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An artwork title is a word or phrase used to identify and distinguish a particular work of art from others. These titles can be descriptive, indicative of the content or theme of the work, or they can be more abstract and open to interpretation. Names for works can be designated by the artists themselves, or by curators or other third parties, and can affect reception and interpretation.^[1]^[2]

History and curation

Artworks were not typically given a proper title in the ancient world, the identification of something like a cult image being self-evident in a particular sociocultural context,^[3]^[4] akin to the concept of the Poor Man's Bible. They were sometimes inscribed by epigraphy with the signature of the artist and/or the subject of the piece such as a titulus, but this was not a true title.^[3] Subsequent art history, beginning with Pliny's chapters that gave common names to works such as by Praxiteles^[5]^[6] and continuing to scholarship of medieval Christian art and that of non-Western cultures, tends to refer to religious works after the epithets or iconography of figures or events depicted in the piece.^[4] Proper titles as such only emerged in a Western context in the 18th century, with Enlightenment cataloging of the first museums and the first exhibitions.^[4]

In modern times, titles of artworks are often chosen by the artist, but they can also have been assigned by galleries, private collectors, printmakers, art dealers, or curators, this historical process being the subject of a book by Ruth Yeazell.^[1] The onomastician Adrian Room compiled an encyclopedic dictionary in this area.^[2] John C. Welchman has written Invisible Colors as a critical history of modern titles, after an aphorism by Duchamp.^[7]

Some artworks have had their museum label names changed as new art history research emerges^[8] or as a modification of an offensive or pejorative name.^[9] Curating institutions are responsible for thorough documentation of all title variants, including translations of an artwork title into one or more languages.^[10] As a proper title is considered the default for modern works, others may be designated "Untitled" (by secondary sources or by the artist as a conscious choice), and are sometimes also assigned a parenthetical name for clarity.^[4]

From Gustave Courbet's L'Origine du monde (1866), to Marcel Duchamp's Fountain (1916) and L.H.O.O.Q. (1919), to Freytag-Loringhoven and Schamberg's God 1917, to Maurizio Cattelan's America (2016), artists have used artwork titles to provide additional meaning and/or context to their works of art since at least the 19th century.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

Art criticism

The title of a work of art can have an impact on its reception and aesthetic interpretation by audiences and critics, and can also be an aspect of the artist's overall vision for the piece, and this can be particularly the case for abstract art.^[15]^[16] Some artists choose to title their works with a simple descriptive phrase, such as "Portrait of a Woman" or "Landscape with Trees." Other artists may use more abstract or symbolic titles, such as The Scream or The Persistence of Memory. In some cases, the title of a work of art may be a quote or homage to another work of art or literature. Conversely, ekphrastic literature often repurposes the title of an artwork.^[17]

The choice of title for a work of art, akin to an artist's statement, can be a personal decision for the artist, and can reflect their own interpretation or intentions for the piece. It can also serve as a way for the artist to engage with the viewer and invite them to consider the work from a particular perspective. Philosophically, Jacques Derrida compared an artwork's title to a parergon^[18] and considered it similarly to a simulacrum, and Jean-Luc Nancy took a comparable approach.^[19] The title of a work of art is a part of its identity and can influence its reception and interpretation by audiences, as noted by art critic Arthur Danto,^[20] who made a thought experiment of a particular abstract mural being named after either the first or third of Newton's laws of motion; however, titles can be more impactful on the interpretation of some works than others.^[21] Whether descriptive or abstract, the title of a work of art can be an element of the artistic process.

References

^ ^a ^b Yeazell, Ruth Bernard (2015-09-29). Picture Titles: How and Why Western Paintings Acquired Their Names. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-7346-3.
^ ^a ^b Room, Adrian (2008-08-26). A Dictionary of Art Titles: The Origins of the Names and Titles of 3,000 Works of Art. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7864-3889-1.
^ ^a ^b Geuss, Raymond (2016-03-28). Reality and Its Dreams. Harvard University Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-674-96895-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ables, Kelsey (2019-07-04). "Why Many Artworks Are Untitled". Artsy. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
^ Παλαγιά, Όλγα; Pollitt, J. J.; Staff, Department of Classics, Yale University (1999-01-21). Personal Styles in Greek Sculpture. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-521-65738-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Childs, William A. P. (2018-04-10). Greek Art and Aesthetics in the Fourth Century B.C. Princeton University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-4008-9051-4.
^ Welchman, John C. (1997-01-01). Invisible Colors: A Visual History of Titles. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-06530-5.
^ Lambrechts, Lisa (2020-06-15). "From Young Woman with a Fan to Isabella: A Rediscovered Identity". The Rijksmuseum Bulletin. 68 (2): 157–165. doi:10.52476/trb.9685. ISSN 2772-6126. S2CID 238123439.
^ Veselinovic, Milena (2015-12-14). "Dutch museum renaming art for cultural sensitivity". CNN. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
^ Seren, Tasha (2001). "Integrated Art Documentation: the Guggenheim Perspective". Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America. 20 (1): 31–35. doi:10.1086/adx.20.1.27949122. ISSN 0730-7187. S2CID 194489785.
^ "Philadelphia Museum of Art - Collections Object : God". www.philamuseum.org. Retrieved 2020-08-09.
^ "Maurizio Cattelan: "America"". Guggenheim. 12 May 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
^ Anne Collins Goodyear, James W. McManus, National Portrait Gallery (Smithsonian Institution), Inventing Marcel Duchamp: The Dynamics of Portraiture, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, 2009, contributors Janine A. Mileaf, Francis M. Naumann, Michael R. Taylor, ISBN 0262013002
^ Wagner-Pacifici, Robin (2017-03-24). What Is an Event?. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-43981-5.
^ Anna, Ursyn (2013-10-31). Computational Solutions for Knowledge, Art, and Entertainment: Information Exchange Beyond Text: Information Exchange Beyond Text. IGI Global. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-4666-4628-5.
^ Esposito, Anna; Esposito, Antonietta M.; Martone, Raffaele; Müller, Vincent; Scarpetta, Gaetano (2011-01-14). Towards Autonomous, Adaptive, and Context-Aware Multimodal Interfaces: Theoretical and Practical Issues: Third COST 2102 International Training School, Caserta, Italy, March 15-19, 2010, Revised Selected Papers. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 105. ISBN 978-3-642-18183-2.
^ Panagiotidou, Maria-Eirini (2022-11-25). The Poetics of Ekphrasis: A Stylistic Approach. Springer Nature. p. 87. ISBN 978-3-031-11313-0.
^ Petit, Laurence (2014-04-11). Picturing the Language of Images. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-4438-5933-2.
^ Heikkilä, Martta (2021-07-29). Deconstruction and the Work of Art: Visual Arts and Their Critique in Contemporary French Thought. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 2010. ISBN 978-1-7936-1905-1.
^ Spaid, Sue (2020-10-15). The Philosophy of Curatorial Practice: Between Work and World. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-350-11491-3.
^ Savedoff, Barbara (1999-02-02). "The Art Object". In Dayton, Eric (ed.). Art and Interpretation: An Anthology of Readings in Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art. Broadview Press. ISBN 978-1-55111-190-2.

[:0-1] Yeazell, Ruth Bernard (2015-09-29). Picture Titles: How and Why Western Paintings Acquired Their Names. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-7346-3.

[:1-2] Room, Adrian (2008-08-26). A Dictionary of Art Titles: The Origins of the Names and Titles of 3,000 Works of Art. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7864-3889-1.

[:3-3] Geuss, Raymond (2016-03-28). Reality and Its Dreams. Harvard University Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-674-96895-0.

[:2-4] Ables, Kelsey (2019-07-04). "Why Many Artworks Are Untitled". Artsy. Retrieved 2022-12-17.

[5] Παλαγιά, Όλγα; Pollitt, J. J.; Staff, Department of Classics, Yale University (1999-01-21). Personal Styles in Greek Sculpture. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-521-65738-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[6] Childs, William A. P. (2018-04-10). Greek Art and Aesthetics in the Fourth Century B.C. Princeton University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-4008-9051-4.

[7] Welchman, John C. (1997-01-01). Invisible Colors: A Visual History of Titles. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-06530-5.

[8] Lambrechts, Lisa (2020-06-15). "From Young Woman with a Fan to Isabella: A Rediscovered Identity". The Rijksmuseum Bulletin. 68 (2): 157–165. doi:10.52476/trb.9685. ISSN 2772-6126. S2CID 238123439.

[9] Veselinovic, Milena (2015-12-14). "Dutch museum renaming art for cultural sensitivity". CNN. Retrieved 2022-12-17.

[10] Seren, Tasha (2001). "Integrated Art Documentation: the Guggenheim Perspective". Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America. 20 (1): 31–35. doi:10.1086/adx.20.1.27949122. ISSN 0730-7187. S2CID 194489785.

[11] "Philadelphia Museum of Art - Collections Object : God". www.philamuseum.org. Retrieved 2020-08-09.

[auto1-12] "Maurizio Cattelan: "America"". Guggenheim. 12 May 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2019.

[13] Anne Collins Goodyear, James W. McManus, National Portrait Gallery (Smithsonian Institution), Inventing Marcel Duchamp: The Dynamics of Portraiture, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, 2009, contributors Janine A. Mileaf, Francis M. Naumann, Michael R. Taylor, ISBN 0262013002

[14] Wagner-Pacifici, Robin (2017-03-24). What Is an Event?. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-43981-5.

[15] Anna, Ursyn (2013-10-31). Computational Solutions for Knowledge, Art, and Entertainment: Information Exchange Beyond Text: Information Exchange Beyond Text. IGI Global. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-4666-4628-5.

[16] Esposito, Anna; Esposito, Antonietta M.; Martone, Raffaele; Müller, Vincent; Scarpetta, Gaetano (2011-01-14). Towards Autonomous, Adaptive, and Context-Aware Multimodal Interfaces: Theoretical and Practical Issues: Third COST 2102 International Training School, Caserta, Italy, March 15-19, 2010, Revised Selected Papers. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 105. ISBN 978-3-642-18183-2.

[17] Panagiotidou, Maria-Eirini (2022-11-25). The Poetics of Ekphrasis: A Stylistic Approach. Springer Nature. p. 87. ISBN 978-3-031-11313-0.

[18] Petit, Laurence (2014-04-11). Picturing the Language of Images. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-4438-5933-2.

[19] Heikkilä, Martta (2021-07-29). Deconstruction and the Work of Art: Visual Arts and Their Critique in Contemporary French Thought. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 2010. ISBN 978-1-7936-1905-1.

[20] Spaid, Sue (2020-10-15). The Philosophy of Curatorial Practice: Between Work and World. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-350-11491-3.

[21] Savedoff, Barbara (1999-02-02). "The Art Object". In Dayton, Eric (ed.). Art and Interpretation: An Anthology of Readings in Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art. Broadview Press. ISBN 978-1-55111-190-2.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Name given to a work of art}}
 {{Cleanup|reason=See talk page for discussion of large language model-derived content.|date=January 2023}}
-An '''artwork title''' is a word or phrase used to identify and distinguish a particular [[work of art]] from others. These titles can be descriptive, indicative of the content or theme of the work, or they can be more abstract and open to interpretation. Names for works can be designated by the [[Artist|artists]] themselves, or by [[curator]]s or other third parties, and can affect reception and [[Aesthetic interpretation|interpretation]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Yeazell |first=Ruth Bernard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7lKCAAAQBAJ&newbks=0 |title=Picture Titles: How and Why Western Paintings Acquired Their Names |date=2015-09-29 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7346-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
+An '''artwork title''' is a word or phrase used to identify and distinguish a particular [[work of art]] from others. These titles can be descriptive, indicative of the content or theme of the work, or they can be more abstract and open to interpretation. Names for works can be designated by the [[Artist|artists]] themselves, or by [[curator]]s or other third parties, and can affect reception and [[Aesthetic interpretation|interpretation]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Yeazell |first=Ruth Bernard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7lKCAAAQBAJ |title=Picture Titles: How and Why Western Paintings Acquired Their Names |date=2015-09-29 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7346-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
 ==History and curation==
-Artworks were not typically given a [[Proper noun|proper title]] in the ancient world, the identification of something like a [[cult image]] being self-evident in a particular [[Social environment|sociocultural context]],<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> akin to the concept of the ''[[Poor Man's Bible]]''. They were sometimes inscribed by [[epigraphy]] with the [[Signature#Art|signature of the artist]] and/or the subject of the piece such as a [[Titulus (inscription)|titulus]], but this was not a true title.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Geuss |first=Raymond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7n-gCwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT219&hl=en |title=Reality and Its Dreams |date=2016-03-28 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-96895-0 |pages=219 |language=en}}</ref> Subsequent [[art history]], beginning with [[Natural History (Pliny)#Art history|Pliny's chapters]] that gave common names to works such as by [[Praxiteles]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Παλαγιά |first=Όλγα |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qSsh7agZxEC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA8&hl=en |title=Personal Styles in Greek Sculpture |last2=Pollitt |first2=J. J. |last3=Staff |first3=Department of Classics, Yale University |date=1999-01-21 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-65738-9 |pages=8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Childs |first=William A. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CtLDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA81&hl=en |title=Greek Art and Aesthetics in the Fourth Century B.C. |date=2018-04-10 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-9051-4 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> and continuing to scholarship of medieval Christian art and that of non-Western cultures, tends to refer to religious works after the [[Epithet#Religion|epithets]] or [[iconography]] of figures or events depicted in the piece.<ref name=":2" /> Proper titles as such only emerged in a Western context in the 18th century, with [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] cataloging of the [[List of museums from the 18th century|first museums]] and the [[Art exhibition#History|first exhibitions]].<ref name=":2" />
+Artworks were not typically given a [[Proper noun|proper title]] in the ancient world, the identification of something like a [[cult image]] being self-evident in a particular [[Social environment|sociocultural context]],<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> akin to the concept of the ''[[Poor Man's Bible]]''. They were sometimes inscribed by [[epigraphy]] with the [[Signature#Art|signature of the artist]] and/or the subject of the piece such as a [[Titulus (inscription)|titulus]], but this was not a true title.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Geuss |first=Raymond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7n-gCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT219 |title=Reality and Its Dreams |date=2016-03-28 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-96895-0 |pages=219 |language=en}}</ref> Subsequent [[art history]], beginning with [[Natural History (Pliny)#Art history|Pliny's chapters]] that gave common names to works such as by [[Praxiteles]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Παλαγιά |first1=Όλγα |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qSsh7agZxEC&pg=PA8 |title=Personal Styles in Greek Sculpture |last2=Pollitt |first2=J. J. |last3=Staff |first3=Department of Classics, Yale University |date=1999-01-21 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-65738-9 |pages=8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Childs |first=William A. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CtLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 |title=Greek Art and Aesthetics in the Fourth Century B.C. |date=2018-04-10 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-9051-4 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> and continuing to scholarship of medieval Christian art and that of non-Western cultures, tends to refer to religious works after the [[Epithet#Religion|epithets]] or [[iconography]] of figures or events depicted in the piece.<ref name=":2" /> Proper titles as such only emerged in a Western context in the 18th century, with [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] cataloging of the [[List of museums from the 18th century|first museums]] and the [[Art exhibition#History|first exhibitions]].<ref name=":2" />
-In modern times, titles of artworks are often chosen by the artist, but they can also have been assigned by galleries, [[Private collection|private collectors]], [[Old master print|printmakers]], [[Art dealer|art dealers]], or curators, this historical process being the subject of a book by [[Ruth Yeazell]].<ref name=":0" /> The [[Onomastics|onomastician]] [[Adrian Room]] compiled an encyclopedic dictionary in this area.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Room |first=Adrian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNRWAAAAYAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=A Dictionary of Art Titles: The Origins of the Names and Titles of 3,000 Works of Art |date=2008-08-26 |publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers |isbn=978-0-7864-3889-1 |language=en}}</ref> John C. Welchman has written ''Invisible Colors'' as a critical history of modern titles, after an aphorism by Duchamp.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Welchman |first=John C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKQQXtCmjfsC&newbks=0 |title=Invisible Colors: A Visual History of Titles |date=1997-01-01 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-06530-5 |language=en}}</ref>
+In modern times, titles of artworks are often chosen by the artist, but they can also have been assigned by galleries, [[Private collection|private collectors]], [[Old master print|printmakers]], [[Art dealer|art dealers]], or curators, this historical process being the subject of a book by [[Ruth Yeazell]].<ref name=":0" /> The [[Onomastics|onomastician]] [[Adrian Room]] compiled an encyclopedic dictionary in this area.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Room |first=Adrian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNRWAAAAYAAJ |title=A Dictionary of Art Titles: The Origins of the Names and Titles of 3,000 Works of Art |date=2008-08-26 |publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers |isbn=978-0-7864-3889-1 |language=en}}</ref> John C. Welchman has written ''Invisible Colors'' as a critical history of modern titles, after an aphorism by Duchamp.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Welchman |first=John C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKQQXtCmjfsC |title=Invisible Colors: A Visual History of Titles |date=1997-01-01 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-06530-5 |language=en}}</ref>
 [[File:Untitled MET DT7776.jpg|thumb|"Untitled" by [[Paul Klee]] (1914)]]
-Some artworks have had their [[museum label]] names changed as new [[art history]] research emerges<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lambrechts |first=Lisa |date=2020-06-15 |title=From Young Woman with a Fan to Isabella: A Rediscovered Identity |url=https://bulletin.rijksmuseum.nl/article/view/9685 |journal=The Rijksmuseum Bulletin |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=157–165 |doi=10.52476/trb.9685 |issn=2772-6126}}</ref> or as a modification of an offensive or [[pejorative]] name.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Veselinovic |first=Milena |date=2015-12-14 |title=Dutch museum renaming art for cultural sensitivity |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/12/14/world/rijksmuseum-renaming-artworks/index.html |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Curating institutions are responsible for thorough documentation of all title variants, including [[translation]]s of an artwork title into one or more languages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seren |first=Tasha |date=2001 |title=Integrated Art Documentation: the Guggenheim Perspective |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/adx.20.1.27949122 |journal=Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=31–35 |issn=0730-7187}}</ref> As a proper title is considered the default for modern works, others may be designated "[[Untitled (disambiguation)#Artworks|Untitled]]" (by secondary sources or by the artist as a conscious choice), and are sometimes also assigned a parenthetical name for clarity.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ables |first=Kelsey |date=2019-07-04 |title=Why Many Artworks Are Untitled |url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-artworks-untitled |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=Artsy |language=en}}</ref>
+Some artworks have had their [[museum label]] names changed as new [[art history]] research emerges<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lambrechts |first=Lisa |date=2020-06-15 |title=From Young Woman with a Fan to Isabella: A Rediscovered Identity |url=https://bulletin.rijksmuseum.nl/article/view/9685 |journal=The Rijksmuseum Bulletin |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=157–165 |doi=10.52476/trb.9685 |s2cid=238123439 |issn=2772-6126}}</ref> or as a modification of an offensive or [[pejorative]] name.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Veselinovic |first=Milena |date=2015-12-14 |title=Dutch museum renaming art for cultural sensitivity |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/12/14/world/rijksmuseum-renaming-artworks/index.html |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Curating institutions are responsible for thorough documentation of all title variants, including [[translation]]s of an artwork title into one or more languages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seren |first=Tasha |date=2001 |title=Integrated Art Documentation: the Guggenheim Perspective |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/adx.20.1.27949122 |journal=Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=31–35 |doi=10.1086/adx.20.1.27949122 |s2cid=194489785 |issn=0730-7187}}</ref> As a proper title is considered the default for modern works, others may be designated "[[Untitled (disambiguation)#Artworks|Untitled]]" (by secondary sources or by the artist as a conscious choice), and are sometimes also assigned a parenthetical name for clarity.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ables |first=Kelsey |date=2019-07-04 |title=Why Many Artworks Are Untitled |url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-artworks-untitled |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=Artsy |language=en}}</ref>
-From [[Gustave Courbet]]'s [[L'Origine du monde|''L'Origine du monde'']] (1866), to [[Marcel Duchamp]]'s [[Fountain (Duchamp)|''Fountain'']] (1916) and ''[[L.H.O.O.Q.]]'' (1919), to [[Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven|Freytag-Loringhoven]] and [[Morton Livingston Schamberg|Schamberg]]'s [[God (sculpture)|''God'']] 1917, to [[Maurizio Cattelan]]'s [[America (Cattelan)|''America'']] (2016), artists have used artwork titles to provide additional meaning and/or context to their works of art since at least the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Philadelphia Museum of Art - Collections Object : God |url=https://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/51106.html |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=www.philamuseum.org}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |date=12 May 2016 |title=Maurizio Cattelan: "America" |url=https://www.guggenheim.org/exhibition/maurizio-cattelan-america |accessdate=15 September 2019 |website=Guggenheim}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=dvfpAAAAMAAJ Anne Collins Goodyear, James W. McManus, National Portrait Gallery (Smithsonian Institution), ''Inventing Marcel Duchamp: The Dynamics of Portraiture''], National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, 2009, contributors Janine A. Mileaf, Francis M. Naumann, Michael R. Taylor, {{ISBN|0262013002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wagner-Pacifici |first=Robin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPgmDgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA35&dq=origine+du+monde+name&hl=en |title=What Is an Event? |date=2017-03-24 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-43981-5 |language=en}}</ref>
+From [[Gustave Courbet]]'s [[L'Origine du monde|''L'Origine du monde'']] (1866), to [[Marcel Duchamp]]'s [[Fountain (Duchamp)|''Fountain'']] (1916) and ''[[L.H.O.O.Q.]]'' (1919), to [[Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven|Freytag-Loringhoven]] and [[Morton Livingston Schamberg|Schamberg]]'s [[God (sculpture)|''God'']] 1917, to [[Maurizio Cattelan]]'s [[America (Cattelan)|''America'']] (2016), artists have used artwork titles to provide additional meaning and/or context to their works of art since at least the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Philadelphia Museum of Art - Collections Object : God |url=https://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/51106.html |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=www.philamuseum.org}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |date=12 May 2016 |title=Maurizio Cattelan: "America" |url=https://www.guggenheim.org/exhibition/maurizio-cattelan-america |accessdate=15 September 2019 |website=Guggenheim}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=dvfpAAAAMAAJ Anne Collins Goodyear, James W. McManus, National Portrait Gallery (Smithsonian Institution), ''Inventing Marcel Duchamp: The Dynamics of Portraiture''], National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, 2009, contributors Janine A. Mileaf, Francis M. Naumann, Michael R. Taylor, {{ISBN|0262013002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wagner-Pacifici |first=Robin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPgmDgAAQBAJ&dq=origine+du+monde+name&pg=PA35 |title=What Is an Event? |date=2017-03-24 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-43981-5 |language=en}}</ref>
 == Art criticism ==
-The title of a work of art can have an impact on its reception and [[aesthetic interpretation]] by audiences and critics, and can also be an aspect of the artist's overall vision for the piece, and this can be particularly the case for [[abstract art]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anna |first=Ursyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__NGAwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA12&hl=en |title=Computational Solutions for Knowledge, Art, and Entertainment: Information Exchange Beyond Text: Information Exchange Beyond Text |date=2013-10-31 |publisher=IGI Global |isbn=978-1-4666-4628-5 |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=Anna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgNbPfz0eZYC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA105&hl=en |title=Towards Autonomous, Adaptive, and Context-Aware Multimodal Interfaces: Theoretical and Practical Issues: Third COST 2102 International Training School, Caserta, Italy, March 15-19, 2010, Revised Selected Papers |last2=Esposito |first2=Antonietta M. |last3=Martone |first3=Raffaele |last4=Müller |first4=Vincent |last5=Scarpetta |first5=Gaetano |date=2011-01-14 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-642-18183-2 |pages=105 |language=en}}</ref> Some artists choose to title their works with a simple descriptive phrase, such as "Portrait of a Woman" or "Landscape with Trees." Other artists may use more abstract or symbolic titles, such as [[The Scream|''The Scream'']] or [[The Persistence of Memory|''The Persistence of Memory'']]. In some cases, the title of a work of art may be a quote or [[Homage (arts)|homage]] to another work of art or literature. Conversely, [[Ekphrasis|ekphrastic]] literature often repurposes the title of an artwork.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panagiotidou |first=Maria-Eirini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BueEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA87&hl=en |title=The Poetics of Ekphrasis: A Stylistic Approach |date=2022-11-25 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-11313-0 |pages=87 |language=en}}</ref>
+The title of a work of art can have an impact on its reception and [[aesthetic interpretation]] by audiences and critics, and can also be an aspect of the artist's overall vision for the piece, and this can be particularly the case for [[abstract art]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anna |first=Ursyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__NGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 |title=Computational Solutions for Knowledge, Art, and Entertainment: Information Exchange Beyond Text: Information Exchange Beyond Text |date=2013-10-31 |publisher=IGI Global |isbn=978-1-4666-4628-5 |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Esposito |first1=Anna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgNbPfz0eZYC&pg=PA105 |title=Towards Autonomous, Adaptive, and Context-Aware Multimodal Interfaces: Theoretical and Practical Issues: Third COST 2102 International Training School, Caserta, Italy, March 15-19, 2010, Revised Selected Papers |last2=Esposito |first2=Antonietta M. |last3=Martone |first3=Raffaele |last4=Müller |first4=Vincent |last5=Scarpetta |first5=Gaetano |date=2011-01-14 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-642-18183-2 |pages=105 |language=en}}</ref> Some artists choose to title their works with a simple descriptive phrase, such as "Portrait of a Woman" or "Landscape with Trees." Other artists may use more abstract or symbolic titles, such as [[The Scream|''The Scream'']] or [[The Persistence of Memory|''The Persistence of Memory'']]. In some cases, the title of a work of art may be a quote or [[Homage (arts)|homage]] to another work of art or literature. Conversely, [[Ekphrasis|ekphrastic]] literature often repurposes the title of an artwork.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panagiotidou |first=Maria-Eirini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BueEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 |title=The Poetics of Ekphrasis: A Stylistic Approach |date=2022-11-25 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-11313-0 |pages=87 |language=en}}</ref>
-The choice of title for a work of art, akin to an [[artist's statement]], can be a personal decision for the artist, and can reflect their own interpretation or intentions for the piece. It can also serve as a way for the artist to engage with the viewer and invite them to consider the work from a particular perspective. Philosophically, [[Jacques Derrida]] compared an artwork's title to a [[parergon]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petit |first=Laurence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ4xBwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA244&hl=en |title=Picturing the Language of Images |date=2014-04-11 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-5933-2 |pages=244 |language=en}}</ref> and considered it similarly to a [[simulacrum]], and [[Jean-Luc Nancy]] took a comparable approach.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heikkilä |first=Martta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Z83EAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA210&hl=en |title=Deconstruction and the Work of Art: Visual Arts and Their Critique in Contemporary French Thought |date=2021-07-29 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-7936-1905-1 |pages=2010 |language=en}}</ref> The title of a work of art is a part of its identity and can influence its reception and interpretation by audiences, as noted by art critic [[Arthur Danto]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spaid |first=Sue |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pP4GEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT126&hl=en |title=The Philosophy of Curatorial Practice: Between Work and World |date=2020-10-15 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-11491-3 |pages=126 |language=en}}</ref> who made a thought experiment of a particular abstract mural being named after either the first or third of [[Newton's laws of motion]]; however, titles can be more impactful on the interpretation of some works than others.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Savedoff |first=Barbara |title=Art and Interpretation: An Anthology of Readings in Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art |date=1999-02-02 |publisher=Broadview Press |isbn=978-1-55111-190-2 |editor-last=Dayton |editor-first=Eric |language=en |chapter=The Art Object |chapter-url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Art_and_Interpretation/T6VaDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA251}}</ref> Whether descriptive or abstract, the title of a work of art can be an element of the artistic process.
+The choice of title for a work of art, akin to an [[artist's statement]], can be a personal decision for the artist, and can reflect their own interpretation or intentions for the piece. It can also serve as a way for the artist to engage with the viewer and invite them to consider the work from a particular perspective. Philosophically, [[Jacques Derrida]] compared an artwork's title to a [[parergon]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petit |first=Laurence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ4xBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA244 |title=Picturing the Language of Images |date=2014-04-11 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-5933-2 |pages=244 |language=en}}</ref> and considered it similarly to a [[simulacrum]], and [[Jean-Luc Nancy]] took a comparable approach.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heikkilä |first=Martta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Z83EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA210 |title=Deconstruction and the Work of Art: Visual Arts and Their Critique in Contemporary French Thought |date=2021-07-29 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-7936-1905-1 |pages=2010 |language=en}}</ref> The title of a work of art is a part of its identity and can influence its reception and interpretation by audiences, as noted by art critic [[Arthur Danto]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spaid |first=Sue |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pP4GEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT126 |title=The Philosophy of Curatorial Practice: Between Work and World |date=2020-10-15 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-11491-3 |pages=126 |language=en}}</ref> who made a thought experiment of a particular abstract mural being named after either the first or third of [[Newton's laws of motion]]; however, titles can be more impactful on the interpretation of some works than others.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Savedoff |first=Barbara |title=Art and Interpretation: An Anthology of Readings in Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art |date=1999-02-02 |publisher=Broadview Press |isbn=978-1-55111-190-2 |editor-last=Dayton |editor-first=Eric |language=en |chapter=The Art Object |chapter-url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Art_and_Interpretation/T6VaDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA251}}</ref> Whether descriptive or abstract, the title of a work of art can be an element of the artistic process.
 ==See also==