Jump to content

User:Sria-72/Southeastern Pacific tropical cyclone: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 4: Line 4:
==Reasons for infrequency of tropical development in the Southeastern Pacific==
==Reasons for infrequency of tropical development in the Southeastern Pacific==
Tropical cyclones need multiple ingredients for their formation, such as abundant moisture, low vertical wind shear, and a large difference between sea surface temperature and temperatures at higher altitudes in the troposphere. In general, tropical cyclones tend to form over warm waters, which on average have at least 26.5 °C, although it has been observed that, on some occasions, they have formed with lower temperatures, such as Hurricane Alex ( 2016) that formed in the North Atlantic at lower sea surface temperatures and in winter, typically forming between spring and fall.
Tropical cyclones need multiple ingredients for their formation, such as abundant moisture, low vertical wind shear, and a large difference between sea surface temperature and temperatures at higher altitudes in the troposphere. In general, tropical cyclones tend to form over warm waters, which on average have at least 26.5 °C, although it has been observed that, on some occasions, they have formed with lower temperatures, such as Hurricane Alex ( 2016) that formed in the North Atlantic at lower sea surface temperatures and in winter, typically forming between spring and fall.

The El Niño phenomenon allows warmer than normal waters to exist in the central and southeast Pacific, so there is also usually higher humidity as a result of elevated rates of evaporation in ocean water, which is why the tropical cyclone development area moves eastward. El Niños have also allowed fairly active cyclonic seasons to be recorded in the South Pacific, such as the 1982-83 and 1997-98 seasons. This phenomenon has allowed the ideal sea surface temperature and humidity conditions to be recorded for the generation of two cyclones, a tropical cyclone in 1983, and a subtropical cyclone in 2015. Tropical Cyclone Two of May 1983, occured at the end of one of the most intense El Niño phenomena recorded, that of 1982-83, which coincided with a very active tropical cyclone season in the South Pacific.

==Storms==
==Storms==
===Pre-2015===
===Pre-2015===
Line 13: Line 16:
|Dissipated=May 14, 1983
|Dissipated=May 14, 1983
|1-min winds=65
|1-min winds=65
|10-min winds=57
|Track=Ciclón tropical 2 - Mayo 1983.png
|Track=Ciclón tropical 2 - Mayo 1983.png
}}On May 10, 1983, the easternmost tropical cyclone developed in the South Pacific, being the closest to [[South America]] in the satellite era at the time.<ref>https://josevicenciov.wordpress.com/2022/02/15/the-closest-to-south-america-tropical-cyclone-ever-recorded/</ref> Initially, it was named Tropical Depression Two by researchers at the [[University of Hawaiʻi|University of Hawaii]], because it was the second tropical depression to develop during the [[1982–83 South Pacific cyclone season|1982-83 South Pacific cyclone season]].<ref>http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/MET/Enso/peu/update.dir/Update-1stQtr98.html</ref> According to estimates made using the Dvorak technique, the highest [[Maximum sustained wind|sustained wind]] intensity was close to 65 knots (120 km/h), recorded during the night of May 13, with an estimated minimum pressure between 981 hPa and a [[Dvorak technique|Dvorak]] classification of T4.0, being classified as a category 2 severe tropical cyclone on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian and South Pacific cyclone scale]]. During the early hours of May 14, it began to weaken until it disintegrated on the same day around <small>[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=12_54_0_N_115_47_59_E 12.9°S 115.8°W]</small>.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KlAMs7b3xrA></ref>
}}

The closest places to this cyclone were [[Isla de Pascua]] in [[Chile]], and the island of [[Fatu-Hiva]] in [[French Polynesia]].
{{clear}}
{{clear}}
==== Cyclone Hinano ====
==== Cyclone Hinano ====
Line 26: Line 32:
|Pressure=970
|Pressure=970
|Track=Hinano 1989 track.png
|Track=Hinano 1989 track.png
}}The tropical disturbance that eventually formed Severe Tropical Cyclone Hinano was first noted on February 19, by the United States Synoptic Analysis Branch (USSAB). At this time, it was located approximately {{convert|630|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} to the northwest of [[Adamstown, Pitcairn Islands|Adamstown]] which is located in the [[Pitcairn Islands]].<ref name="SAB">{{cite journal|author=Ruminski, Mark|title=Picture of the Month: Two Unusual Tropical Cyclones in the South Pacific|journal=Monthly Weather Review|publisher=American Meteorological Society|pages=218–222|volume=119|date=January 1991|issue=1 |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<0218:TUTCIT>2.0.CO;2|bibcode = 1991MWRv..119..218R |doi-access=free}}</ref> The system then drifted south-westwards and was designated as a weak tropical depression by the Tahiti Meteorological office during February 21.<ref name="SAB"/><ref name="FP">{{cite book|author1=Laurent, Victoire|author2=Varney, Patrick|title=Historique des cyclones de Polynésie française de 1831 à 2010|chapter=Saison chaude 1988-1989|pages=134–135|publisher=Météo-France}}</ref>
}}The tropical disturbance that eventually formed Severe Tropical Cyclone Hinano was first noted on February 19, by the United States Synoptic Analysis Branch. At this time, it was located approximately {{convert|630|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} to the northwest of [[Adamstown, Pitcairn Islands|Adamstown]] which is located in the [[Pitcairn Islands]].<ref name="SAB">{{cite journal|author=Ruminski, Mark|title=Picture of the Month: Two Unusual Tropical Cyclones in the South Pacific|journal=Monthly Weather Review|publisher=American Meteorological Society|pages=218–222|volume=119|date=January 1991|issue=1 |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<0218:TUTCIT>2.0.CO;2|bibcode = 1991MWRv..119..218R |doi-access=free}}</ref> The system then drifted south-westwards and was designated as a weak tropical depression by the Tahiti Meteorological office during February 21.<ref name="SAB"/><ref name="FP">{{cite book|author1=Laurent, Victoire|author2=Varney, Patrick|title=Historique des cyclones de Polynésie française de 1831 à 2010|chapter=Saison chaude 1988-1989|pages=134–135|publisher=Météo-France}}</ref>


Hinano eventually moved back into the eastern sector of the South Pacific basin proper while peaking as a category 2-equivalent tropical cyclone on the [[Saffir–Simpson scale|Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]], and dissipated afterwards.
Hinano eventually moved back into the eastern sector of the South Pacific basin proper while peaking as a category 2-equivalent tropical cyclone on the [[Saffir–Simpson scale|Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]], and dissipated afterwards.
Line 43: Line 49:
}}{{Main|Subtropical Cyclone Katie}}
}}{{Main|Subtropical Cyclone Katie}}


On April 29, 2015, close to the end of the [[2014–15 South Pacific cyclone season]], an extratropical cyclone developed in the far Southeastern Pacific, before transitioning into a subtropical depression relatively soon afterward.<ref name="Katie track">{{cite web|url=http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2015/trak1504.htm|title=Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks April 2015|author=Steve Young|publisher=Australia Severe Weather|date=27 July 2015|access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref> The storm transitioned into a subtropical depression at 102.9°W, out of the South Pacific basin's eastern boundary of 120°W.<ref name="Katie track" /><ref name="SPAC TCOP" /> Around this time, the Chilean Navy Weather Service included the storm in their High Seas Warnings, which kept it there until May 4.<ref name="2015 climate report" /> During the next couple days, the system moved southwestwards, before turning to the southeast. On May 1, the storm intensified into to subtropical storm intensity, and executed a small westward loop.<ref name="Katie track" /> During this time, the system had encountered [[Sea surface temperature|sea surface temperatures]] about {{convert|1|C-change}} above average and low [[wind shear]], due to an [[2014–16 El Niño event|extremely strong El Niño event]], allowing the storm to further intensify and organize.<ref name="Katie" /> On May 2, the storm reached its likely peak intensity, with maximum sustained winds of {{convert|45|mph|km/h mph kn|abbr=on|order=out}},<ref name="Katie track" /><ref group="nb">All wind speeds in the article are [[maximum sustained wind]]s sustained for one minute, unless otherwise noted.</ref> and a minimum low pressure of {{convert|993|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}.<ref name="2015 climate report">{{cite journal|author1=Blunden, J.|author2=D. S. Arndt|title=State of the Climate in 2015|journal=State of the Climate|publisher=American Meteorological Society|date=October 2016|volume=97|issue=8|pages=149–150|doi=10.1175/2016BAMSStateoftheClimate.1|bibcode=2016BAMS...97.....B|hdl=1874/353366|url=https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00662/77399/|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Around this time, the storm was unofficially named ''Katie''.<ref name="Katie" /> Katie then tracked westwards, slowly weakening. On May 4, Katie weakened into a subtropical depression and began moving quicker to the northwest, passing to the east of [[Easter Island]], before degenerating into a [[remnant low]].<ref name="Katie track" /><ref name="2015 climate report" /> On May 6, Katie's remnant low dissipated.<ref name="2015 climate report" /> During Katie's entire existence, the storm remained east of 120°W, which is not within the official recognized boundary of the basin.<ref name="Katie track" /><ref name="2015 climate report" />
On April 29, 2015, close to the end of the [[2014–15 South Pacific cyclone season]], an extratropical cyclone developed in the far Southeastern Pacific, before transitioning into a [[Subtropical cyclone|subtropical depression]] relatively soon afterward.<ref name="Katie track">{{cite web|url=http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2015/trak1504.htm|title=Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks April 2015|author=Steve Young|publisher=Australia Severe Weather|date=27 July 2015|access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref> The storm transitioned into a subtropical depression at 102.9°W, out of the South Pacific basin's eastern boundary of 120°W.<ref name="Katie track" /><ref name="SPAC TCOP" /> Around this time, the Chilean Navy Weather Service included the storm in their High Seas Warnings, which kept it there until May 4.<ref name="2015 climate report" /> During the next couple days, the system moved southwestwards, before turning to the southeast. On May 1, the storm intensified into to subtropical storm intensity, and executed a small westward loop.<ref name="Katie track" /> During this time, the system had encountered [[Sea surface temperature|sea surface temperatures]] about {{convert|1|C-change}} above average and low [[wind shear]], due to an [[2014–16 El Niño event|extremely strong El Niño event]], allowing the storm to further intensify and organize.<ref name="Katie" /> On May 2, the storm reached its likely peak intensity, with maximum sustained winds of {{convert|45|mph|km/h mph kn|abbr=on|order=out}},<ref name="Katie track" /><ref group="nb">All wind speeds in the article are [[maximum sustained wind]]s sustained for one minute, unless otherwise noted.</ref> and a minimum low pressure of {{convert|993|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}.<ref name="2015 climate report">{{cite journal|author1=Blunden, J.|author2=D. S. Arndt|title=State of the Climate in 2015|journal=State of the Climate|publisher=American Meteorological Society|date=October 2016|volume=97|issue=8|pages=149–150|doi=10.1175/2016BAMSStateoftheClimate.1|bibcode=2016BAMS...97.....B|hdl=1874/353366|url=https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00662/77399/|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Around this time, the storm was unofficially named ''Katie''.<ref name="Katie" /> Katie then tracked westwards, slowly weakening. On May 4, Katie weakened into a subtropical depression and began moving quicker to the northwest, passing to the east of [[Easter Island]], before degenerating into a [[remnant low]].<ref name="Katie track" /><ref name="2015 climate report" /> On May 6, Katie's remnant low dissipated.<ref name="2015 climate report" /> During Katie's entire existence, the storm remained east of 120°W, which is not within the official recognized boundary of the basin.<ref name="Katie track" /><ref name="2015 climate report" />
{{clear}}
{{clear}}
==== Subtropical Cyclone Lexi ====
==== Subtropical Cyclone Lexi ====
Line 55: Line 61:
|Pressure=992
|Pressure=992
|Track=Lexi 2018 track.png
|Track=Lexi 2018 track.png
}}On May 4, 2018, a system identified as a subtropical cyclone formed east of 120°W, near [[80th meridian west|80°W]], just a few hundred miles off the coast of [[Chile]], with researchers unofficially naming the storm ''Lexi''.<ref name="Lexi track">{{cite web|url=http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2018/trak1805.htm|title=Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks - May 2018|author=Steve Young|publisher=Australia Severe Weather|date=5 July 2018|access-date=3 September 2018}}</ref> The cyclone formed in an area without a [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center]], so it was not officially classified.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=TropicalTidbits|author=Levi Cowan|date=May 7, 2018|access-date=February 22, 2021|url=https://twitter.com/TropicalTidbits/status/993568187068362752|title=A subtropical cyclone just west of Chile would definitely be among the weirder things I've seen. Water is usually cold there. Colder than 20C in this case, but the thermodynamic profile does support convection.|number=993568187068362752}}</ref> On May 9, the satellite services division of the NOAA classified the system as a weak subtropical storm, despite occurring in cooler (below 20&nbsp;°C) sea surface temperatures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/rare-subtropical-storm-coast-chile|title=Rare Subtropical Storm off the Coast of Chile |author=John Leslie|publisher=NOAA|date=May 9, 2018|access-date=February 22, 2021}}</ref>
}}On May 4, 2018, a system identified as a [[Subtropical cyclone|subtropical cyclone]] formed east of 120°W, near [[80th meridian west|80°W]], just a few hundred miles off the coast of [[Chile]], with researchers unofficially naming the storm ''Lexi''.<ref name="Lexi track">{{cite web|url=http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2018/trak1805.htm|title=Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks - May 2018|author=Steve Young|publisher=Australia Severe Weather|date=5 July 2018|access-date=3 September 2018}}</ref> The cyclone formed in an area without a [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center]], so it was not officially classified.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=TropicalTidbits|author=Levi Cowan|date=May 7, 2018|access-date=February 22, 2021|url=https://twitter.com/TropicalTidbits/status/993568187068362752|title=A subtropical cyclone just west of Chile would definitely be among the weirder things I've seen. Water is usually cold there. Colder than 20C in this case, but the thermodynamic profile does support convection.|number=993568187068362752}}</ref> On May 9, the satellite services division of the NOAA classified the system as a weak subtropical storm, despite occurring in cooler (below 20&nbsp;°C) sea surface temperatures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/rare-subtropical-storm-coast-chile|title=Rare Subtropical Storm off the Coast of Chile |author=John Leslie|publisher=NOAA|date=May 9, 2018|access-date=February 22, 2021}}</ref>
{{clear}}
{{clear}}
==== Subtropical Cyclone Humberto ====
==== Subtropical Cyclone Humberto ====
Line 67: Line 73:
|Pressure=1000
|Pressure=1000
|Track=Humberto 2022 track.png
|Track=Humberto 2022 track.png
}}On January 13, 2022, the [[Weather Prediction Center]] (WPC) noted a subtropical storm approximately {{cvt|440|nmi}} to the west-southwest of the [[Juan Fernández Islands]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/discussions/hpcdiscussions.php?disc=fxsa21&version=2&fmt=reg|title=South American Forecast Discussion|date=2022-01-13|access-date=2022-01-15|website=[[Weather Prediction Center]]|archive-url=http://archive.today/2022.01.15-193506/https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/discussions/hpcdiscussions.php?disc=fxsa21&version=2&fmt=reg|archive-date=2022-01-15}}</ref> The small storm dissipated the next day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=South American Forecast Discussion|url=https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/discussions/hpcdiscussions.php?disc=fxsa21|date=2022-01-14|access-date=2022-01-15|website=[[Weather Prediction Center]]|archive-url=http://archive.today/2022.01.15-193252/https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/discussions/hpcdiscussions.php?disc=fxsa21|archive-date=2022-01-15}}</ref> Similar to previous storms that formed in this region, it was unofficially named ''Humberto'' by researchers.
}}On January 13, 2022, the [[Weather Prediction Center]] (WPC) noted a [[Subtropical cyclone|subtropical storm]] approximately {{cvt|440|nmi}} to the west-southwest of the [[Juan Fernández Islands]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/discussions/hpcdiscussions.php?disc=fxsa21&version=2&fmt=reg|title=South American Forecast Discussion|date=2022-01-13|access-date=2022-01-15|website=[[Weather Prediction Center]]|archive-url=http://archive.today/2022.01.15-193506/https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/discussions/hpcdiscussions.php?disc=fxsa21&version=2&fmt=reg|archive-date=2022-01-15}}</ref> The small storm dissipated the next day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=South American Forecast Discussion|url=https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/discussions/hpcdiscussions.php?disc=fxsa21|date=2022-01-14|access-date=2022-01-15|website=[[Weather Prediction Center]]|archive-url=http://archive.today/2022.01.15-193252/https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/discussions/hpcdiscussions.php?disc=fxsa21|archive-date=2022-01-15}}</ref> Similar to previous storms that formed in this region, it was unofficially named ''Humberto'' by researchers.
{{clear}}
{{clear}}
==References==
==References==

Revision as of 22:07, 4 February 2023

Tracks of the tropical and subtropical cyclones of the Southeast Pacific from May 1983 to January 2022, excluding Hinano

Within the extreme southeastern sector of the Pacific Ocean, tropical cyclogenesis is extremely rare due to cold sea surface temperatures. However, in a select few occasions, storms have developed in this area. Only two have recorded reaching tropical cyclone status, both of which also became severe tropical cyclones.

Reasons for infrequency of tropical development in the Southeastern Pacific

Tropical cyclones need multiple ingredients for their formation, such as abundant moisture, low vertical wind shear, and a large difference between sea surface temperature and temperatures at higher altitudes in the troposphere. In general, tropical cyclones tend to form over warm waters, which on average have at least 26.5 °C, although it has been observed that, on some occasions, they have formed with lower temperatures, such as Hurricane Alex ( 2016) that formed in the North Atlantic at lower sea surface temperatures and in winter, typically forming between spring and fall.

The El Niño phenomenon allows warmer than normal waters to exist in the central and southeast Pacific, so there is also usually higher humidity as a result of elevated rates of evaporation in ocean water, which is why the tropical cyclone development area moves eastward. El Niños have also allowed fairly active cyclonic seasons to be recorded in the South Pacific, such as the 1982-83 and 1997-98 seasons. This phenomenon has allowed the ideal sea surface temperature and humidity conditions to be recorded for the generation of two cyclones, a tropical cyclone in 1983, and a subtropical cyclone in 2015. Tropical Cyclone Two of May 1983, occured at the end of one of the most intense El Niño phenomena recorded, that of 1982-83, which coincided with a very active tropical cyclone season in the South Pacific.

Storms

Pre-2015

Unnumbered Tropical Cyclone

Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
DurationMay 13, 1983 – May 14, 1983
Peak intensity105 km/h (65 mph) (10-min);

On May 10, 1983, the easternmost tropical cyclone developed in the South Pacific, being the closest to South America in the satellite era at the time.[1] Initially, it was named Tropical Depression Two by researchers at the University of Hawaii, because it was the second tropical depression to develop during the 1982-83 South Pacific cyclone season.[2] According to estimates made using the Dvorak technique, the highest sustained wind intensity was close to 65 knots (120 km/h), recorded during the night of May 13, with an estimated minimum pressure between 981 hPa and a Dvorak classification of T4.0, being classified as a category 2 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian and South Pacific cyclone scale. During the early hours of May 14, it began to weaken until it disintegrated on the same day around 12.9°S 115.8°W.[3]

The closest places to this cyclone were Isla de Pascua in Chile, and the island of Fatu-Hiva in French Polynesia.

Cyclone Hinano

Category 3 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 2 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
DurationFebruary 21 – March 1
Peak intensity150 km/h (90 mph) (10-min);
970 hPa (mbar)

The tropical disturbance that eventually formed Severe Tropical Cyclone Hinano was first noted on February 19, by the United States Synoptic Analysis Branch. At this time, it was located approximately 630 km (390 mi) to the northwest of Adamstown which is located in the Pitcairn Islands.[4] The system then drifted south-westwards and was designated as a weak tropical depression by the Tahiti Meteorological office during February 21.[4][5]

Hinano eventually moved back into the eastern sector of the South Pacific basin proper while peaking as a category 2-equivalent tropical cyclone on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, and dissipated afterwards.

2015-present

Subtropical Cyclone Katie

Subtropical storm
 
DurationApril 29, 2015 – May 4, 2015
Peak intensity75 km/h (45 mph) (1-min);
993 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Subtropical Cyclone Katie

On April 29, 2015, close to the end of the 2014–15 South Pacific cyclone season, an extratropical cyclone developed in the far Southeastern Pacific, before transitioning into a subtropical depression relatively soon afterward.[6] The storm transitioned into a subtropical depression at 102.9°W, out of the South Pacific basin's eastern boundary of 120°W.[6][7] Around this time, the Chilean Navy Weather Service included the storm in their High Seas Warnings, which kept it there until May 4.[8] During the next couple days, the system moved southwestwards, before turning to the southeast. On May 1, the storm intensified into to subtropical storm intensity, and executed a small westward loop.[6] During this time, the system had encountered sea surface temperatures about 1 °C (1.8 °F) above average and low wind shear, due to an extremely strong El Niño event, allowing the storm to further intensify and organize.[9] On May 2, the storm reached its likely peak intensity, with maximum sustained winds of 72 km/h (45 mph; 39 kn),[6][nb 1] and a minimum low pressure of 993 hPa (29.32 inHg).[8] Around this time, the storm was unofficially named Katie.[9] Katie then tracked westwards, slowly weakening. On May 4, Katie weakened into a subtropical depression and began moving quicker to the northwest, passing to the east of Easter Island, before degenerating into a remnant low.[6][8] On May 6, Katie's remnant low dissipated.[8] During Katie's entire existence, the storm remained east of 120°W, which is not within the official recognized boundary of the basin.[6][8]

Subtropical Cyclone Lexi

Subtropical storm
 
DurationMay 4 2018 – May 9, 2018
Peak intensity85 km/h (50 mph) (1-min);
992 hPa (mbar)

On May 4, 2018, a system identified as a subtropical cyclone formed east of 120°W, near 80°W, just a few hundred miles off the coast of Chile, with researchers unofficially naming the storm Lexi.[10] The cyclone formed in an area without a Regional Specialized Meteorological Center, so it was not officially classified.[11] On May 9, the satellite services division of the NOAA classified the system as a weak subtropical storm, despite occurring in cooler (below 20 °C) sea surface temperatures.[12]

Subtropical Cyclone Humberto

Subtropical storm
 
DurationJanuary 12, 2022 – January 14, 2022
Peak intensity100 km/h (65 mph) (1-min);
1000 hPa (mbar)

On January 13, 2022, the Weather Prediction Center (WPC) noted a subtropical storm approximately 440 nmi (810 km; 510 mi) to the west-southwest of the Juan Fernández Islands.[13] The small storm dissipated the next day.[14] Similar to previous storms that formed in this region, it was unofficially named Humberto by researchers.

References

  1. ^ https://josevicenciov.wordpress.com/2022/02/15/the-closest-to-south-america-tropical-cyclone-ever-recorded/
  2. ^ http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/MET/Enso/peu/update.dir/Update-1stQtr98.html
  3. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KlAMs7b3xrA>
  4. ^ a b Ruminski, Mark (January 1991). "Picture of the Month: Two Unusual Tropical Cyclones in the South Pacific". Monthly Weather Review. 119 (1). American Meteorological Society: 218–222. Bibcode:1991MWRv..119..218R. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<0218:TUTCIT>2.0.CO;2.
  5. ^ Laurent, Victoire; Varney, Patrick. "Saison chaude 1988-1989". Historique des cyclones de Polynésie française de 1831 à 2010. Météo-France. pp. 134–135.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Steve Young (27 July 2015). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks April 2015". Australia Severe Weather. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference SPAC TCOP was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ a b c d e Blunden, J.; D. S. Arndt (October 2016). "State of the Climate in 2015". State of the Climate. 97 (8). American Meteorological Society: 149–150. Bibcode:2016BAMS...97.....B. doi:10.1175/2016BAMSStateoftheClimate.1. hdl:1874/353366.
  9. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Katie was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Steve Young (5 July 2018). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks - May 2018". Australia Severe Weather. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  11. ^ Levi Cowan [@TropicalTidbits] (May 7, 2018). "A subtropical cyclone just west of Chile would definitely be among the weirder things I've seen. Water is usually cold there. Colder than 20C in this case, but the thermodynamic profile does support convection" (Tweet). Retrieved February 22, 2021 – via Twitter.
  12. ^ John Leslie (May 9, 2018). "Rare Subtropical Storm off the Coast of Chile". NOAA. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  13. ^ "South American Forecast Discussion". Weather Prediction Center. 2022-01-13. Archived from the original on 2022-01-15. Retrieved 2022-01-15.
  14. ^ "South American Forecast Discussion". Weather Prediction Center. 2022-01-14. Archived from the original on 2022-01-15. Retrieved 2022-01-15.


Cite error: There are <ref group=nb> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=nb}} template (see the help page).

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=User:Sria-72/Southeastern_Pacific_tropical_cyclone&oldid=1137487256"