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The name ''Belarus'' can be literally translated as ''[[White Ruthenia]]'' or ''Baltic Ruthenia''.<ref name="books.google.de">{{cite web |title=An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires |website=books.google.de |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=CquTz6ps5YgC&pg=PA88&lpg=PA88&dq=baltoruthenians}}</ref><ref name="Baltic Essays">{{cite web |title=Baltic Essays|website=books.google.de |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=DIkNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=baltoruthenians}}</ref> In [[Balto-Slavic]] culture, the white color ({{lang-be|белы|biely|links=no}}, {{lang-lt|baltas||links=no}}) designates North,{{fact|date=November 2022}} this is why originally name of White Rus' was used to refer to northernmost settlements of [[Kyivan Rus']] by the shores of [[White Sea]], which is a historical region of medieval [[Novgorod Land]]. After [[Novgorod Republic]] left Rus' confederation North Eastern lands of the modern [[Republic of Belarus]] became the northernmost ones and were also called in Latin as ''Ruthenia Alba'' ({{lang-en|White Rus}}). The name has been in use in western Europe for some time, along with ethnonyms ''Baltoruthenes'', ''Baltorusins'', ''White Ruthenes'', ''White Russians'' (though not to be confused with the political group of [[White Army|White Russians]] that opposed the [[Bolshevik]]s during the [[Russian Civil War]]) and similar forms. Belarusians trace their name back to the people of [[Rus' people|Rus']].
The name ''Belarus'' can be literally translated as ''[[White Ruthenia]]'' or ''Baltic Ruthenia''.<ref name="books.google.de">{{cite web |title=An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires |website=books.google.de |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=CquTz6ps5YgC&pg=PA88&lpg=PA88&dq=baltoruthenians}}</ref><ref name="Baltic Essays">{{cite web |title=Baltic Essays|website=books.google.de |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=DIkNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=baltoruthenians}}</ref> In [[Balto-Slavic]] culture, the white color ({{lang-be|белы|biely|links=no}}, {{lang-lt|baltas||links=no}}) [[Cardinal_direction#Cultural_variations|designates]] North,{{fact|date=November 2022}} this is why originally name of White Rus' was used to refer to northernmost settlements of [[Kyivan Rus']] by the shores of [[White Sea]], which is a historical region of medieval [[Novgorod Land]]. After [[Novgorod Republic]] left Rus' confederation North Eastern lands of the modern [[Republic of Belarus]] became the northernmost ones and were also called in Latin as ''Ruthenia Alba'' ({{lang-en|White Rus}}). The name has been in use in western Europe for some time, along with ethnonyms ''Baltoruthenes'', ''Baltorusins'', ''White Ruthenes'', ''White Russians'' (though not to be confused with the political group of [[White Army|White Russians]] that opposed the [[Bolshevik]]s during the [[Russian Civil War]]) and similar forms. Belarusians trace their name back to the people of [[Rus' people|Rus']].


The term ''Belarusians'' was promoted mostly during the 19th&nbsp;century by the [[Russian Empire]] as an [[ethnonym]] for Balto-Ruthenian population instead of politonym [[Litvin]] which became prohibited after an annexation of the lands of [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. For instance, this can be traced by editions of folklorist [[Ivan Sakharov]], where in the edition of 1836, Belarusian customs are described as ''Litvin'', while in the edition of 1886, the words Литва (''Lithuania'') and Литовцо-руссы (''Lithuanian-Russians / Ruthenians'') are replaced by respectively Белоруссия (''Byelorussia'') and белорусы (''Byelorussians'').<ref>Сказанія русскаго народа, собранныя Иваномъ Петровичемъ Сахаровымъ, 1836, 1886</ref><ref>Бандарчык В. К. Фарміраванне і развіццё беларускай нацыі / В. К. Бандарчык, П. У Церашковіч // Этнаграфія беларусаў.— Мінск : Навука і тэхніка, 1985.— С. 158.</ref><ref>Беларусы : у 10 т. / Рэдкал.: В. К. Бандарчык [і інш.]. — Мінск : Беларус. навука, 1994–2007. — Т. 4 : Вытокі і этнічнае развіццё... С. 62—63, 88.</ref>
The term ''Belarusians'' was promoted mostly during the 19th&nbsp;century by the [[Russian Empire]] as an [[ethnonym]] for Balto-Ruthenian population instead of politonym [[Litvin]] which became prohibited after an annexation of the lands of [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. For instance, this can be traced by editions of folklorist [[Ivan Sakharov]], where in the edition of 1836, Belarusian customs are described as ''Litvin'', while in the edition of 1886, the words Литва (''Lithuania'') and Литовцо-руссы (''Lithuanian-Russians / Ruthenians'') are replaced by respectively Белоруссия (''Byelorussia'') and белорусы (''Byelorussians'').<ref>Сказанія русскаго народа, собранныя Иваномъ Петровичемъ Сахаровымъ, 1836, 1886</ref><ref>Бандарчык В. К. Фарміраванне і развіццё беларускай нацыі / В. К. Бандарчык, П. У Церашковіч // Этнаграфія беларусаў.— Мінск : Навука і тэхніка, 1985.— С. 158.</ref><ref>Беларусы : у 10 т. / Рэдкал.: В. К. Бандарчык [і інш.]. — Мінск : Беларус. навука, 1994–2007. — Т. 4 : Вытокі і этнічнае развіццё... С. 62—63, 88.</ref>

Revision as of 16:26, 23 January 2023

The name Belarus can be literally translated as White Ruthenia or Baltic Ruthenia.[1][2] In Balto-Slavic culture, the white color (Template:Lang-be, Template:Lang-lt) designates North,[citation needed] this is why originally name of White Rus' was used to refer to northernmost settlements of Kyivan Rus' by the shores of White Sea, which is a historical region of medieval Novgorod Land. After Novgorod Republic left Rus' confederation North Eastern lands of the modern Republic of Belarus became the northernmost ones and were also called in Latin as Ruthenia Alba (Template:Lang-en). The name has been in use in western Europe for some time, along with ethnonyms Baltoruthenes, Baltorusins, White Ruthenes, White Russians (though not to be confused with the political group of White Russians that opposed the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War) and similar forms. Belarusians trace their name back to the people of Rus'.

The term Belarusians was promoted mostly during the 19th century by the Russian Empire as an ethnonym for Balto-Ruthenian population instead of politonym Litvin which became prohibited after an annexation of the lands of Grand Duchy of Lithuania. For instance, this can be traced by editions of folklorist Ivan Sakharov, where in the edition of 1836, Belarusian customs are described as Litvin, while in the edition of 1886, the words Литва (Lithuania) and Литовцо-руссы (Lithuanian-Russians / Ruthenians) are replaced by respectively Белоруссия (Byelorussia) and белорусы (Byelorussians).[3][4][5]

An ethno-religious theory suggests that the name used to describe the part of old Ruthenian lands within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that had been populated mostly by Slavs who had been Christianized early, as opposed to Black Ruthenia, which was predominantly inhabited by pagan Balts.[6]

An alternative explanation for the name comments on the white clothing worn by the local Slavic population.[7][8] Another theory suggests that the old Rus' lands that were not conquered by the Tatars (i.e., Polotsk, Vitebsk and Mogilev) had been referred to as "White Rus'".[7] A fifth theory suggests that the color white was associated with the west, and Belarus was the western part of Rus in the 9th-13th centuries.[9]

History

The name Rus' is often conflated with its Latin forms Russia and Ruthenia, thus Belarus is often referred to as White Russia or White Ruthenia. The name first appeared in German and Latin medieval literature; the chronicles of Jan of Czarnków mention the imprisonment of Lithuanian grand duke Jogaila and his mother at "Albae Russiae, Poloczk dicto" in 1381.[10] Before the Mongol invasions, the name White Rus' was used for the Duchy of Rostov-Suzdal (defining it as "free, great, enlightened," and Christianised), but later the name shifted to the Duchies of Vitebsk and Polotsk, until Polish geographer Jan of Stobnica expanded the meaning of the term to mean all the Rus' lands under the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[11] In some languages the country is often still referred to by a literal translation of "White Russia", including Dutch and Afrikaans (both Wit-Rusland), and German (Weißrussland).[12][13] However, here too a gradual shift towards Belarus may be observed in some countries, such as the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark.[14][15][16][17]

The Latin term "Alba Russia" was used again by Pope Pius VI in 1783 to recognize the Society of Jesus there, exclaiming "Approbo Societatem Jesu in Alba Russia degentem, approbo, approbo."[18] The first known use of White Russia to refer to Belarus was in the late-16th century by Englishman Sir Jerome Horsey, who was known for his close contacts with the Russian Royal Court.[19] During the 17th century, the Russian tsars used "White Rus" to describe the lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[20]

Stamp with the Cross of St. Euphrosyne from 1992

The term Belorussia (Template:Lang-ru, the latter part similar but spelled and stressed differently from Росси́я, Russia) first rose in the days of the Russian Empire, and the Russian Tsar was usually styled "the Tsar of All the Russias", as Russia or the Russian Empire was formed by three parts of Russia—the Great, Little, and White.[21] This asserted that the territories are all Russian and all the peoples are also Russian; in the case of the Belarusians, they were variants of the Russian people.[22]

After the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, the term "White Russia" caused some confusion, as it was also the name of the military force that opposed the red Bolsheviks.[23] During the period of the Byelorussian SSR, the term Byelorussia was embraced as part of a national consciousness. In western Belarus under Polish control, Byelorussia became commonly used in the regions of Białystok and Grodno during the interwar period.[24]

The term Byelorussia (its names in other languages such as English being based on the Russian form) was only used officially until 1991, when the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR decreed by law that the new independent republic should be called Republic of Belarus (Республика Беларусь spelled in Russian), and that its abridged form should be "Belarus". The law decreed that all the forms of the new term should be transliterated into other languages from their Belarusian language forms. The use of Byelorussian SSR and any abbreviations thereof were allowed from 1991 to 1993.[25] Conservative forces in the newly independent Belarus did not support the name change and opposed its inclusion in the 1991 draft of the Constitution of Belarus.[26]

Accordingly, the name Byelorussia was replaced by Belarus in English.[27] Likewise, the adjective Belorussian or Byelorussian was replaced by Belarusan,[28] which sounds like population's historical name of Ruthene, since independence and til 1995, when neo-soviet regime of Lukashenko restored soviet coat of arms, soviet flag and pushed for more Russia-like Belarusian adjective. Belarusian intelligentsia in the Stalin era attempted to change the name from Byelorussia to a form of Krivia because of the supposed connection with Russia.[29] Some nationalists object to the name for the same reason.[30][31] Several local newspapers kept the old name of the country in Russian in their names, for example Komsomolskaya Pravda v Byelorussii, which is the localized publication of a popular Russian newspaper. Also, those who wish for Belarus to be reunited with Russia continue to use Belorussia.[31] Officially, the full name of the country is "Republic of Belarus" (Рэспубліка Беларусь, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus listenⓘ).[25][32] In Russia, the usage of “Belorussia” still is very common.[33] In Lithuanian, besides the name “Baltarusija” (White Russia), Belarus is also being called “Gudija”.[34][35]

References

  1. ^ "An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires". books.google.de.
  2. ^ "Baltic Essays". books.google.de.
  3. ^ Сказанія русскаго народа, собранныя Иваномъ Петровичемъ Сахаровымъ, 1836, 1886
  4. ^ Бандарчык В. К. Фарміраванне і развіццё беларускай нацыі / В. К. Бандарчык, П. У Церашковіч // Этнаграфія беларусаў.— Мінск : Навука і тэхніка, 1985.— С. 158.
  5. ^ Беларусы : у 10 т. / Рэдкал.: В. К. Бандарчык [і інш.]. — Мінск : Беларус. навука, 1994–2007. — Т. 4 : Вытокі і этнічнае развіццё... С. 62—63, 88.
  6. ^ Аб паходжанні назваў Белая і Чорная Русь (Eng. "About the Origins of the Names of White and Black Ruthenia"), Язэп Юхо (Joseph Juho), 1956.
  7. ^ a b Zaprudnik 1993, p. 2
  8. ^ Minahan 1998, p. 35
  9. ^ Belarus and White Russia: How the two are related
  10. ^ Vauchez, Dobson & Lapidge 2001, p. 163
  11. ^ Andrzej Wierzbicki (2018). Polish-Belarusian Relations: Between a Common Past and the Future. Nomos Verlag. p. 17. ISBN 9783845291147.
  12. ^ "Reisadvies Belarus (Wit-Rusland)".
  13. ^ "Belarus: Reise- und Sicherheitshinweise". Auswärtiges Amt.
  14. ^ De Jong, Sjoerd (12 September 2020). "Keus tussen 'Belarus' en 'Wit-Rusland' is niet alleen taalkundig". NRC. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  15. ^ Brouwers, Arnout (23 September 2020). "Nederland erkent president Loekasjenko niet, maar EU treft nog geen sancties tegen Belarus". Volkskrant. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  16. ^ Klein, Oliver (11 August 2020). "Warum Weißrussland plötzlich Belarus heißt". ZDF Heute. ZDF. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  17. ^ Bertolaso, Marco (7 August 2020). "Warum auch wir von "Belarus" sprechen". deutschlandfunk.de. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  18. ^ de Courson 1879, p. 281
  19. ^ Bely, Alies (2000). The chronicle of the White Russia: an essay on the history of one geographical name. Minsk, Belarus: Encyclopedix. ISBN 985-6599-12-1.
  20. ^ Plokhy 2001, p. 327
  21. ^ Philip G. Roeder (2011). Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism. ISBN 978-0-691-13467-3.
  22. ^ Fishman, Joshua; Garcia, Ofelia (2011). Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts. ISBN 978-0-19-983799-1.
  23. ^ Richmond 1995, p. 260
  24. ^ Ioffe, Grigory (2008). Understanding Belarus and How Western Foreign Policy Misses the Mark. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7425-5558-7.
  25. ^ a b "Law of the Republic of Belarus – About the name of the Republic of Belarus" (in Russian). Pravo – Law of the Republic of Belarus. 19 September 1991. Retrieved 6 October 2007.
  26. ^ Ryder 1998, p. 183
  27. ^ Zaprudnik 1993, pp. 4–5
  28. ^ ""Як нас заве сьвет — «Беларашэн» ці Belarus(i)an?"". www.svaboda.org. Retrieved 2016-07-28.
  29. ^ Treadgold & Ellison 1999, p. 230
  30. ^ "Swedish government urged to change Belarus's official name". European Radio for Belarus. 13 July 2009. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  31. ^ a b Levy & Spilling 2009, p. 95
  32. ^ "Belarus – Government". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2007. Retrieved 22 December 2007.
  33. ^ ""Беларусь" vs "Белоруссия": ставим точку в вопросе". Onliner (in Russian). 26 February 2014.
  34. ^ ""Gudija" ar "Baltarusija"?". State Commission of the Lithuanian Language (in Lithuanian).
  35. ^ "Lithuania Refuses to Call Belarus as "Belarusia"". Telegraf.by. 16 April 2010.

Bibliography

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