Foot-and-mouth disease: Difference between revisions
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== Vaccination == |
== Vaccination == |
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One of the difficulties in vaccinating against FMD is the huge variation between and even within serotypes. There is no cross-protection between [[serotype]]s (meaning that a vaccine for one serotype won't protect against any others) and in addition, two [[strain (biology)|strains]] within a given serotype may have [[DNA|nucleotide]] sequences that differ by as much as 30% for a given gene. This means that FMD [[vaccine]]s must be highly specific to the strain involved. Vaccination only provides temporary [[immune system|immunity]] that lasts from months to years. |
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Currently, the [[OIE]] recognizes countries to be in one of three disease states with regards to FMD - FMD present with or without vaccination, FMD free with vaccination, and FMD free without vaccination. Countries that are designated FMD free without vaccination have the greatest access to export markets, so many developed nations, including Canada, the United States, and the UK, work hard to maintain their current FMD free without vaccination status. |
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Many early [[vaccine]]s used dead samples of FMD virus to inoculate animals. However, those early vaccines sometimes caused real outbreaks. In the 1970s, scientists discovered that a vaccine could be made using only a single key [[protein]] from the virus. The task was to produce such quantities of the protein that could be used in the vaccination. On [[June 18]], [[1981]], the U.S. government announced the creation of vaccine targeted against FMD, which was the world's first [[Genetic engineering|genetically engineered]] vaccine. More than two decades later, FMD is still around. |
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The North American FMD Vaccine Bank is housed at the Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (FADDL) at Plum Island Animal Disease Center. The Center, located 1.5 miles off the coast of Long Island, NY, is the only place in the United States where scientists can conduct research and diagnostic work on highly contagious exotic animal diseases such as FMD. |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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Revision as of 09:26, 5 March 2007
| Foot-and-mouth disease | |
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| Specialty | Infectious diseases, veterinary medicine  |
Template:Taxobox begin Template:Taxobox begin placement virus Template:Taxobox group iv entry Template:Taxobox familia entry Template:Taxobox genus entry Template:Taxobox species entry Template:Taxobox end placement Template:Taxobox end Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD, Latin name Aphtae epizooticae), sometimes called hoof-and-mouth disease, is a highly contagious and sometimes fatal viral disease of cattle and pigs. It can also infect deer, goats, sheep, and other animals with cloven hooves, as well as elephants, rats, and hedgehogs. Humans are affected only very rarely. The cause of FMD was first shown to be viral in 1897 by Friedrich Loeffler. He passed the blood of an infected animal through a fine porcelain-glass filter and found that the fluid that was collected could still cause the disease in healthy animals.
FMD occurs throughout much of the world, and whilst some countries have been free of FMD for some time, its wide host range and rapid spread represent cause for international concern. After World War II, the disease was widely distributed throughout the world. In 1996, endemic areas included Asia, Africa, and parts of South America; currently Chile is free, and Uruguay and Argentina have not had an outbreak since April 1994. North America, Australia, New Zealand and Japan have been free of FMD for many years. Most European countries have been recognized as free, and countries belonging to the European Union have stopped FMD vaccination; however, in 2001, a serious outbreak of FMD in Britain resulted in the slaughter of many animals, the cancellation of many sporting events and leisure activities such as Ten Tors and the postponing of the general election for a month. Due to strict government policies on sale of livestock, disinfection of all persons leaving and entering farms and the cancellation of large events likely to be attended by farmers, a potentially economically disastrous epidemic was avoided in the Republic of Ireland, with just 1 case recorded in Proleek, Co. Louth.
There are seven different FMD serotypes - O, A, C, SAT-1, SAT-2, SAT-3 and Asia-1. These serotypes show some regionality, and the O serotype is most common.
Symptoms
HI GUYS
Vaccination
BOOGEY BOOGEY
External links
Further reading
- Levy, Jay A., Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat, and Robert A. Owens. "Picornaviridae." Chap. 2, section 2.2 in Virology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994.-
- A Manufactured Plague: The History Of Foot-and-mouth Disease In Britain (2004, ISBN 1-84407-080-8) by Abigail Wood, a veterinary researcher at the University of Manchester.[1]
- The Lab-On-Site Project has more information in Foot and Mouth Disease Virus.
- Intervet International has a site devoted to FMD detailing information about Control, Vaccination, Legal Issues, & Preparation [2].
See also
- Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD)