Coven: Difference between revisions
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==Modern paganism== |
==Modern paganism== |
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[[File:Beech_trees_in_Mallard_Wood,_New_Forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_779513.jpg|thumb|[[New Forest]] in Hampshire where the founder of [[Wicca]], [[Gerald Gardner]], stated he encountered the [[New Forest coven]].]] |
[[File:Beech_trees_in_Mallard_Wood,_New_Forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_779513.jpg|thumb|[[New Forest]] in Hampshire where the founder of [[Wicca]], [[Gerald Gardner]], stated he encountered the [[New Forest coven]].]] |
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In [[Wicca]] and other similar forms of [[modern pagan]] [[witchcraft]], such as [[Stregheria]] and [[Feri Tradition|Feri]], a coven is a gathering or community of [[witch]]es, like an affinity group, engagement group, or small covenant group. It is composed of a group of practitioners who gather together for rituals such as [[Drawing down the Moon (ritual)|Drawing Down the Moon]], or celebrating the [[Wheel of the Year|Sabbats]].{{ |
In [[Wicca]] and other similar forms of [[modern pagan]] [[witchcraft]], such as [[Stregheria]] and [[Feri Tradition|Feri]], a coven is a gathering or community of [[witch]]es, like an affinity group, engagement group, or small covenant group. It is composed of a group of practitioners who gather together for rituals such as [[Drawing down the Moon (ritual)|Drawing Down the Moon]], or celebrating the [[Wheel of the Year|Sabbats]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mankey |first=Jason |url=https://books.google.com.tr/books?hl=en&lr=&id=UO67DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT12&dq=coven+sabbat+celebration&ots=4F7dOLlffH&sig=bIDYssfUJ0VhDDpFlYql2kZvRRM&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=coven%20sabbat%20celebration&f=false |title=Witch's Wheel of the Year: Rituals for Circles, Solitaries & Covens |date=2019-12-08 |publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide |isbn=978-0-7387-6098-8 |language=en}}</ref> The place at which they generally meet is called a [[covenstead]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=K|first=Amber|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iJrgXRkw0OQC&q=K,+A.+(2003).+%E2%80%9CThe+Covenstead%E2%80%9D+in%C2%A0Coven+Craft:+Witchcraft+for+three+or+more.+St.+Paul,+MN:%C2%A0Llewelleyn.&pg=PR17|title=Covencraft: Witchcraft for Three Or More|date=1998|publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide|isbn=978-1-56718-018-3|language=en}}</ref> |
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The number of people involved may vary. Although some consider thirteen to be ideal (probably in deference to [[Margaret Murray|Murray]]'s theories), any group of at least three can be a coven.{{ |
The number of people involved may vary. Although some consider thirteen to be ideal (probably in deference to [[Margaret Murray|Murray]]'s theories), any group of at least three can be a coven.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McCoy |first=Edain |url=https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=e0mn7UDqJ0UC&pg=PA128&dq=coven+number+of+member&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiXptPB5938AhUhX_EDHSFRCsEQ6AF6BAgBEAI#v=onepage&q=coven%20number%20of%20member&f=false |title=Ostara: Customs, Spells & Rituals for the Rites of Spring |date=2002 |publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide |isbn=978-0-7387-0082-3 |language=en}}</ref> A group of two is usually called a "working couple" (regardless of their gender). It can also unofficially be called an "Obaven" by some members of the community, derived from the Scottish Gaelic word "obair" meaning work, a tribute to the more official term "working couple", a [[portmanteau]] with the word "coven". Thus creating the word, "Obaven". Within the community, many believe that a coven larger than thirteen is unwieldy, citing unwieldy group dynamics and an unfair burden on the leadership.<ref name="KCovenCraft">[[Amber K|K, Amber]] (2002). ''Coven Craft: Witchcraft for Three or More''. Llewellyn Publications.</ref> When a coven has grown too large to be manageable, it may split, or "hive". In Wicca, this may also occur when a newly made [[High Priest]] or [[High Priestess]], also called [[Wicca#Covens|3rd Degree]] initiation, leaves to start their own coven.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=James R. |url=https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=FSnxlwQV0ccC&pg=PA63&dq=coven+third+degree+initiation+starting+new+coven&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiG0IiP6N38AhU8SvEDHdDpDDsQ6AF6BAgCEAI#v=onepage&q=coven%20third%20degree%20initiation%20starting%20new%20coven&f=false |title=Witchcraft Today: An Encyclopedia of Wiccan and Neopagan Traditions |date=1999 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-134-2 |language=en}}</ref> |
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Wiccan covens are usually jointly led by a [[High Priestess]] and a [[High Priest]], although some are led by only one or the other, and some by a same-sex couple. In more recent forms of mddern pagan witchcraft, covens are sometimes run as democracies with a rotating leadership.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Wicca and Witchcraft for Dummies|last=Smith|first=Diane|publisher=Jon Wiley & Sons|year=2011|isbn=9781118070017|pages=96}}</ref> |
Wiccan covens are usually jointly led by a [[High Priestess]] and a [[High Priest]], although some are led by only one or the other, and some by a same-sex couple. In more recent forms of mddern pagan witchcraft, covens are sometimes run as democracies with a rotating leadership.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Wicca and Witchcraft for Dummies|last=Smith|first=Diane|publisher=Jon Wiley & Sons|year=2011|isbn=9781118070017|pages=96}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 13:44, 23 January 2023
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2018) |
A coven (/kʌvən/) is a group or gathering of witches. The word "coven" (from Anglo-Norman covent, cuvent, from Old French covent, from Latin conventum = convention) remained largely unused in English until 1921 when Margaret Murray promoted the idea that all witches across Europe met in groups of thirteen which they called "covens".[1]
Modern paganism
In Wicca and other similar forms of modern pagan witchcraft, such as Stregheria and Feri, a coven is a gathering or community of witches, like an affinity group, engagement group, or small covenant group. It is composed of a group of practitioners who gather together for rituals such as Drawing Down the Moon, or celebrating the Sabbats.[2] The place at which they generally meet is called a covenstead.[3]
The number of people involved may vary. Although some consider thirteen to be ideal (probably in deference to Murray's theories), any group of at least three can be a coven.[4] A group of two is usually called a "working couple" (regardless of their gender). It can also unofficially be called an "Obaven" by some members of the community, derived from the Scottish Gaelic word "obair" meaning work, a tribute to the more official term "working couple", a portmanteau with the word "coven". Thus creating the word, "Obaven". Within the community, many believe that a coven larger than thirteen is unwieldy, citing unwieldy group dynamics and an unfair burden on the leadership.[5] When a coven has grown too large to be manageable, it may split, or "hive". In Wicca, this may also occur when a newly made High Priest or High Priestess, also called 3rd Degree initiation, leaves to start their own coven.[6]
Wiccan covens are usually jointly led by a High Priestess and a High Priest, although some are led by only one or the other, and some by a same-sex couple. In more recent forms of mddern pagan witchcraft, covens are sometimes run as democracies with a rotating leadership.[7]
Online covens
With the rise of the Internet as a platform for collaborative discussion and media dissemination, it became popular for adherents and practitioners of Wicca to establish "online covens" which remotely teach tradition-specific crafts to students in a similar method of education as non-religious virtual online schools. One of the first online covens to take this route is the Coven of the Far Flung Net (CFFN), which was established in 1997 as the online arm of the Church of Universal Eclectic Wicca.[8]
However, because of potentially-unwieldy membership sizes,[clarification needed] many online covens limit their memberships to anywhere between 10 and 100 students. The CFFN, in particular, tried[when?] to devolve its structure into a system of sub-coven clans (which governed their own application processes), a system which ended in 2003 due to fears by the CFFN leadership that the clans were becoming communities in their own right.[citation needed]
Other contemporary forms
The Urban Coven is a group founded on Facebook by Becca Gordon for women in Los Angeles to gather, hike, and howl at the moon. It meets monthly and is estimated to have almost 3,500 members. A January 2016 gathering at Griffith Park drew nearly 1,000 women, and was described as follows:
A lot of the women ... were there in groups — mothers and daughters, friends, colleagues. Some arrived solo and struck up conversations with other women or hiked in solitude.[9]
In popular culture
In popular culture, a coven is a group or gathering of witches who work spells in tandem. Such imagery can be traced back to Renaissance prints depicting witches and to the three "weird sisters" in Shakespeare's Macbeth (1606).[citation needed]
Orgiastic meetings of witches are depicted in the Robert Burns poem "Tam o' Shanter" (1791) and in the Goethe play Faust (1832).[citation needed]
Films featuring covens include Rosemary's Baby (1968), Crowhaven Farm (1970), Suspiria (1977) and its 2018 remake, The Witches of Eastwick (1987), Four Rooms (1995), The Craft (1996), Coven (1997), Underworld (2003), Underworld: Evolution (2006), The Covenant (2006), Paranormal Activity 3 (2011), The Witch (2015) and Hereditary (2018).[citation needed]
In television, covens have been portrayed in the U.S. in supernatural dramas such as Charmed, Witches of East End, The Vampire Diaries, The Originals, The Secret Circle, True Blood, Once Upon a Time and Chilling Adventures of Sabrina. The third season of American Horror Story is entitled Coven, and focuses on witches. The animated series The Owl House (2020–present) also focuses on witches, and interprets covens as required organizations of witches with specialized magic.[citation needed]
In vampire novels such as The Vampire Chronicles by Anne Rice and the Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer, covens are families or unrelated groups of vampires who live together.[citation needed]
See also
References
- ^ Murray, Margaret (1921). The Witch Cult in Western Europe: A Study in Anthropology.
- ^ Mankey, Jason (2019-12-08). Witch's Wheel of the Year: Rituals for Circles, Solitaries & Covens. Llewellyn Worldwide. ISBN 978-0-7387-6098-8.
- ^ K, Amber (1998). Covencraft: Witchcraft for Three Or More. Llewellyn Worldwide. ISBN 978-1-56718-018-3.
- ^ McCoy, Edain (2002). Ostara: Customs, Spells & Rituals for the Rites of Spring. Llewellyn Worldwide. ISBN 978-0-7387-0082-3.
- ^ K, Amber (2002). Coven Craft: Witchcraft for Three or More. Llewellyn Publications.
- ^ Lewis, James R. (1999). Witchcraft Today: An Encyclopedia of Wiccan and Neopagan Traditions. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-134-2.
- ^ Smith, Diane (2011). Wicca and Witchcraft for Dummies. Jon Wiley & Sons. p. 96. ISBN 9781118070017.
- ^ "Coven of the Far Flung Net". 2006-07-18. Archived from the original on 2006-07-18. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
- ^ Blumberg, Antonia (25 January 2016). "This Is What An 'Urban Coven' Looks Like". Huffington Post. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
Bibliography
- Margot Adler (2006) Drawing Down the Moon (book). Penguin Books.
- Miriam Simos (1999) The Spiral Dance. San Francisco: Harper.
- Janet and Stuart Farrar (1996) A Witches' Bible: The Complete Witches Handbook. Phoenix Publishing.
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