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An '''idiosyncrasy''' is an unusual feature of a person (though there are also other uses, see below). It can also mean an odd habit. The term is often used to express [[Eccentricity (behavior)|eccentricity]] or peculiarity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rundell|first=Michael|title=Macmillan English Dictionary|year=2002|publisher=Schroedel Diesterweg|location=Hannover}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Cambridge Dictionaries Online |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/idiosyncrasy |title=Idiosyncrasy |access-date=October 26, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028200843/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/idiosyncrasy |archive-date=October 28, 2011 }}</ref> A [[synonym]] may be "[[wikt:quirk|quirk]]". |
An '''idiosyncrasy''' is an unusual feature of a person (though there are also other uses, see below). It can also mean an odd habit. The term is often used to express [[Eccentricity (behavior)|eccentricity]] or peculiarity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rundell|first=Michael|title=Macmillan English Dictionary|year=2002|publisher=Schroedel Diesterweg|location=Hannover}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Cambridge Dictionaries Online |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/idiosyncrasy |title=Idiosyncrasy |access-date=October 26, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028200843/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/idiosyncrasy |archive-date=October 28, 2011 }}</ref> A [[synonym]] may be "[[wikt:quirk|quirk]]". |
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==Etymology== |
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The term "idiosyncrasy" originates from [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|[[wikt:ἰδιοσυγκρασία#Ancient Greek|ἰδιοσυγκρασία]]}} ''{{Transliteration|el|idiosynkrasía}}'', "a peculiar temperament, habit of body"<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Idiosyncrasy |volume=14 |page=288}}</ref> (from {{lang|grc|[[wikt:ἴδιος#Ancient Greek|ἴδιος]]}} ''{{Transliteration|el|idios}}'', "one's own", {{lang|grc|[[wikt:σύν#Ancient Greek|σύν]]}} ''{{Transliteration|el|syn}}'', "with" and {{lang|grc|[[wikt:κρᾶσις#Ancient Greek|κρᾶσις]]}} ''{{Transliteration|el|krasis}}'', "blend of [[Humorism|the four humors]]" ([[Four temperaments|temperament]])) or literally "particular mingling". |
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==Linguistics== |
==Linguistics== |
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The term can also be applied to [[symbol]]s or words. ''Idiosyncratic symbols'' mean one thing for a particular person, as a blade could mean [[war]], but to someone else, it could symbolize a [[surgery]]. |
The term can also be applied to [[symbol]]s or words. ''Idiosyncratic symbols'' mean one thing for a particular person, as a blade could mean [[war]], but to someone else, it could symbolize a [[surgery]]. |
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===Idiosyncratic property=== |
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In [[phonology]], an ''idiosyncratic property'' contrasts with a ''systematic regularity''. While systematic regularities in the sound system of a language are useful for identifying phonological rules during analysis of the forms morphemes can take, idiosyncratic properties are those whose occurrence is not determined by those rules. For example, the fact that the English word ''cab'' starts with a /k/ is an idiosyncratic property; on the other hand that its vowel is longer than in the English word ''cap'' is a systematic regularity, as it arises from the fact that the final consonant is voiced rather than voiceless.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a0q0BQAAQBAJ&q=phonology+idiosyncratic+property&pg=PA30|title=Generative Phonology: Description and Theory|author=Michael Kenstowicz, Charles Kisseberth|access-date=30 January 2018|publisher=Academic Press|date=10 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509175337/https://books.google.com/books?id=a0q0BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30&dq=phonology+idiosyncratic+property&source=bl&ots=gx-UQZ7tjQ&sig=cbIcFJcdWz43NBqQcIsSX5unVi4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV17SmmoHZAhVNwlkKHV8cAf4Q6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=phonology%20idiosyncratic%20property&f=false|archive-date=9 May 2018|isbn=9781483277394}}</ref> |
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==Idiosyncrasy in religion== |
==Idiosyncrasy in religion== |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2022}}Among religious people, idiosyncrasy means behavior that is different from the usual, different from that which is generally seen as common, yet also as different social behavior that can be seen in the varieties of cults. |
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2022}}Among religious people, idiosyncrasy means behavior that is different from the usual, different from that which is generally seen as common, yet also as different social behavior that can be seen in the varieties of cults. |
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==Medicine== |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2022}} |
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=== Health Bonus === |
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Idiosyncrasy defined the way physicians conceived [[disease]]s in the 19th century. They considered each disease as a unique condition, related to each patient. This understanding began to change in the 1870s, when discoveries made by researchers in [[Europe]] permitted the advent of a "scientific medicine", a precursor to the [[evidence-based medicine]] that is the standard of practice today. {{Citation needed|date=October 2018}} |
Idiosyncrasy defined the way physicians conceived [[disease]]s in the 19th century. They considered each disease as a unique condition, related to each patient. This understanding began to change in the 1870s, when discoveries made by researchers in [[Europe]] permitted the advent of a "scientific medicine", a precursor to the [[evidence-based medicine]] that is the standard of practice today. {{Citation needed|date=October 2018}} |
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The term [[idiosyncratic drug reaction]] denotes an aberrant or bizarre reaction or [[hypersensitivity]] to a substance, without connection to the [[pharmacology]] of the drug. It is what is known as a Type B reaction. Type B reactions have the following characteristics: they are usually unpredictable, might not be picked up by toxicological screening, not necessarily dose-related, incidence and morbidity low but mortality is high. Type B reactions are most commonly immunological (e.g. penicillin allergy).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Uetrecht |first=Jack |date=2008-01-01 |title=Idiosyncratic Drug Reactions: Past, Present, and Future |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/tx700186p |journal=Chemical Research in Toxicology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=84–92 |doi=10.1021/tx700186p |pmid=18052104 |issn=0893-228X}}</ref> |
The term [[idiosyncratic drug reaction]] denotes an aberrant or bizarre reaction or [[hypersensitivity]] to a substance, without connection to the [[pharmacology]] of the drug. It is what is known as a Type B reaction. Type B reactions have the following characteristics: they are usually unpredictable, might not be picked up by toxicological screening, not necessarily dose-related, incidence and morbidity low but mortality is high. Type B reactions are most commonly immunological (e.g. penicillin allergy).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Uetrecht |first=Jack |date=2008-01-01 |title=Idiosyncratic Drug Reactions: Past, Present, and Future |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/tx700186p |journal=Chemical Research in Toxicology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=84–92 |doi=10.1021/tx700186p |pmid=18052104 |issn=0893-228X}}</ref> |
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===Psychiatry and psychology=== |
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In [[psychiatry]], the term means a specific and unique mental condition of a patient, often accompanied by [[neologism]]s. In [[psychoanalysis]] and [[behaviorism]], it is used for the personal way a given individual reacts, perceives and experiences a common situation: a certain dish made of meat may cause [[Nostalgia|nostalgic]] memories in one person and disgust in another. These reactions are called ''idiosyncratic''.<ref>{{Citation |title=CHAPTER 6 - Idiosyncratic Variables |date=1991-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444883780500114 |work=Advances in Human Factors/Ergonomics |volume=17 |pages=245–265 |editor-last=Meister |editor-first=David |series=Psychology of System Design |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |access-date=2022-12-16}}</ref> |
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==Economics== |
==Economics== |
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In [[portfolio theory]], risks of price changes due to the unique circumstances of a specific security, as opposed to the overall market, are called "idiosyncratic risks". This specific risk, also called unsystematic, can be nulled out of a portfolio through diversification. Pooling multiple securities means the specific risks cancel out. In [[complete market]]s, there is no compensation for idiosyncratic risk—that is, a security's idiosyncratic risk does not matter for its price. For instance, in a complete market in which the [[capital asset pricing model]] holds, the price of a security is determined by the amount of [[systematic risk]] in its returns. Net income received, or losses suffered, by a [[landlord]] from [[renting]] of one or two properties is subject to idiosyncratic risk due to the numerous things that can happen to real property and variable behavior of tenants.<ref name=NYT032913>{{cite news|title=Rental Investment May Seem Safer Than It Really Is|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/30/your-money/investing-in-a-rental-home-isnt-as-safe-as-it-may-seem.html|access-date=March 30, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 29, 2013|author=Tara Siegel Barnard|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330081922/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/30/your-money/investing-in-a-rental-home-isnt-as-safe-as-it-may-seem.html|archive-date=March 30, 2013}}</ref> |
In [[portfolio theory]], risks of price changes due to the unique circumstances of a specific security, as opposed to the overall market, are called "idiosyncratic risks". This specific risk, also called unsystematic, can be nulled out of a portfolio through diversification. Pooling multiple securities means the specific risks cancel out. In [[complete market]]s, there is no compensation for idiosyncratic risk—that is, a security's idiosyncratic risk does not matter for its price. For instance, in a complete market in which the [[capital asset pricing model]] holds, the price of a security is determined by the amount of [[systematic risk]] in its returns. Net income received, or losses suffered, by a [[landlord]] from [[renting]] of one or two properties is subject to idiosyncratic risk due to the numerous things that can happen to real property and variable behavior of tenants.<ref name=NYT032913>{{cite news|title=Rental Investment May Seem Safer Than It Really Is|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/30/your-money/investing-in-a-rental-home-isnt-as-safe-as-it-may-seem.html|access-date=March 30, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 29, 2013|author=Tara Siegel Barnard|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330081922/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/30/your-money/investing-in-a-rental-home-isnt-as-safe-as-it-may-seem.html|archive-date=March 30, 2013}}</ref> |
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According to one macroeconomic model including a financial sector,<ref>Brunnermeier, Markus K. and Sannikov, Yuliy, "[http://ssrn.com/abstract=2160894 A macroeconomic model with a financial sector]" (April 8, 2012). National Bank of Belgium Working Paper No. 236.</ref> hedging idiosyncratic risk can be self-defeating as it leads to higher systemic risk, as it takes on more leverage. This makes the system less stable. Thus, while securitisation in principle reduces the costs of idiosyncratic shocks, it ends up amplifying systemic risks in equilibrium. |
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In [[econometrics]], "idiosyncratic error" is used to describe error—that is, unobserved factors that impact the dependent variable—from [[panel data]] that both changes over time and across units (individuals, firms, cities, towns, etc.). |
In [[econometrics]], "idiosyncratic error" is used to describe error—that is, unobserved factors that impact the dependent variable—from [[panel data]] that both changes over time and across units (individuals, firms, cities, towns, etc.). |
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== See also == |
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*[[Eccentricity (behavior)]] |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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*{{Wiktionary-inline|idiosyncrasy}} |
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{{Conformity}} |
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[[Category:Allergology]] |
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[[Category:Deviance (sociology)]] |
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[[Category:Inborn errors of metabolism]] |
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[[Category:Medical terminology]] |
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[[Category:Effects of external causes]] |
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Revision as of 21:55, 12 February 2023
An idiosyncrasy is an unusual feature of a person (though there are also other uses, see below). It can also mean an odd habit. The term is often used to express eccentricity or peculiarity.[1][2] A synonym may be "quirk".
Linguistics
The term can also be applied to symbols or words. Idiosyncratic symbols mean one thing for a particular person, as a blade could mean war, but to someone else, it could symbolize a surgery.
Idiosyncrasy in religion
 |
Among religious people, idiosyncrasy means behavior that is different from the usual, different from that which is generally seen as common, yet also as different social behavior that can be seen in the varieties of cults.
Health Bonus
Idiosyncrasy defined the way physicians conceived diseases in the 19th century. They considered each disease as a unique condition, related to each patient. This understanding began to change in the 1870s, when discoveries made by researchers in Europe permitted the advent of a "scientific medicine", a precursor to the evidence-based medicine that is the standard of practice today. [citation needed]
Pharmacology
The term idiosyncratic drug reaction denotes an aberrant or bizarre reaction or hypersensitivity to a substance, without connection to the pharmacology of the drug. It is what is known as a Type B reaction. Type B reactions have the following characteristics: they are usually unpredictable, might not be picked up by toxicological screening, not necessarily dose-related, incidence and morbidity low but mortality is high. Type B reactions are most commonly immunological (e.g. penicillin allergy).[3]
Economics
In portfolio theory, risks of price changes due to the unique circumstances of a specific security, as opposed to the overall market, are called "idiosyncratic risks". This specific risk, also called unsystematic, can be nulled out of a portfolio through diversification. Pooling multiple securities means the specific risks cancel out. In complete markets, there is no compensation for idiosyncratic risk—that is, a security's idiosyncratic risk does not matter for its price. For instance, in a complete market in which the capital asset pricing model holds, the price of a security is determined by the amount of systematic risk in its returns. Net income received, or losses suffered, by a landlord from renting of one or two properties is subject to idiosyncratic risk due to the numerous things that can happen to real property and variable behavior of tenants.[4]
In econometrics, "idiosyncratic error" is used to describe error—that is, unobserved factors that impact the dependent variable—from panel data that both changes over time and across units (individuals, firms, cities, towns, etc.).
- ^ Rundell, Michael (2002). Macmillan English Dictionary. Hannover: Schroedel Diesterweg.
- ^ "Idiosyncrasy". Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Archived from the original on October 28, 2011. Retrieved October 26, 2011.
- ^ Uetrecht, Jack (2008-01-01). "Idiosyncratic Drug Reactions: Past, Present, and Future". Chemical Research in Toxicology. 21 (1): 84–92. doi:10.1021/tx700186p. ISSN 0893-228X. PMID 18052104.
- ^ Tara Siegel Barnard (March 29, 2013). "Rental Investment May Seem Safer Than It Really Is". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 30, 2013. Retrieved March 30, 2013.