Texas World Speedway: Difference between revisions
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==History== |
==History== |
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Originally opened as '''Texas International Speedway''', TWS was an almost exact copy of [[Michigan International Speedway]]<ref name=LS-se02ep05-TWSLS>{{cite episode |title= |
Originally opened as '''Texas International Speedway''', TWS was an almost exact copy of [[Michigan International Speedway]]<ref name="LS-se02ep05-TWSLS">{{cite episode |title=Texas World Speedway: Lonely Star |series=[[Lost Speedways]] |airdate=1 July 2021 |season=2 |number=5 |network=Peacock}}</ref> and was part of Larry LoPatin's American Raceways Inc. and operated a part of [[Riverside International Raceway]], [[Trenton Speedway]], and [[Atlanta Motor Speedway|Atlanta International Raceway]] and in 1971 ARI went bankrupt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2015/06/racing-rain/|title=Racing in the Rain: The Undoing of LoPatin's Raceway Dreams|date=3 June 2015}}</ref> |
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Texas World Speedway was the site of the 1974 [[Willie Nelson's Fourth of July Picnic]] with [[Willie Nelson]] and his guests [[Jimmy Buffett]], [[Townes Van Zandt]], and [[Kinky Friedman]] performing as well. It was also known for a fire that destroyed several cars including one owned by [[Robert Earl Keen]]. The cover of Keen' album, ''[[Picnic (album)|Picnic]]'', shows a picture of his car on fire at the picnic. |
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During the 1980s the track fell into a state of disrepair, and both [[NASCAR]] and the [[American Championship car racing|Indy cars]] chose to drop it from their respective schedules. It continued to operate in a limited role for amateur racing. In 1991 Ishin Speed Sport, Inc. purchased the facility and repaved and modestly refurbished it. It hosted races for [[Auto Racing Club of America|ARCA]], but after 1993 the company withdrew. The facility did serve as a venue for amateur and [[Sports Car Club of America|club racing]], along with private testing. NASCAR teams have used the oval for testing (as it mimics [[Michigan International Speedway|Michigan]] and [[Auto Club Speedway|Fontana]]), as a way of skirting the tight restrictions prohibiting testing on active tracks on the schedule. |
During the 1980s the track fell into a state of disrepair, and both [[NASCAR]] and the [[American Championship car racing|Indy cars]] chose to drop it from their respective schedules. It continued to operate in a limited role for amateur racing. In 1991 Ishin Speed Sport, Inc. purchased the facility and repaved and modestly refurbished it. It hosted races for [[Auto Racing Club of America|ARCA]], but after 1993 the company withdrew. The facility did serve as a venue for amateur and [[Sports Car Club of America|club racing]], along with private testing. NASCAR teams have used the oval for testing (as it mimics [[Michigan International Speedway|Michigan]] and [[Auto Club Speedway|Fontana]]), as a way of skirting the tight restrictions prohibiting testing on active tracks on the schedule. |
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⚫ | On February 23, 1993, [[Jeff Andretti]] set the (then) unofficial closed-course speed record for [[IndyCars]] of {{convert|234.5|mph|km/h|1|abbr=on}}, the fastest speed ever recorded at Texas World Speedway, while testing for the 1993 [[Indianapolis 500]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 24, 1993 |title=Jeff Andretti sets unofficial mark |page=17 |work=[[Lodi News-Sentinel]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=19930224&id=_H0zAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4TIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=7379,6880282}}</ref> This marked his first time back in an IndyCar since the 1992 Indianapolis 500 when he lost a wheel and crashed head-on into the wall, smashing both his legs. Andretti's fast run came at the conclusion of two days of testing where he consistently posted laps in the 230 mph range. Andretti's [[Buick]]-powered [[Lola Cars|Lola]] was prepared by [[Pagan Racing]] of Corpus Christi, Texas. |
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⚫ | During a January 2009 test, [[Greg Biffle]] managed to reach a top speed of {{convert|218|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}} in a test for [[Roush Fenway Racing]] as part of evading NASCAR's testing ban. This became the fastest speed ever achieved on this track by a stock car (amateur or professional). The average speed for the full lap was {{convert|195|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Notebook: Biffle hits 218 mph in test at Texas World|url=http://www.nascar.com/2009/news/headlines/cup/01/22/notebook.gbiffle.dearnhardtjr.tstewart.mkenseth/index.html| |
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⚫ | During a January 2009 test, [[Greg Biffle]] managed to reach a top speed of {{convert|218|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}} in a test for [[Roush Fenway Racing]] as part of evading NASCAR's testing ban. This became the fastest speed ever achieved on this track by a stock car (amateur or professional). The average speed for the full lap was {{convert|195|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rodman |first=Dave |date=January 22, 2009 |title=Notebook: Biffle hits 218 mph in test at Texas World |url=http://www.nascar.com/2009/news/headlines/cup/01/22/notebook.gbiffle.dearnhardtjr.tstewart.mkenseth/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313051513/http://www.nascar.com/2009/news/headlines/cup/01/22/notebook.gbiffle.dearnhardtjr.tstewart.mkenseth/index.html |archive-date=2009-03-13 |access-date=3 December 2010 |website=NASCAR |publisher=}}</ref> |
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⚫ | On February 23, 1993, [[Jeff Andretti]] set the (then) |
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On September 18, 2017 a ''[[Jalopnik]]'' article confirmed the closure of Texas World Speedway, which was being used as a dumping ground for vehicles flooded out by [[Hurricane Harvey]].<ref>{{cite web |last=King |first=Alanis |date=September 18, 2017 |title=Thousands Of Flooded Hurricane Cars Finally Killed Texas World Speedway |url=https://jalopnik.com/thousands-of-flooded-hurricane-cars-finally-killed-texa-1797834948 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918191117/http://blackflag.jalopnik.com/thousands-of-flooded-hurricane-cars-finally-killed-texa-1797834948 |archive-date=2017-09-18 |website=[[Jalopnik]]}} </ref> |
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The entire 600-acre facility was being leased to Copart |
The entire 600-acre facility was being leased to [[Copart]] as a catastrophe storage facility for vehicles damaged by [[Hurricane Harvey]]. The vehicles were to be stored while the numerous contracted insurance providers processed the vehicles for disposition via auction, where the mass majority would be sold with a certificate of destruction title, ''i.e.'' parts only from dismantling companies. |
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As of July 19, 2018, developers broke ground to begin construction of the Southern Pointe master-planned community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kbtx.com/content/news/New-Southern-Pointe-Community-taking-shape-near-College-Station-488662631.html |
As of July 19, 2018, developers broke ground to begin construction of the Southern Pointe master-planned community.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Falls |first=Clay |date=July 19, 2018 |title=New Southern Pointe Community taking shape near College Station |url=https://www.kbtx.com/content/news/New-Southern-Pointe-Community-taking-shape-near-College-Station-488662631.html |access-date=2019-01-08 |website=KBTX |language=en}}</ref> Southern Pointe is going to be 550 acres with 73 acres of green space and water retention systems. They expect 1400 single-family home lots. The old TWS frontage road billboard was covered with a Southern Pointe banner at the beginning of December 2018. |
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Video footage of the speedway site taken by drone in February 2019 shows much of the asphalt banking in turns 1 and 2 has been removed, as well as a portion of turn 4.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/hea8n1ctwGI Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200410230115/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hea8n1ctwGI Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hea8n1ctwGI| title = TWS, Texas World Speedway 2019 Drone Video 1 of 2 | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Over the course of February 27 and 28, 2020 the press box above the grandstands was demolished.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kbtx.com/content/news/Texas-World-Speedway-press-box-demolished-568301181.html| |
Video footage of the speedway site taken by drone in February 2019 shows much of the asphalt banking in turns 1 and 2 has been removed, as well as a portion of turn 4.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/hea8n1ctwGI Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200410230115/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hea8n1ctwGI Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hea8n1ctwGI| title = TWS, Texas World Speedway 2019 Drone Video 1 of 2 | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Over the course of February 27 and 28, 2020 the press box above the grandstands was demolished.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Falls |first=Clay |date=February 28, 2020 |title=Texas World Speedway press box demolished as Southern Pointe grows |url=https://www.kbtx.com/content/news/Texas-World-Speedway-press-box-demolished-568301181.html |website=KBTX}}</ref> |
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== Lap records == |
== Lap records == |
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| [[Can-Am]] || '''1:33.900''' || [[Denny Hulme]] || [[McLaren M8B]] || [[1969 Can-Am season|1969 Texas International Grand Prix]] |
| [[Can-Am]] || '''1:33.900''' || [[Denny Hulme]] || [[McLaren M8B]] || [[1969 Can-Am season|1969 Texas International Grand Prix]] |
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| [[Central Motorcycle Roadracing Association|CMRA]] || '''1:41.415'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.roadracingworld.com/news/ty-howard-sets-new-cmra-lap-record-at-texas-world-speedway/|title=Ty Howard Sets New CMRA Lap Record At Texas World Speedway|access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref> || [[Ty Howard (motorcyclist)|Ty Howard]] |
| [[Central Motorcycle Roadracing Association|CMRA]] || '''1:41.415'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.roadracingworld.com/news/ty-howard-sets-new-cmra-lap-record-at-texas-world-speedway/|title=Ty Howard Sets New CMRA Lap Record At Texas World Speedway|access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref> || [[Ty Howard (motorcyclist)|Ty Howard]]|| [[KTM RC8]] || [[Central Motorcycle Roadracing Association|2010 Texas CMRA round]] |
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! colspan=5 | Short Road Course: 3.090 km (1968–2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/database/circuits/texas-world-speedway/|title=Texas World Speedway|access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref> |
! colspan=5 | Short Road Course: 3.090 km (1968–2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/database/circuits/texas-world-speedway/|title=Texas World Speedway|access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref> |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* |
*{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961223112455/http://www.texasworldspeedway.com/|date=December 23, 1996|title=Texas World Speedway - Homepage}} |
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* |
*{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018033035/http://www.trackpedia.com/wiki/Texas_World_Speedway|date=October 18, 2013|title=Trackpedia guide to driving Texas World Speedway |nolink=y}} |
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*[http://www.racing-reference.info/tracks/Texas_World_Speedway Texas World Speedway |
*[http://www.racing-reference.info/tracks/Texas_World_Speedway Texas World Speedway at Racing-Reference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813212917/https://www.racing-reference.info/tracks/Texas_World_Speedway/ |nolink=y}} |
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{{Navboxes |
{{Navboxes |
Revision as of 21:49, 7 February 2023
TWS | |
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Location | College Station, Texas, United States |
Coordinates | 30°32′13″N 96°13′16″W / 30.537°N 96.221°W |
Broke ground | 1967 |
Opened | November 1969 |
Closed | 18 September 2017 |
Major events | Former: IMSA GT Championship (1972, 1995–1996) NASCAR Cup Series Texas 500 (1969, 1971–1972) Budweiser NASCAR 400 (1972–1973, 1979–1981) AMA Superbike Championship (1991–1992) SCCA Escort World Challenge (1991) Can-Am (1969) |
Oval | |
Surface | Asphalt |
Length | 2 miles (3.2 km) |
Turns | 4 |
Race lap record | 39.581 (181.910 mph (292.756 km/h))[1] ( Gary Bettenhausen, McLaren M16B, 1973, USAC IndyCar) |
Long Road Course | |
Length | 2.9 miles (4.67 km) |
Turns | 15 |
Race lap record | 1:33.900[2] ( Denny Hulme, McLaren M8B, 1969, Can-Am) |
Texas World Speedway (TWS) was a motorsport venue located in College Station, Texas.The track was one of only eight superspeedways of two miles (3.2 km) or greater in the United States used for racing, the others being Indianapolis, Daytona, Pocono, Talladega, Ontario (California), Auto Club, and Michigan (there are several tracks of similar size used for vehicle testing). The track was located on approximately 600 acres (2.4 km²) on State Highway 6 in College Station, Texas. There was a 2-mile (3 km) oval, and several road course configurations. The full oval configuration was closely related to that of Michigan and was often considered the latter's sister track, featuring steeper banking, at 22 degrees in the turns, 12 degrees at the start/finish line, and only 2 degrees along the backstretch,[3] compared to Michigan's respective 18, 12, and 5 degrees. The last major race occurred at the track in 1981. The track was used by amateur racing clubs such as the SCCA, NASA, Porsche Club of America, Corinthian Vintage Auto Racing, CMRA, driving schools and car clubs, as well as hosting music concerts and other events. The speedway was also a race track location for the video game, Need for Speed: Pro Street.
History
Originally opened as Texas International Speedway, TWS was an almost exact copy of Michigan International Speedway[4] and was part of Larry LoPatin's American Raceways Inc. and operated a part of Riverside International Raceway, Trenton Speedway, and Atlanta International Raceway and in 1971 ARI went bankrupt.[5]
Texas World Speedway was the site of the 1974 Willie Nelson's Fourth of July Picnic with Willie Nelson and his guests Jimmy Buffett, Townes Van Zandt, and Kinky Friedman performing as well. It was also known for a fire that destroyed several cars including one owned by Robert Earl Keen. The cover of Keen' album, Picnic, shows a picture of his car on fire at the picnic.
During the 1980s the track fell into a state of disrepair, and both NASCAR and the Indy cars chose to drop it from their respective schedules. It continued to operate in a limited role for amateur racing. In 1991 Ishin Speed Sport, Inc. purchased the facility and repaved and modestly refurbished it. It hosted races for ARCA, but after 1993 the company withdrew. The facility did serve as a venue for amateur and club racing, along with private testing. NASCAR teams have used the oval for testing (as it mimics Michigan and Fontana), as a way of skirting the tight restrictions prohibiting testing on active tracks on the schedule.
On February 23, 1993, Jeff Andretti set the (then) unofficial closed-course speed record for IndyCars of 234.5 mph (377.4 km/h), the fastest speed ever recorded at Texas World Speedway, while testing for the 1993 Indianapolis 500.[6] This marked his first time back in an IndyCar since the 1992 Indianapolis 500 when he lost a wheel and crashed head-on into the wall, smashing both his legs. Andretti's fast run came at the conclusion of two days of testing where he consistently posted laps in the 230 mph range. Andretti's Buick-powered Lola was prepared by Pagan Racing of Corpus Christi, Texas.
During a January 2009 test, Greg Biffle managed to reach a top speed of 218 mph (351 km/h) in a test for Roush Fenway Racing as part of evading NASCAR's testing ban. This became the fastest speed ever achieved on this track by a stock car (amateur or professional). The average speed for the full lap was 195 mph (314 km/h).[7]
On September 18, 2017 a Jalopnik article confirmed the closure of Texas World Speedway, which was being used as a dumping ground for vehicles flooded out by Hurricane Harvey.[8]
The entire 600-acre facility was being leased to Copart as a catastrophe storage facility for vehicles damaged by Hurricane Harvey. The vehicles were to be stored while the numerous contracted insurance providers processed the vehicles for disposition via auction, where the mass majority would be sold with a certificate of destruction title, i.e. parts only from dismantling companies.
As of July 19, 2018, developers broke ground to begin construction of the Southern Pointe master-planned community.[9] Southern Pointe is going to be 550 acres with 73 acres of green space and water retention systems. They expect 1400 single-family home lots. The old TWS frontage road billboard was covered with a Southern Pointe banner at the beginning of December 2018.
Video footage of the speedway site taken by drone in February 2019 shows much of the asphalt banking in turns 1 and 2 has been removed, as well as a portion of turn 4.[10] Over the course of February 27 and 28, 2020 the press box above the grandstands was demolished.[11]
Lap records
The all-time unofficial track record set during a race weekend on the 2-mile Oval is 33.620 seconds, set by Mario Andretti in a Parnelli VPJ2, during qualifying for the 1973 Texas 200.[12][13] The unofficial fastest lap for stock cars around the 2-mile Oval is 38.904 seconds, set by Page Jones in a Ford Thunderbird, during qualifying for the 1993 Western Auto Texas World Shootout II.[14][15] The fastest official race lap records at Texas World Speedway are listed as:
Category | Time | Driver | Vehicle | Date |
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Oval: 3.219 km (1968–2017) | ||||
USAC IndyCar | 39.581 | Gary Bettenhausen | McLaren M16B | 1973 Texas 200 |
Stock car racing | 45.270[16] | Cale Yarborough | Chevrolet Monte Carlo | 1980 NASCAR 400 |
Long Road Course: 4.67 km (1968–2017) | ||||
Can-Am | 1:33.900 | Denny Hulme | McLaren M8B | 1969 Texas International Grand Prix |
CMRA | 1:41.415[17] | Ty Howard | KTM RC8 | 2010 Texas CMRA round |
Short Road Course: 3.090 km (1968–2017)[18] | ||||
WSC | 55.948[19] | Max Papis | Ferrari 333 SP | 1996 Exxon Superflo 500 at Texas |
GTS-1 | 59.638[20] | Irv Hoerr | Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme | 1995 Seitel Texas World Grand Prix |
GTS-2 | 1:03.964[20] | Joe Varde | Porsche 964 Carrera RSR | 1995 Seitel Texas World Grand Prix |
Infield Road Course: 3.219 km (1968–2017)[21] | ||||
GTU | 1:20.450[22] | Peter Gregg | Porsche 911 S | 1972 Alamo 200 |
Race history
USAC winners
Season | Race Name | Winning Driver | Chassis | Engine | Tires | Team |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1973 | Texas 200 | Al Unser | Parnelli | Offenhauser | Firestone | Vel's Parnelli Jones Racing |
1976 | Texas 150 | A. J. Foyt | Coyote | Foyt | Goodyear | Gilmore Racing |
Benihana World Series of Auto Racing | Johnny Rutherford | McLaren | Offenhauser | Goodyear | Team McLaren | |
1977 | Texas Grand Prix | Tom Sneva | McLaren | Cosworth | Goodyear | Team Penske |
American Parts 200 | Johnny Rutherford | McLaren | Cosworth | Goodyear | Team McLaren | |
1978 | Coors 200 | Danny Ongais | Parnelli | Cosworth | Goodyear | Interscope Racing |
Texas Grand Prix | A. J. Foyt | Coyote | Foyt | Goodyear | Gilmore Racing | |
1979 | Coors 200 | A. J. Foyt | Coyote | Foyt | Goodyear | Gilmore Racing |
Lubriloln Grand Prix | A. J. Foyt | Parnelli | Cosworth | Goodyear | Gilmore Racing | |
1980 | Texas 200 | Race cancelled |
NASCAR race winners
Season | Winning Driver | Manufacturer |
---|---|---|
1969 Texas 500 | Bobby Isaac | Dodge |
1971 Texas 500 | Richard Petty | Plymouth |
1972 Lone Star 500 | Richard Petty | Dodge |
1972 Texas 500 | Buddy Baker | Dodge |
1973 Alamo 500 | Richard Petty | Dodge |
1979 Texas 400 | Darrell Waltrip | Chevrolet |
1980 NASCAR 400 | Cale Yarborough | Chevrolet |
1981 Budweiser NASCAR 400 | Benny Parsons | Ford |
- Bobby Isaac's 1969 win was his first in a long-distance superspeedway race.
- Richard Petty's 1972 win was his first in a Dodge. His 1971 win was the only time he won the season finale in his illustrious career which saw 200 wins (most of all-time) and 7 Championships (tied for most all-time with Dale Earnhardt and Jimmie Johnson).
- The 1979 400 was NASCAR's first race at Texas after it shut down for the 1974-5 seasons; USAC stock cars and Indycars returned to Texas in 1976.
USAC Stock Cars
- 1973 (April 7) Gordon Johncock
- 1973 (October 6) Roger McCluskey
- 1976 (June 6) A. J. Foyt
- 1976 (August 1) A. J. Foyt
- 1976 (October 31) Bobby Allison
- 1977 (June 5) Bay Darnell
- 1978 (March 12) A. J. Foyt
- 1978 (June 4) Keith Davis
- 1978 (November 12) A. J. Foyt
- 1979 (March 11) A. J. Foyt
- 1979 (November 11) Bobby Allison
- 1980 (March 9) Terry Ryan
SCCA Can-Am winners
Season | Winning Driver | Chassis | Engine |
---|---|---|---|
1969 | Bruce McLaren | McLaren M8B | Chevrolet |
IMSA winners
Season | Winning Driver | Car |
---|---|---|
1972 | Juan Izquierdo Daniel Muñiz |
Ford Mustang |
1995 | Wayne Taylor | Ferrari 333SP |
1996 | Wayne Taylor Jim Pace |
Riley & Scott Mk III-Oldsmobile |
References
- ^ "1973 TEXAS 200". Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ^ "Can-Am Texas 1969". Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ^ "1978 USAC Texas Grand Prix telecast". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-13.
- ^ "Texas World Speedway: Lonely Star". Lost Speedways. Season 2. Episode 5. 1 July 2021. Peacock.
- ^ "Racing in the Rain: The Undoing of LoPatin's Raceway Dreams". 3 June 2015.
- ^ "Jeff Andretti sets unofficial mark". Lodi News-Sentinel. February 24, 1993. p. 17.
- ^ Rodman, Dave (January 22, 2009). "Notebook: Biffle hits 218 mph in test at Texas World". NASCAR. Archived from the original on 2009-03-13. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ King, Alanis (September 18, 2017). "Thousands Of Flooded Hurricane Cars Finally Killed Texas World Speedway". Jalopnik. Archived from the original on 2017-09-18.
- ^ Falls, Clay (July 19, 2018). "New Southern Pointe Community taking shape near College Station". KBTX. Retrieved 2019-01-08.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "TWS, Texas World Speedway 2019 Drone Video 1 of 2". YouTube.
- ^ Falls, Clay (February 28, 2020). "Texas World Speedway press box demolished as Southern Pointe grows". KBTX.
- ^ "1973 Texas Indycars". Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ^ "Texas World Speedway 2016". Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ^ "1993 WESTERN AUTO TEXAS SHOOTOUT II". Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ "1993 WESTERN AUTO TEXAS WORLD SHOOTOUT II". Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ "1980 NASCAR 400". Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ^ "Ty Howard Sets New CMRA Lap Record At Texas World Speedway". Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ^ "Texas World Speedway". Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ^ "Texas 500 Miles 1996". Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ^ a b "3 h Texas World 1995". Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ^ "Texas World Speedway". Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ^ "200 mile Texas 1972". Retrieved 29 May 2022.
External links
- Texas World Speedway - Homepage at the Wayback Machine (archived December 23, 1996)
- Trackpedia guide to driving Texas World Speedway at the Wayback Machine (archived October 18, 2013)
- Texas World Speedway at Racing-Reference Archived 2022-08-13 at the Wayback Machine