Vlora incident: Difference between revisions
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==Prelude and Background 1945-1961== |
==Prelude and Background 1945-1961== |
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Albania since the end of [[WW2]] in 1945 has been friends with [[USSR|Soviets]] led by [[Joseph Stalin]] until his death in March 1953 but following [[Nikita Khrushchev]]’s [[De-Stalinization]] after the execution of [[Lavrentiy Beria]] in December 1953 |
Albania since the end of [[WW2]] in 1945 has been friends with [[USSR|Soviets]] led by [[Joseph Stalin]] until his death in March 1953 but following [[Nikita Khrushchev]]’s [[De-Stalinization]] after the execution of [[Lavrentiy Beria]] in December 1953. In military circles, [[Albania]] has not been viewed with the same suspicion that political judges have shown it. [[Albania]], for all its poverty and insignificance, possesses one thing that all the might of [[Tsarist Empire|Tsarist]] and [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] was unable to gain direct access to the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], and submarines were grounded in Albania.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Quarterly_Review_of_Military_Literature/9f64DYfRxc8C?hl=de&gbpv=0 |title=Quarterly Review of Military Literature |publisher=University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign |year=1962 |location=USA |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1135666648 |title=The Soviet naval threat to Europe : military and political dimensions |date=2020 |publisher=ROUTLEDGE |others=Bruce W. Watson, Susan M. Watson |isbn=978-0-429-31478-0 |location=LONDON |oclc=1135666648}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Luthi |first=Lorenz M. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/705944524 |title=The Sino-Soviet split : Cold War in the communist world |date=2008 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-3762-5 |location=Princeton |oclc=705944524}}</ref> |
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Among the conspiracy's controversial ringleaders was [[Vice Admiral]] [[Teme Sejko]], a senior Albanian military officer. It is reasonable to assume what the connection between the crew member and the non-military command of the [[Soviet people|Soviets]] in Albania might have been like. However, there is no doubt that Sejko saw Teme in the [[Soviet Navy|Soviet naval force]] and the position of technical achievements it represents as an important argument against the enemy [[Soviets]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gassert |first=Philipp |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/1968_The_World_Transformed/Y9v0gyalKjkC?hl=de&gbpv=0&kptab=overview |title=1968: The World Transformed |publisher=German Historical Institute (Washington, D.C.) |date=October 28, 1998 |location=Washington D.C |pages=490 |isbn=9780521646376 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Professional_Journal_of_the_United_State/JMLXlcm2NfQC?hl=de&gbpv=0 |title=Professional Journal of the United States Army |publisher=Ohio State University |year=1962 |location=USA |language=English}}</ref> Although the U-boats' withdrawal came shortly after the performance trial was announced, it should not be assumed that the Albanians had prompted the [[Soviets]] to withdraw.<ref>Aryo Makko u. a.: ''The Soviet Union and Cold War Neutrality and Nonalignment in Europe'', S. 354, 2021, ISBN 978-1-79363-193-0 ([https://www.google.de/books/edition/The_Soviet_Union_and_Cold_War_Neutrality/cMYfEAAAQBAJ?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=Teme+Sejko&pg=PA354&printsec=frontcover Online-Version])</ref><ref>Peter Morgan: ''Ismail Kadare. The Writer and the Dictatorship 1957–1990''; S. 40, 313, 2017, ISBN 978-1-35156-200-3 ([https://www.google.de/books/edition/Ismail_Kadare/Uy8rDwAAQBAJ?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=Teme+Sejko&pg=PA313&printsec=frontcover Online-Version])</ref> |
Among the conspiracy's controversial ringleaders was [[Vice Admiral]] [[Teme Sejko]], a senior Albanian military officer. It is reasonable to assume what the connection between the crew member and the non-military command of the [[Soviet people|Soviets]] in Albania might have been like. However, there is no doubt that Sejko saw Teme in the [[Soviet Navy|Soviet naval force]] and the position of technical achievements it represents as an important argument against the enemy [[Soviets]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gassert |first=Philipp |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/1968_The_World_Transformed/Y9v0gyalKjkC?hl=de&gbpv=0&kptab=overview |title=1968: The World Transformed |publisher=German Historical Institute (Washington, D.C.) |date=October 28, 1998 |location=Washington D.C |pages=490 |isbn=9780521646376 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Professional_Journal_of_the_United_State/JMLXlcm2NfQC?hl=de&gbpv=0 |title=Professional Journal of the United States Army |publisher=Ohio State University |year=1962 |location=USA |language=English}}</ref> Although the U-boats' withdrawal came shortly after the performance trial was announced, it should not be assumed that the Albanians had prompted the [[Soviets]] to withdraw.<ref>Aryo Makko u. a.: ''The Soviet Union and Cold War Neutrality and Nonalignment in Europe'', S. 354, 2021, ISBN 978-1-79363-193-0 ([https://www.google.de/books/edition/The_Soviet_Union_and_Cold_War_Neutrality/cMYfEAAAQBAJ?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=Teme+Sejko&pg=PA354&printsec=frontcover Online-Version])</ref><ref>Peter Morgan: ''Ismail Kadare. The Writer and the Dictatorship 1957–1990''; S. 40, 313, 2017, ISBN 978-1-35156-200-3 ([https://www.google.de/books/edition/Ismail_Kadare/Uy8rDwAAQBAJ?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=Teme+Sejko&pg=PA313&printsec=frontcover Online-Version])</ref> |
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Revision as of 05:16, 2 February 2023
The attack on the on the Soviet naval presence or The Battle at the base of Vlora[1](Template:Lang-sq) was an attack by Albania in the Mediterranean Sea against the Soviet Union.[2] This was the withdrawal of the Soviets from the Albanian naval base and was also part of the Albanian-Soviet split.
| Albanian attack on the Soviet Navy | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Cold War and Albanian-Soviet split | |||||||
| File:Gallery from the Albanian Soviet Conflict during the Cold War.jpg | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Albania |
 Soviet Union | ||||||
 Warsaw Pact:[3][4] Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Enver Hoxha Beqir Balluku |
Diplomatic Support: Todor Zhivkov Antonín Novotný Walter Ulbricht János Kádár Władysław Gomułka | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
 Albanian Armed Forces |
 Soviet Armed Forces 40th Naval Infantry Brigade | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| none |
4 submarines were captured[7] Soviet transport ship was shot by cannon and destroyed Soviet group was killed[1] | ||||||
Prelude and Background 1945-1961
Albania since the end of WW2 in 1945 has been friends with Soviets led by Joseph Stalin until his death in March 1953 but following Nikita Khrushchev’s De-Stalinization after the execution of Lavrentiy Beria in December 1953. In military circles, Albania has not been viewed with the same suspicion that political judges have shown it. Albania, for all its poverty and insignificance, possesses one thing that all the might of Tsarist and Soviet Russia was unable to gain direct access to the Mediterranean, and submarines were grounded in Albania.[8][9][10]
Among the conspiracy's controversial ringleaders was Vice Admiral Teme Sejko, a senior Albanian military officer. It is reasonable to assume what the connection between the crew member and the non-military command of the Soviets in Albania might have been like. However, there is no doubt that Sejko saw Teme in the Soviet naval force and the position of technical achievements it represents as an important argument against the enemy Soviets.[11][12] Although the U-boats' withdrawal came shortly after the performance trial was announced, it should not be assumed that the Albanians had prompted the Soviets to withdraw.[13][14]
The Soviet position in the Mediterranean
It would go beyond the scope of the composition to go into all the details of the important history of the Russian Sea Fleet. Nevertheless, it must be said that the Soviets followed in the footsteps of the autocratic pursuers and were far more successful. However, this enormous success was not achieved until after the First World War. It seems ironic that Albania ceded part of the stirrup grip to the Soviet Union during its era leaps to the Mediterranean Sea.[15] With the help of this small nation, politically and economically insignificant, the Soviet Union established a strong military base that housed marines and larger units similar to destroyers. It seems that the successors of the captains have prevailed and prevailed in the Mediterranean[16][17]
The Attack of 1961 and Withdraw of Albania from the Warsaw Pact in 1968
Albanian officials have maintained the presence of the Soviet Navy outside the Mediterranean, denounced the Brezhnev Doctrine of 1968 Qualified Sovereignty as a social-imperialist policy of the Soviet government, and called for the immediate withdrawal of the Soviet Navy.[2][18]
The Albanians then decided to use military force to steal 4 of the 12 Soviet submarines, the Soviets withdrew and were able to take 8 more with them . But following the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 Albania withdraw from the Warsaw Pact.[19]
The Albanian leaders took open hostile action as the fleet withdrew in order to seize Soviet military equipment.
— Moscow radio[19]
Aftermath
Following the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the Mediterranean naval base in the 1960s, the Albanians were able to successfully capture of number of Soviet submarines.[20] After the attack in the 1970s, the Soviet Union lost access to the Mediterranean Sea on the Albanian coast.[21]
References
- ^ a b c "Dossier: Të dhëna të reja dokumentare mbi ndarjen sovjeto-shqiptare ResPublica". www.respublica.al. Retrieved 2022-12-22.
- ^ a b Prifti, Peter R. (1971). Albania and Sino-Soviet Relations, 1971. Indiana University: Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 35.
- ^ ""Shqiptarët tentuan t'i merrnin të 12 nëndetëset!"- Zbardhet dokumenti sekret i arkivave sovjetike: Si dështoi plani që baza t'i kalonte Traktatit të Varshavës" (in Albanian). Retrieved 2022-12-21.
- ^ "ГОТОВИЛСЯ ЛИ ПЕРЕВОРОТ В АЛБАНИИ? "ДЕЛО Т. СЕЙКО": ВЕРСИИ". libmonster.ru. Retrieved 2022-12-23.
- ^ Low, Alfred D. (1976). The Sino-Soviet dispute : an analysis of the polemics. Rutherford [N.J.]: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0-8386-1479-5. OCLC 2225938.
- ^ says, yp Xhixh (2022-02-14). ""Shqiptarët tentuan t'i merrnin të 12 nëndetëset!" Zbardhet dokumenti sekret i arkivave sovjetike: Si dështoi plani që baza t'i kalonte Traktatit të Varshavës". Gazeta Tema. Retrieved 2022-12-21.
- ^ D.C.), German Historical Institute (Washington (1998-10-28). 1968: The World Transformed. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64637-6.
- ^ Quarterly Review of Military Literature. USA: University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign. 1962.
- ^ The Soviet naval threat to Europe : military and political dimensions. Bruce W. Watson, Susan M. Watson. LONDON: ROUTLEDGE. 2020. ISBN 978-0-429-31478-0. OCLC 1135666648.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Luthi, Lorenz M. (2008). The Sino-Soviet split : Cold War in the communist world. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-3762-5. OCLC 705944524.
- ^ Gassert, Philipp (October 28, 1998). 1968: The World Transformed. Washington D.C: German Historical Institute (Washington, D.C.). p. 490. ISBN 9780521646376.
- ^ Professional Journal of the United States Army. USA: Ohio State University. 1962.
- ^ Aryo Makko u. a.: The Soviet Union and Cold War Neutrality and Nonalignment in Europe, S. 354, 2021, ISBN 978-1-79363-193-0 (Online-Version)
- ^ Peter Morgan: Ismail Kadare. The Writer and the Dictatorship 1957–1990; S. 40, 313, 2017, ISBN 978-1-35156-200-3 (Online-Version)
- ^ Breemer, Jan S (1989). Soviet Submarines. University of Michigan: Jane's Information Group. p. 187. ISBN 9780262160704.
- ^ Prifti, Peter R (1978). Socialist Albania Since 1944. Ohio State University: MIT Press. p. 311. ISBN 9780262160704.
- ^ Thought. University of California: Siddhartha Publications. 1970.
- ^ Central and Eastern Europe : the opening curtain?. William E. Griffith. New York. 2021. ISBN 978-0-429-71869-4. OCLC 1282714010.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ a b "Acht kamen durch". Der Spiegel (in German). 1965-02-23. ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved 2022-11-28.
- ^ Hamm, Harry (1963). Albania--China's Beachhead in Europe. University of California: Praeger. p. 176.
- ^ Keefe, Eugene K (1971). Area Handbook for Albania. University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 223.