Joshimath: Difference between revisions
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== Impact of uncontrolled development in Joshimath == |
== Impact of uncontrolled development in Joshimath == |
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Joshimath township is built on the debris of earlier landslides and would slip someday stated the Mishra Committee report some 50 years back. However the report has not been heeded to and development work has been carried out rapidly. Heavy construction activities like small hydro power projects at Rishi Ganga and Tapovan, road widening, tunneling, construction of buildings with utter disregard to safety, disappearance of green cover in the region have attributed to the recent development of cracks in Joshimath.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chadha |first1=R. K. |title=Joshimath: a victim of the Himalayan development model |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/joshimath-a-victim-of-the-himalayan-development-model/article66377164.ece |access-date=20 January 2023 |publisher=The Hindu |date=14 January 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref> |
Joshimath township is built on the debris of earlier landslides and would slip someday stated the Mishra Committee report some 50 years back. However the report has not been heeded to and development work has been carried out rapidly. Heavy construction activities like small hydro power projects at Rishi Ganga and Tapovan, road widening, tunneling, construction of buildings with utter disregard to safety, disappearance of green cover in the region have attributed to the recent development of cracks in Joshimath.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chadha |first1=R. K. |title=Joshimath: a victim of the Himalayan development model |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/joshimath-a-victim-of-the-himalayan-development-model/article66377164.ece |access-date=20 January 2023 |publisher=The Hindu |date=14 January 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>.Almost five ponds in the area of Joshimath have either dried up or have been constructed upon.Few locals who have been residing in the area since their birth are of the opinion that it is only due to the unplanned development that Josimath is facing such a grave crisis in the present times. According to the locals there were no houses in places like Ravigram, Sunil, Savin. Water from Sunil pond (kund) would flow down and the farm lands of Marwari would get irrigated. But with the construction of colonies entire water system in the area has been impacted. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Azad |first1=Shivani |title='Missing' ponds responsible for Joshimath subsidence? {{!}} Dehradun News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/missing-ponds-responsible-for-joshimath-subsidence/articleshow/97213542.cms?pcode=462 |access-date=22 January 2023 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> |
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==Demographics== |
==Demographics== |
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Revision as of 11:36, 22 January 2023
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Jyotirmath
Jyotirmath | |
|---|---|
City | |
 View of Jyotirmath from Narsingh Temple | |
  Jyotirmath Location in Uttarakhand, India  Jyotirmath Jyotirmath (India) | |
| Coordinates: 30°34′N 79°34′E / 30.57°N 79.57°E | |
| Country |  India |
| State | File:..Uttarakhand Flag(INDIA).png Uttarakhand |
| District | Chamoli |
| Tehsil | Jyotirmath |
| Population (2011) | |
• Total | 48,202[1] |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Garhwali , Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 246443[2] |
| Vehicle registration | UK-11 |
| Website | chamoli |
Joshimath, also known as Jyotirmath, is a city and a municipal board in Chamoli District in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. Located at a height of 6,150 feet (1,875 m),[3] it is a gateway to several Himalayan mountain climbing expeditions, trekking trails and pilgrim centres like Badrinath.[4] It is home to one of the four cardinal pīthas established by Adi Shankara.[5]
Since 7 February 2021, the area was severely affected by the 2021 Uttarakhand flood and its aftermath. The town is confirmed to be sinking due to its geographic location being along a running ridge. Structures around the town developed cracks and town people had to be evacuated.[6][7]
History
Between 7th and 11th centuries C.E., Katyuri kings, ruled the area of varying extent from their capital at "Katyur" (modern day Baijnath) valley in Kumaon. The Katyuri dynasty was founded by Vashudev Katyuri. The ancient Basdeo temple at Joshimath is attributed to Vasu Dev.[8] Vasu Dev was of Buddhist origin, but later followed Brahminical practices and the brahminical practices of Katyuri kings in general is sometimes attributed to a vigorous campaign of Adi Shankara (788-820 CE).[8]
According to Badari dutt pande in his book "kumaon ka itihas"[9] he mentioned, Joshimath was the initial capital of Katyur dynasty and later on they shifted to Kartikeyapur(modern day Baijnath). King Vasudev was a devotee of god Narsingh( avtar of lord Vishnu). One day he went for hunting and lord Narsingh came in his home as disguised, his wife offered food to the god. After eating the food the god went in king's room for taking rest. When king arrived from hunting he got angry after seeing a man sleeping in his bed, he took his sword and cut the left hand of god. Instead of blood, milk started flowing from the wound. After seeing this king realised the disguised person is not a common man. He asked for forgiveness from the god. The god said he came because he was happy with his kingdom but after this incident he is cursing the king to move to new location ( that is Baijnath) and because of this wound, the statue in temple will also have weak left hand and a time will come when this left hand from the statue will fall off that will be the end of his dynasty.[10]
Katyuri kings were displaced by the Panwar dynasty in the 11th century AD.[8]
2021 glacial outburst flood and aftermath
A part of the Nanda Devi glacier broke off in Nanda Devi National Park in Uttarakhand's Chamoli district on 7 February 2021, causing flash flood in Rishiganga and Dhauliganga River, devastating among others the village Rini, the Dhauliganga Dam, the Rishi Ganga dam, Tapovan Vishnugad Hydropower Plant, killing and endangering people, according to media. At least 31 people were confirmed to have been killed and around 165 were reported missing after the flash flood. A PTI report put the number of workers missing at 150.[citation needed]
In the aftermath of the floods, residents began noticing cracks in homes; eventually over 600 houses were evacuated after a local temple collapsed.[11][12] Eventually over 700 of approximately 4,500 structures would show cracking and the streets and paved areas in the affected area also showed cracking.[13][14] Hundreds of residents were able to evacuate and authorities classified zones within the town as "danger", "buffer" and "completely safe" areas; demolition work began on 9 January 2023.[15][16]
A two year study released in 2023 by the Indian Institute of Remote Sensing used satellite sensing to determine the area was sinking 6.5 centimetres (2.6 in) each year.[17][18]
Impact of uncontrolled development in Joshimath
Joshimath township is built on the debris of earlier landslides and would slip someday stated the Mishra Committee report some 50 years back. However the report has not been heeded to and development work has been carried out rapidly. Heavy construction activities like small hydro power projects at Rishi Ganga and Tapovan, road widening, tunneling, construction of buildings with utter disregard to safety, disappearance of green cover in the region have attributed to the recent development of cracks in Joshimath.[19].Almost five ponds in the area of Joshimath have either dried up or have been constructed upon.Few locals who have been residing in the area since their birth are of the opinion that it is only due to the unplanned development that Josimath is facing such a grave crisis in the present times. According to the locals there were no houses in places like Ravigram, Sunil, Savin. Water from Sunil pond (kund) would flow down and the farm lands of Marwari would get irrigated. But with the construction of colonies entire water system in the area has been impacted. [20]
Demographics
As of 2011[update] India census, there are total 3,898 families residing in the Joshimath city. The total population of Joshimath is 16,709 out of which 9,988 are males and 6,721 are females. Thus the Average Sex Ratio of Joshimath is 673.[21][22]
The population of Children of age 0–6 years in Joshimath city is 2103 which is 13% of the total population. There are 1127 male children and 976 female children between the age 0–6 years. Thus as per the Census 2011 the Child Sex Ratio of Joshimath is 866 which is greater than Average Sex Ratio (673).[21][22]
As per the Census 2011, the literacy rate of Joshimath is 91.3% up from 77% in 2001. Thus Joshimath has a higher literacy rate compared to the 82.7% of its own district, Chamoli. The male literacy rate is 84.5% and the female literacy rate is 72.8% in Joshimath.[21][22]
Joshimath had a population of 13,202 in 2001.[23]
Religious significance
Jyotirmath is the uttarāmnāya matha, or northern monastery, one of the four cardinal institutions established by Adi Shankara, the others being those at Shringeri, Puri, Dwarka and Kanchi. Their heads are titled "Shankaracharya". According to the tradition initiated by Adi Shankara, this matha is in charge of the Atharvaveda. Jyotirmath is close to the pilgrimage town of Badrinath. This place can be a base station for travellers going to Guru Gobind Ghat or the Valley of Flowers National Park. The temple Narasimha, is enshrined Badrinarayan along with a pantheon of deities. The presiding deity Lord Narasimha is believed to have been established by Adi Sankara. It is one of the "Divya Desams", the 108 temples of Vishnu revered by the 12 Tamil poet-saints or Alvars, and god and goddess are known as Parimalavalli sametha Paramapurusha Perumal .[24]
Joshimath Cantonment
Joshimath Cantonment is one of the important military stations of Indian Army, present in Uttarakhand. It is the permanent station of "The Garhwal Scouts", the scout battalion of the Garhwal Rifles. It is the closest army station to the Indo-Tibetan Border. It was used as a base camp for the rescue of the victims of 2013 Kedarnath Floods.
Tourist attractions
Shankaracharya Math
This is the math established by Adi Shankaracharya in North India. The math has temples of Badrinarayan and Rajrajeshwari Devi. It has a sacred cave where Adi Shankaracharya supposedly undertook tapasya.
Narsingh Temple
This is an ancient temple of Lord Vishnu in Narsingh Avtar and main temple of Joshimath. It has an idol of Lord Narsingh, which is considered established by Shankaracharya. As per local belief, the left hand of this idol has become as thin as hair. On the day when it will break, the mountains Nar - Narayan (नर - नारायण)(which are situated on a way to Badrinath) shall join and become one and Lord Badrinath of Badrinath temple will disappear from the present temple and re-appear as black stone (Shaligram) at new place called Bhavishya Badri, which is situated at a distance of 10 km from Joshimath. During the period when Badrinath temple remains closed during winter every year, an idol of Lord Badri is brought to Narsinh temple and worshiped for six months.[25]
Bhavishya Kedar Temple
As per local belief, present Kedarnath will disappear along with Badrinath and re-appear in Bhavishya Kedar temple at Joshimath. This temple has a small shivling.
Tapovan
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Tapovan is situated 10 km from Joshimath. It has natural hot water springs. The river Dhauliganga is visible from this spot.
Ropeway
A ropeway to Auli is popular among tourists and one of the longest ropeways in Asia. It is open only during the winter season (November to March) and costs Rs 1000 for two way journey. The ropeway is the fastest means for tourists to go to Auli.
Gari Bhawani Temple
A temple is located 6 km away from the main town of Joshimath toward Rishikesh highway.
Kalpeshwer
Kalpeshwar is situated near the village called Urgam, which is located in a valley. Urgam is off the highway NH-58 and is reached from Helang which is situated at about 18 km from Joshimath. There are sometimes shared vans from Helang to Nyari/Urgam before noon. Public bus transportation is available everyday from Joshimath to Helang from 5AM to 7PM.
Climate
| Climate data for Jyotirmath (1971–2000, extremes 1958–1987) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 21.6 (70.9) |
21.1 (70.0) |
28.6 (83.5) |
30.6 (87.1) |
31.9 (89.4) |
34.2 (93.6) |
30.2 (86.4) |
29.9 (85.8) |
30.0 (86.0) |
28.0 (82.4) |
25.1 (77.2) |
21.2 (70.2) |
34.2 (93.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 11.0 (51.8) |
11.8 (53.2) |
17.3 (63.1) |
21.3 (70.3) |
23.5 (74.3) |
24.8 (76.6) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.3 (72.1) |
22.0 (71.6) |
16.9 (62.4) |
13.4 (56.1) |
19.1 (66.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.0 (35.6) |
3.0 (37.4) |
6.7 (44.1) |
10.7 (51.3) |
13.6 (56.5) |
16.3 (61.3) |
16.9 (62.4) |
16.6 (61.9) |
14.5 (58.1) |
10.7 (51.3) |
6.7 (44.1) |
3.9 (39.0) |
9.9 (49.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −15.1 (4.8) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
0.0 (32.0) |
4.9 (40.8) |
6.0 (42.8) |
10.0 (50.0) |
12.6 (54.7) |
8.0 (46.4) |
1.8 (35.2) |
0.1 (32.2) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−15.1 (4.8) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 57.1 (2.25) |
93.5 (3.68) |
118.7 (4.67) |
51.3 (2.02) |
72.9 (2.87) |
93.3 (3.67) |
224.6 (8.84) |
201.6 (7.94) |
111.1 (4.37) |
43.2 (1.70) |
10.2 (0.40) |
26.8 (1.06) |
1,104.1 (43.47) |
| Average rainy days | 3.8 | 5.7 | 7.4 | 4.1 | 6.0 | 7.5 | 15.4 | 15.3 | 9.1 | 2.9 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 79.7 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 55 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 62 | 79 | 80 | 73 | 59 | 50 | 53 | 60 |
| Source: India Meteorological Department[26][27] | |||||||||||||
Transportation
The nearest airport is the Jolly Grant Airport near Dehradun 293 km (182 mi) away.
The nearest railway station is at Rishikesh, which has a small railway terminal. Haridwar railway junction, 24 km farther from Rishikesh, has train connections to most of the major cities in India.
Joshimath lies on national highway NH58 that connects Delhi with Badrinath and Mana Pass in Uttarakhand near the Indo-Tibet border. Therefore, all the buses and vehicles that carry pilgrims from New Delhi to Badrinath via Haridwar and Rishikesh in the pilgrim season of the summer months pass through Joshimath. Rishikesh is the major starting point for a road journey to Joshimath. Regular buses operate from Rishikesh bus station to Joshimath. The road distance from Rishikesh to Joshimath is 251 km (156 mi) via Rudraprayag and Chamoli.
See also
- Adi Shankara
- Shankaracharya
- Kalady, Kerala - the holy birthplace of Jagadguru Adi Shankaracharya
- Govardhan Peetham (East), Puri, Odisha
- Dwarka Sharada Peetham (West), Dwarka, Gujarat
- Shri Sringeri Sharada Peetham (South), Sringeri, Karnataka
- Shri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu
- Gauḍapāda
- Govinda Bhagavatpada
- Shri Gaudapadacharya Math
- Mandukya Upanishad
- Advaita Vedanta
References
- ^ "Joshimath Tehsil Population Chamoli, Uttarakhand, List of Villages & Towns in Joshimath Tehsil". Censusindia2011.com. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- ^ "Joshimath Pin code". pin-code.net. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- ^ Singh, V.P. Flt.Lt. "Himalayan Journal 1967-68". The Himalayan Club. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
- ^ Agarwal, Meena. "The Ascent of Trisul, 1970". The Himalayan Club. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
- ^ "Jyotirmath". Retrieved 26 February 2015.
- ^ Tripathi, Sibu (6 January 2023). "Why is Joshimath sinking? Alarm bells in hill town ringing since 1976". India Today. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
- ^ "Sinking land forces hundreds to leave Indian temple town". AP NEWS. 7 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
- ^ a b c O.C.Handa, 2002, History of Uttaranchal, Indus Publishing Company. ISBN 9788173871344.
- ^ Pāṇḍe, Badarī Datta (1993). History of Kumaun: English Version of "Kumaun Ka Itihas". Shyam Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-85865-01-0.
- ^ Pāṇḍe, Badarī Datta (1993). History of Kumaun: English Version of "Kumaun Ka Itihas". Shyam Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-85865-01-0.
- ^ B. Banerjee (7 January 2023), "Sinking land forces hundreds to leave Indian temple town", ABC News, retrieved 8 January 2023
- ^ "The scenic Indian town in danger of sinking", BBC News, 5 January 2023, retrieved 8 January 2023
- ^ Masih, N. (12 January 2023), "Himalayan town sinks, leaving residents to count costs of rapid development", The Washington Post, retrieved 12 January 2023
- ^ Soutik Biswas and Raju Gusain (9 January 2023), "Joshimath: The trauma of living in India's sinking Himalayan town", BBC, retrieved 10 January 2023
- ^ "Demolitions begin in India's 'sinking' Joshimath, hundreds moved", Al Jazeera, 10 January 2023, retrieved 10 January 2023
- ^ https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64201536
- ^ "Joshimath, Neighbouring Areas, Sink 2.5 Inches Every Year: New Report", NDTV, 11 January 2023, retrieved 11 January 2023
- ^ "Joshimath subsidence: Satellite-based preliminary results" (PDF). 11 January 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 January 2023.
{{cite web}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; 12 January 2023 suggested (help) - ^ Chadha, R. K. (14 January 2023). "Joshimath: a victim of the Himalayan development model". The Hindu. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
- ^ Azad, Shivani. "'Missing' ponds responsible for Joshimath subsidence? | Dehradun News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ a b c "Joshimath Population, Caste Data Chamoli Uttarakhand - Census India". www.censusindia.co.in. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
- ^ a b c "Joshimath City Population Census 2011 - Uttarakhand". www.census2011.co.in. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
- ^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
- ^ 108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Pandya Nadu. M. S. Ramesh, Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam.
- ^ "Bhavishya Badri | Chamoli District Website | India". Retrieved 19 February 2021.
- ^ "Station: Joshimath Climatological Table 1971–2000" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1971–2000. India Meteorological Department. October 2011. pp. 367–368. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M225. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
External links
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