1 January 1965). "Visual Acuity". Annual Review of Psychology. 16 (1): 359–380. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.16.020165.002043. PMID 14268891.
  22. ^ Broadfoot, A. Lyle; Kendall, Kenneth R. (1 January 1968). "The Airglow Spectrum, 3100-10,000 A". Journal of Geophysical Research. 73 (1): 426–428. Bibcode:1968JGR....73..426B. doi:10.1029/JA073i001p00426.
  23. ^ James, J. F.; Mukai, T.; Watanabe, T.; Ishiguro, M.; Nakamura, R. (1997). "The morphology and brightness of the zodiacal light and gegenschein". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 288 (4): 1022–1026. Bibcode:1997MNRAS.288.1022J. doi:10.1093/mnras/288.4.1022.
  24. ^ Gittings, Neil S.; Fozard, James L. (1986). "Age related changes in visual acuity". Experimental Gerontology. 21 (4–5): 423–433. doi:10.1016/0531-5565(86)90047-1. PMID 3493168. S2CID 31284535.
  25. ^ Walker, CE; Pompea SM; Sparks RT (2010). "Dark Skies From the Ground Up: Before, During and After Globe at Night". ASP Conference Series. Earth and Space Science: Making Connections in Education and Public Outreach. 433.
  26. ^ Spoelstra, H. "Dark Skies Awareness: Sky Brightness Nomogram". Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  27. ^ Walker, CE; Pompea SM; Isbell D (2007). "GLOBE at Night 2.0: On the Road Toward IYA 2009". ASP Conference Series. EPO and a Changing World: Creating Linkages and Expanding Partnerships. 389: 423. Bibcode:2008ASPC..389..423W.
  28. ^ Kyba, Christopher (9 February 2015). "Help measure how the night sky is changing". International Year of Light Blog.
  29. ^ Barringer, D; Walker, C. E.; Pompea, S. M.; Sparks, R. T. (2011). "Astronomy Meets the Environmental Sciences: Using GLOBE at Night Data". Earth and Space Science: Making Connections in Education and Public Outreach. 433: 373. Bibcode:2011ASPC..443..373B. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
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