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==Political Goals and Organisation== |
==Political Goals and Organisation== |
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Although officially not a political party, as the term was stigmatised following Yuan Shikai's disbandment of the [[Kuomintang]], the Anfu Club operated as China's first party-state. It was a collective of senators, representatives and government bureaucrats who had their own party roles and positions which mirrored that of the Central Government. There was the Executive Office (干事部), led by [[Wang Yitang]], the council (评议会), which [[Tian Yinghuang]] presided over, and the Public Policy Research Association (政务研究会) that was managed by [[Li Shengduo]].<ref name="Cao2016">{{cite book|author=Cao Xinbao 曹心宝|title=徐树铮与皖系兴亡研究|url=https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/%E5%BE%90%E6%A0%91%E9%93%AE%E4%B8%8E%E7%9A%96%E7%B3%BB%E5%85%B4%E4%BA%A1%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/bc8rEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0|date=2016|publisher=廣西師範大學出版社出版|isbn=9787549581085, 7549581088}}</ref> The official goal of the Anfu Club was generate public policy, both foreign and internal. Their well-known foreign policies was the club's diplomacy with Japan. Affiliates of the Anfu Club, the New [[Communications Clique]], were bureaucrats which organised [[Nishihara Loans|loans]] from Japan to Club's patron, [[Duan Qirui]]. Moreover, diplomats selected by the Anfu Club were sent to [[Versailles]] to sign the [[Treaty of Versailles]] which ultimately caused the [[May Fourth Movement]]. Overall, the club's policy to Japan was largely friendly, but with the knowledge that Japan did not have the best interests in mind, which was exemplified by [[Xu Shuzheng]]'s aid to Germany during the [[Siege of Tsingtao|Siege of Qingdao]]. In terms of internal policy, the Anfu Club did not have an official ideology, but frequently made use of [[Socialism|socialist]] rhetoric and watered down policies, such as the passing of progressive laws making Sunday a holiday, creating safety regulations for factories and compulsory pensions for workers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.phenomenalworld.org/analysis/developmentalisms/ |title=Developmentalism |last=Leung |first=Ernest Ming-tak |date=18 September 2021 |website=Phenomenal World}}</ref><ref name = "Yan2022">{{cite journal |last1=Yan |first1=Quan |last2=Leung |first2=Ernest Ming-tak |date=1 March 2022 |title=The Anfu Parliament in Republican China. The life and death of a failed single-party state, 1918–20 |journal=Parliaments, Estates and Representation |volume=42 |issue=1 }}</ref> However, the club was very corrupt in their governance. The 1918 elections were fraught with fraud and vote-buying, and many provinces could not hold elections, such as Shaanxi and Henan due to conflict, and thus their military governors handpicked pro-Anfu officials to represent them in the National Assembly.<ref>《剑桥中华民国史（上卷）》《[http://library.sunxuming.com/lishi/jianqiao/minguo/0035_ts010044.htm 1918年安福国会的选举]{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}》</ref> |
Although officially not a political party, as the term was stigmatised following Yuan Shikai's disbandment of the [[Kuomintang]], the Anfu Club operated as China's first party-state. It was a collective of senators, representatives and government bureaucrats who had their own party roles and positions which mirrored that of the Central Government. There was the Executive Office (干事部), led by [[Wang Yitang]], the council (评议会), which [[Tian Yinghuang]] presided over, and the Public Policy Research Association (政务研究会) that was managed by [[Li Shengduo]].<ref name="Cao2016">{{cite book|author=Cao Xinbao 曹心宝|title=徐树铮与皖系兴亡研究|url=https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/%E5%BE%90%E6%A0%91%E9%93%AE%E4%B8%8E%E7%9A%96%E7%B3%BB%E5%85%B4%E4%BA%A1%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/bc8rEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0|date=2016|publisher=廣西師範大學出版社出版|isbn=9787549581085, 7549581088}}</ref> The official goal of the Anfu Club was generate public policy, both foreign and internal. Their well-known foreign policies was the club's diplomacy with Japan. Affiliates of the Anfu Club, the New [[Communications Clique]], were bureaucrats which organised [[Nishihara Loans|loans]] from Japan to Club's patron, [[Duan Qirui]]. Moreover, diplomats selected by the Anfu Club were sent to [[Versailles]] to sign the [[Treaty of Versailles]] which ultimately caused the [[May Fourth Movement]]. However, the actual policy of signing the treaty and suppressing the subsequent student protests where directed by the president of the time, [[Xu Shichang]], and the Anfu Club was blamed for the fiasco by Research Clique affiliated media, which became the widespread belief.<ref name="Nathan1976">{{cite book|author=Andrew J Nathan |title=Peking politics, 1918-1923 : factionalism and the failure of constitutionalism|date=1976|publisher=University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies|isbn=9780892641314}}</ref> Overall, the club's policy to Japan was largely friendly, but with the knowledge that Japan did not have the best interests in mind, which was exemplified by [[Xu Shuzheng]]'s aid to Germany during the [[Siege of Tsingtao|Siege of Qingdao]]. In terms of internal policy, the Anfu Club did not have an official ideology, but frequently made use of [[Socialism|socialist]] rhetoric and watered down policies, such as the passing of progressive laws making Sunday a holiday, creating safety regulations for factories and compulsory pensions for workers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.phenomenalworld.org/analysis/developmentalisms/ |title=Developmentalism |last=Leung |first=Ernest Ming-tak |date=18 September 2021 |website=Phenomenal World}}</ref><ref name = "Yan2022">{{cite journal |last1=Yan |first1=Quan |last2=Leung |first2=Ernest Ming-tak |date=1 March 2022 |title=The Anfu Parliament in Republican China. The life and death of a failed single-party state, 1918–20 |journal=Parliaments, Estates and Representation |volume=42 |issue=1 }}</ref> However, the club was very corrupt in their governance. The 1918 elections were fraught with fraud and vote-buying, and many provinces could not hold elections, such as Shaanxi and Henan due to conflict, and thus their military governors handpicked pro-Anfu officials to represent them in the National Assembly.<ref>《剑桥中华民国史（上卷）》《[http://library.sunxuming.com/lishi/jianqiao/minguo/0035_ts010044.htm 1918年安福国会的选举]{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}》</ref> |
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The Anfu Club did not operate in isolation. They were formed on the orders of the [[Duan Qirui]], the former premier and leader of the [[Anhui Clique]]. Duan was a military strongman who sought to unify China by force. The purpose of the club was ultimately to enable him in this pursuit. However, the Anfu Club was only a part of the Anhui Clique. The Jiwei Club, known as the "Moderate Militarists" by international observers and formed by [[Jin Yunpeng]] from Anfu Club defectors in the parliament and with support from President [[Xu Shichang]] opposed the Anfu Club in the Assembly, although still espoused loyalty to Duan.<ref>{{cite report |authors=Rohan Butler, J P T Bury |date=1966 |title=Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939.1st Series Volume 14 Far Eastern Affairs April 1920-February 1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/doc-brit-foreign-policy-1-s-v-14/page/69/mode/2up?q=tuan |publisher=Her Majesty’s Stationery Office}}</ref> Moreover, the Anfu Club did not fully support the generals and military governors of the Anhui Clique, as demonstrated by the reduction of the Army Budget by 20% during 1919.<ref name="Yan2022" /> |
The Anfu Club did not operate in isolation. They were formed on the orders of the [[Duan Qirui]], the former premier and leader of the [[Anhui Clique]]. Duan was a military strongman who sought to unify China by force. The purpose of the club was ultimately to enable him in this pursuit. However, the Anfu Club was only a part of the Anhui Clique. The Jiwei Club, known as the "Moderate Militarists" by international observers and formed by [[Jin Yunpeng]] from Anfu Club defectors in the parliament and with support from President [[Xu Shichang]] opposed the Anfu Club in the Assembly, although still espoused loyalty to Duan.<ref>{{cite report |authors=Rohan Butler, J P T Bury |date=1966 |title=Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939.1st Series Volume 14 Far Eastern Affairs April 1920-February 1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/doc-brit-foreign-policy-1-s-v-14/page/69/mode/2up?q=tuan |publisher=Her Majesty’s Stationery Office}}</ref> Moreover, the Anfu Club did not fully support the generals and military governors of the Anhui Clique, as demonstrated by the reduction of the Army Budget by 20% during 1919.<ref name="Yan2022" /> |
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Revision as of 05:59, 15 December 2022
The Anfu Club (traditional Chinese: 安福俱樂部; simplified Chinese: 安福俱乐部; pinyin: Ān Fú Jù Lè Bù) was a political organisation. It controlled the National Assembly of the Republic of China after the elections of 1918. The organisation was forced to disband after the defeat of its patrons, the Anhui Clique, during the Zhili–Anhui War.[clarification needed] The club was formed on the 8th of March 1918 from the Zhonghe Club, a political group organised by Jin Yunpeng on the order of Duan Qirui on the 27th of March 1917.[1] The Anfu Club was primarily organised by Duan's right-hand man, Xu Shuzheng, along with the politicians Wang Yitang, Zeng Yujun, Liu Enge and others. At its height, the organisation controlled roughly 330 seats in the National Assembly. The Club got its name from Anfu Hutong, the street on which the members meet.
Political Goals and Organisation
Although officially not a political party, as the term was stigmatised following Yuan Shikai's disbandment of the Kuomintang, the Anfu Club operated as China's first party-state. It was a collective of senators, representatives and government bureaucrats who had their own party roles and positions which mirrored that of the Central Government. There was the Executive Office (干事部), led by Wang Yitang, the council (评议会), which Tian Yinghuang presided over, and the Public Policy Research Association (政务研究会) that was managed by Li Shengduo.[2] The official goal of the Anfu Club was generate public policy, both foreign and internal. Their well-known foreign policies was the club's diplomacy with Japan. Affiliates of the Anfu Club, the New Communications Clique, were bureaucrats which organised loans from Japan to Club's patron, Duan Qirui. Moreover, diplomats selected by the Anfu Club were sent to Versailles to sign the Treaty of Versailles which ultimately caused the May Fourth Movement. However, the actual policy of signing the treaty and suppressing the subsequent student protests where directed by the president of the time, Xu Shichang, and the Anfu Club was blamed for the fiasco by Research Clique affiliated media, which became the widespread belief.[3] Overall, the club's policy to Japan was largely friendly, but with the knowledge that Japan did not have the best interests in mind, which was exemplified by Xu Shuzheng's aid to Germany during the Siege of Qingdao. In terms of internal policy, the Anfu Club did not have an official ideology, but frequently made use of socialist rhetoric and watered down policies, such as the passing of progressive laws making Sunday a holiday, creating safety regulations for factories and compulsory pensions for workers.[4][5] However, the club was very corrupt in their governance. The 1918 elections were fraught with fraud and vote-buying, and many provinces could not hold elections, such as Shaanxi and Henan due to conflict, and thus their military governors handpicked pro-Anfu officials to represent them in the National Assembly.[6]
The Anfu Club did not operate in isolation. They were formed on the orders of the Duan Qirui, the former premier and leader of the Anhui Clique. Duan was a military strongman who sought to unify China by force. The purpose of the club was ultimately to enable him in this pursuit. However, the Anfu Club was only a part of the Anhui Clique. The Jiwei Club, known as the "Moderate Militarists" by international observers and formed by Jin Yunpeng from Anfu Club defectors in the parliament and with support from President Xu Shichang opposed the Anfu Club in the Assembly, although still espoused loyalty to Duan.[7] Moreover, the Anfu Club did not fully support the generals and military governors of the Anhui Clique, as demonstrated by the reduction of the Army Budget by 20% during 1919.[5]
References
- ^ Xie Bin (2016). 民国政党史 政党与民初政治 (PDF). 中华书局.
- ^ Cao Xinbao 曹心宝 (2016). 徐树铮与皖系兴亡研究. 廣西師範大學出版社出版. ISBN 9787549581085, 7549581088.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - ^ Andrew J Nathan (1976). Peking politics, 1918-1923 : factionalism and the failure of constitutionalism. University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies. ISBN 9780892641314.
- ^ Leung, Ernest Ming-tak (18 September 2021). "Developmentalism". Phenomenal World.
- ^ a b Yan, Quan; Leung, Ernest Ming-tak (1 March 2022). "The Anfu Parliament in Republican China. The life and death of a failed single-party state, 1918–20". Parliaments, Estates and Representation. 42 (1).
- ^ 《剑桥中华民国史（上卷）》《1918年安福国会的选举[permanent dead link]》
- ^ Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939.1st Series Volume 14 Far Eastern Affairs April 1920-February 1922 (Report). Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. 1966.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help)