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I fixed the Cannibalism section (tone, grammar, etc.) but the "Plugging" section needs a lot of work. The rest of the article also needs to be edited for tone. I added a template message. The last paragraph of the Cannibalism section needs and appropriate source.
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'''''Argiope bruennichi''''' ('''wasp spider''') is a species of [[orb-web spider]] distributed throughout central Europe, northern Europe, north Africa, parts of Asia, and the [[Azores]] archipelago.<ref>[http://www.azoresbioportal.angra.uac.pt/listagens.php?lang=en&myFilo=ARTH&pesquisar=Argiope&start=1&end=40&sstr=8&id=A00576 ''Argiope bruennichi'' at the Azorean Biodiversity Portal]</ref> Like many other members of the genus ''[[Argiope (spider)|Argiope]]'' (including [[St Andrew's Cross spider]]s), it shows striking yellow and black markings on its abdomen.
'''''Argiope bruennichi''''' ('''wasp spider''') is a species of [[orb-web spider]] distributed throughout central Europe, northern Europe, north Africa, parts of Asia, and the [[Azores]] archipelago.<ref>[http://www.azoresbioportal.angra.uac.pt/listagens.php?lang=en&myFilo=ARTH&pesquisar=Argiope&start=1&end=40&sstr=8&id=A00576 ''Argiope bruennichi'' at the Azorean Biodiversity Portal]</ref> Like many other members of the genus ''[[Argiope (spider)|Argiope]]'' (including [[St Andrew's Cross spider]]s), it has striking yellow and black markings on its abdomen.


==Web==
==Web==
⚫
{{Tone|date=February 2023|section}}
The spider builds a spiral orb [[Spider web|web]] at dawn or dusk, commonly in long grass a little above ground level, taking approximately an hour. The prominent zigzag shape called the ''[[web decorations|stabilimentum]]'', or web decoration, featured at the centre of the orb is of uncertain function, but it has been shown that webs containing [[Web decoration|stabilimenta]] catch fewer insects because they are less [[Crypsis|cryptic]], but on the other hand these webs are less often damaged by birds flying through them.<ref name=NAIS>{{cite web |url=http://www.cirrusimage.com/spider_argiope_trifasciata.htm |title=Banded Garden Spider: ''Argiope trifasciata'' |publisher=North American Insects and Spiders |accessdate=8 August 2021}}</ref>
The spider builds a spiral orb [[Spider web|web]] at dawn or dusk, commonly in long grass a little above ground level, taking approximately an hour. The prominent zigzag shape called the ''[[web decorations|stabilimentum]]'', or web decoration, featured at the centre of the orb is of uncertain function, but it has been shown that webs containing [[Web decoration|stabilimenta]] catch fewer insects because they are less [[Crypsis|cryptic]], but on the other hand these webs are less often damaged by birds flying through them.<ref name=NAIS>{{cite web |url=http://www.cirrusimage.com/spider_argiope_trifasciata.htm |title=Banded Garden Spider: ''Argiope trifasciata'' |publisher=North American Insects and Spiders |accessdate=8 August 2021}}</ref>


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==Population==
==Population==
{{Tone|date=February 2023|section}}
During Summer 2006, research was carried out in the UK to find that there has been an influx of these spiders to the UK. The colour is still similar, although the yellow stripes are a bit more cream-coloured.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5394338.stm |date=3 October 2006 |title=If one crawls across the carpet... |author=Jonathan Amos |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=18 December 2015}}</ref>
During Summer 2006, research was carried out in the UK to find that there has been an influx of these spiders to the UK. The colour is still similar, although the yellow stripes are a bit more cream-coloured.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5394338.stm |date=3 October 2006 |title=If one crawls across the carpet... |author=Jonathan Amos |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=18 December 2015}}</ref>


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==Sexual dimorphism==
==Sexual dimorphism==
{{Tone|date=February 2023|section}}
''Argiope bruennichi'' display a rather large distinction between males and females with males averaging length of approximately 4.5&nbsp;mm and females averaging 15&nbsp;mm.<ref name="Elgar_1991">{{cite journal |author=Mark A. Elgar |year=1991 |title=Sexual cannibalism, size dimorphism, and courtship behavior in orb-weaving spiders (Araneidae) |journal=[[Evolution (journal)|Evolution]] |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=444–448 |jstor=2409679 |doi=10.2307/2409679 |pmid=28567867}}</ref> The reasons for this large difference has evolutionary and fitness background with regards to mating as well as cannibalism by the females towards the males after copulation.
''Argiope bruennichi'' display a rather large distinction between males and females with males averaging length of approximately 4.5&nbsp;mm and females averaging 15&nbsp;mm.<ref name="Elgar_1991">{{cite journal |author=Mark A. Elgar |year=1991 |title=Sexual cannibalism, size dimorphism, and courtship behavior in orb-weaving spiders (Araneidae) |journal=[[Evolution (journal)|Evolution]] |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=444–448 |jstor=2409679 |doi=10.2307/2409679 |pmid=28567867}}</ref> The reasons for this large difference has evolutionary and fitness background with regards to mating as well as cannibalism by the females towards the males after copulation.


==Mating==
==Mating==
{{Tone|date=February 2023|section}}
[[File:Argiope bruennichi (wasp spider) cocoon - eggsack, Arnhem, the Netherlands.jpg|thumb|Egg sac]]
[[File:Argiope bruennichi (wasp spider) cocoon - eggsack, Arnhem, the Netherlands.jpg|thumb|Egg sac]]
[[File:Wasp Spider Nest, Bulbous bulb silk nest 1.jpg|thumb|Wasp Spider Nest, Bulbous bulb silk nest 1]]
[[File:Wasp Spider Nest, Bulbous bulb silk nest 1.jpg|thumb|Wasp Spider Nest, Bulbous bulb silk nest 1]]
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==Plugging==
==Plugging==
{{Tone|date=February 2023|section}}
Certain male ''Argiope bruennichi'' have an adaptation that they have developed to ensure that they will be the only mate with whom the female can produce offspring. Certain males are able to "plug" the female after they have mated with her to prevent other males from copulating with the female. This plugging involves losing one of his pedipalps, thus allowing him to only mate twice. This is a major reason as to why these males are always in a rush to mate after the female has completed her final moult.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stefan H. Nessler |author2=Gabriele Uhl |author3=Jutta M. Schneider |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |title=Genital damage in the orb-web spider ''Argiope bruennichi'' (Araneae: Araneidae) increases paternity success |journal=[[Behavioral Ecology (journal)|Behavioral Ecology]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=174–181 |doi=10.1093/beheco/arl074|doi-access=free }}</ref> With males always waiting around for the female to reach full maturity, the race is on for the male who is small enough to not be detected, yet is also able to "plug" the female so that other males have a lower chance of competing for fertilization of her eggs. These spiders have evolved to become monogamous for the most part after mating because of this damage.
Certain male ''Argiope bruennichi'' have an adaptation that they have developed to ensure that they will be the only mate with whom the female can produce offspring. Certain males are able to [[Mating plug|"plug"]] the female after they have mated with her to prevent other males from copulating with the female. This plugging involves losing one of his [[Pedipalp|pedipalps]], thus allowing him to only mate twice. This is a major reason as to why these males are always in a rush to mate after the female has completed her final moult.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |author=Stefan H. Nessler |author2=Gabriele Uhl |author3=Jutta M. Schneider |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |title=Genital damage in the orb-web spider ''Argiope bruennichi'' (Araneae: Araneidae) increases paternity success |journal=[[Behavioral Ecology (journal)|Behavioral Ecology]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=174–181 |doi=10.1093/beheco/arl074|doi-access=free }}</ref> With males always waiting around for the female to reach full maturity, the race is on for the male who is small enough to not be detected, yet is also able to "plug" the female so that other males have a lower chance of competing for fertilization of her eggs. These spiders have evolved to become monogamous for the most part after mating because of this damage.


If the females are only able to reproduce once they must develop a method to produce more offspring at one time (per clutch). This can be caused by multiple things, including a sex ratio that forces these males to make sure they have at least one female to produce their offspring simply because there are not as many females present.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jutta Schneider |author2=Lutz Fromhage |name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |chapter=Monogynous mating strategies in spiders |editor=Peter Kappeler |title=Animal Behaviour: Evolution and Mechanisms |pages=441–464 |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-02624-9_15 |isbn=978-3-642-02623-2}}</ref> If these females are only able to mate one time, they need to develop this larger clutch size to ensure that their genes are passed down from the surviving of her first clutch.
If the females are only able to reproduce once they must develop a method to produce more offspring at one time (per clutch). This can be caused by multiple things, including a sex ratio that forces these males to make sure they have at least one female to produce their offspring simply because there are not as many females present.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jutta Schneider |author2=Lutz Fromhage |name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |chapter=Monogynous mating strategies in spiders |editor=Peter Kappeler |title=Animal Behaviour: Evolution and Mechanisms |pages=441–464 |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-02624-9_15 |isbn=978-3-642-02623-2}}</ref> If these females are only able to mate one time, they need to develop this larger clutch size to ensure that their genes are passed down from the surviving of her first clutch.
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==Cannibalism==
==Cannibalism==
''Argiope bruennichi'' participate in [[sexual cannibalism]]. The females of this species, typically much larger than the males, almost always consume their male counterparts after copulation.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lutz Fromhage |author2=Gabriele Uhl |author3=Jutta M. Schneider |name-list-style=amp |year=2003 |title=Fitness consequences of sexual cannibalism in female ''Argiope bruennichi'' |journal=[[Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology]] |volume= 55 |issue=1 |pages=60–64 |doi=10.1007/s00265-003-0656-6|s2cid=9215208 }}</ref><ref name=":0" />
⚫
{{Tone|date=August 2022|section}}

The species ''Argiope bruennichi'' displays cannibalism when it comes to mating. We can see this because the sex ratio is so biased towards females later in the mating season. With so few females available, the males need to develop their own ways to potentially find and secure a successful mating like small size and proper time to find an immature female. The females, typically much larger in size when compared to the males, almost always consume their male counterpart after copulation. Males can often be seen in or near a female's web waiting for her to complete her final [[Moulting|moult]], at which time she reaches sexual maturity. At this time her [[chelicerae]] (jaws) will be soft for a short time and the male may mate with the female without the danger of being eaten. These males obviously want to avoid getting eaten and this is more or less the only time that they are able to take advantage. Although the cause for this type of [[Sexual dimorphism|dimorphism]] between sexes seems to have a much larger benefit for the females.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lutz Fromhage |author2=Gabriele Uhl |author3=Jutta M. Schneider |name-list-style=amp |year=2003 |title=Fitness consequences of sexual cannibalism in female ''Argiope bruennichi'' |journal=[[Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology]] |volume= 55 |issue=1 |pages=60–64 |doi=10.1007/s00265-003-0656-6|s2cid=9215208 }}</ref>
To combat this, males often wait in or near an immature female's web until she completes her final [[Moulting|moult]] and reaches sexual maturity. After moulting, the female's [[chelicerae]] will be soft for a short period and the male may mate without the danger of being eaten.{{Citation needed}}


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 23:51, 13 February 2023

Argiope bruennichi
dorsal side
ventral side
with prey in Hungary
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Araneidae
Genus: Argiope
Species:
A. bruennichi
Binomial name
Argiope bruennichi
(Scopoli, 1772)
Synonyms
List
    • Aranea brünnichii
    • Aranea speciosa
    • Aranea fasciata
    • Aranea zebra
    • Aranea formosa
    • Aranea pulchra
    • Aranea caspia
    • Aranea phragmitis
    • Segestria pulchra
    • Miranda transalpina
    • Epeira speciosa
    • Nephila transalpina
    • Epeira fasciata
    • Nephila fasciata
    • Miranda zabonica
    • Argiope brünnichi
    • Argiope bruennichii

Argiope bruennichi (wasp spider) is a species of orb-web spider distributed throughout central Europe, northern Europe, north Africa, parts of Asia, and the Azores archipelago.[1] Like many other members of the genus Argiope (including St Andrew's Cross spiders), it has striking yellow and black markings on its abdomen.

Web

The spider builds a spiral orb web at dawn or dusk, commonly in long grass a little above ground level, taking approximately an hour. The prominent zigzag shape called the stabilimentum, or web decoration, featured at the centre of the orb is of uncertain function, but it has been shown that webs containing stabilimenta catch fewer insects because they are less cryptic, but on the other hand these webs are less often damaged by birds flying through them.[2]

When a prey item is first caught in the web, Argiope bruennichi will quickly immobilise its prey by wrapping it in silk. The prey is then bitten and then injected with a paralysing venom and a protein-dissolving enzyme.

Population

During Summer 2006, research was carried out in the UK to find that there has been an influx of these spiders to the UK. The colour is still similar, although the yellow stripes are a bit more cream-coloured.[3]

Besides the nominate subspecies, there is one subspecies currently recognised:

  • Argiope bruennichi nigrofasciata Franganillo, 1910 (Portugal)

Sexual dimorphism

Argiope bruennichi display a rather large distinction between males and females with males averaging length of approximately 4.5 mm and females averaging 15 mm.[4] The reasons for this large difference has evolutionary and fitness background with regards to mating as well as cannibalism by the females towards the males after copulation.

Mating

Egg sac
Wasp Spider Nest, Bulbous bulb silk nest 1

The differences of size of these male spiders actually allows the males to come into contact with the females in relation to their orb webs. The male Argiope bruennichi are able to enter into the female's orb and thus make their webs without being detected as prey and thus eaten before they are able to mate, a major fitness advantage.[4]

Plugging

Certain male Argiope bruennichi have an adaptation that they have developed to ensure that they will be the only mate with whom the female can produce offspring. Certain males are able to "plug" the female after they have mated with her to prevent other males from copulating with the female. This plugging involves losing one of his pedipalps, thus allowing him to only mate twice. This is a major reason as to why these males are always in a rush to mate after the female has completed her final moult.[5] With males always waiting around for the female to reach full maturity, the race is on for the male who is small enough to not be detected, yet is also able to "plug" the female so that other males have a lower chance of competing for fertilization of her eggs. These spiders have evolved to become monogamous for the most part after mating because of this damage.

If the females are only able to reproduce once they must develop a method to produce more offspring at one time (per clutch). This can be caused by multiple things, including a sex ratio that forces these males to make sure they have at least one female to produce their offspring simply because there are not as many females present.[6] If these females are only able to mate one time, they need to develop this larger clutch size to ensure that their genes are passed down from the surviving of her first clutch.

Females that consumed a small supplement of dietary essential amino acids produced offspring that survived simulated overwintering conditions significantly longer than offspring of other treatments. Results suggest that dietary essential amino acids, which may be sequestered by males from their diet, could be valuable supplements that increase the success of the offspring of cannibalistic females.[7]

Cannibalism

Argiope bruennichi participate in sexual cannibalism. The females of this species, typically much larger than the males, almost always consume their male counterparts after copulation.[8][5]

To combat this, males often wait in or near an immature female's web until she completes her final moult and reaches sexual maturity. After moulting, the female's chelicerae will be soft for a short period and the male may mate without the danger of being eaten.[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ Argiope bruennichi at the Azorean Biodiversity Portal
  2. ^ "Banded Garden Spider: Argiope trifasciata". North American Insects and Spiders. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  3. ^ Jonathan Amos (3 October 2006). "If one crawls across the carpet..." BBC News. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
  4. ^ a b Mark A. Elgar (1991). "Sexual cannibalism, size dimorphism, and courtship behavior in orb-weaving spiders (Araneidae)". Evolution. 45 (2): 444–448. doi:10.2307/2409679. JSTOR 2409679. PMID 28567867.
  5. ^ a b Stefan H. Nessler; Gabriele Uhl & Jutta M. Schneider (2006). "Genital damage in the orb-web spider Argiope bruennichi (Araneae: Araneidae) increases paternity success". Behavioral Ecology. 18 (1): 174–181. doi:10.1093/beheco/arl074.
  6. ^ Jutta Schneider & Lutz Fromhage (2010). "Monogynous mating strategies in spiders". In Peter Kappeler (ed.). Animal Behaviour: Evolution and Mechanisms. Springer. pp. 441–464. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02624-9_15. ISBN 978-3-642-02623-2.
  7. ^ Shawn M. Wilder & Jutta M. Schneider (2017). "Micronutrient consumption by female Argiope bruennichi affects offspring survival". Journal of Insect Physiology. 100: 128–132. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.06.007. PMID 28614727.
  8. ^ Lutz Fromhage; Gabriele Uhl & Jutta M. Schneider (2003). "Fitness consequences of sexual cannibalism in female Argiope bruennichi". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 55 (1): 60–64. doi:10.1007/s00265-003-0656-6. S2CID 9215208.
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