Cypriot pygmy hippopotamus: Difference between revisions
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The '''Cyprus dwarf hippopotamus''' or '''Cypriot pygmy hippopotamus''' (''Hippopotamus minor'' or ''Phanourios minor'') is an extinct species of [[hippopotamus]] that inhabited the island of [[Cyprus]] until the early [[Holocene]]. |
The '''Cyprus dwarf hippopotamus''' or '''Cypriot pygmy hippopotamus''' (''Hippopotamus minor'' or ''Phanourios minor'') is an extinct species of [[hippopotamus]] that inhabited the island of [[Cyprus]] from the [[Pleistocene]] until the early [[Holocene]]. |
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The {{convert|200|kg|lb|adj=on}} Cyprus dwarf hippo was roughly the same size as the extant [[pygmy hippopotamus]]. Unlike the modern pygmy hippo, the Cyprus dwarf became small through the process of [[insular dwarfism]]. This same process is believed to cause the dwarfism found in some [[dwarf elephant]]s, the [[pygmy mammoth]], and ''[[Homo floresiensis]]''. The animal is estimated to have measured {{cvt|76|cm|ft|sigfig=2}} tall and {{cvt|121|cm|ft|sigfig=2}} long.<ref>{{cite news | first=Menelaos | last=Hadjicostis | title=Dwarf Hippo Fossils Found on Cyprus | date= 6 December 2007 | publisher=The Associated Press | url =http://www.ctvnews.ca/dwarf-hippo-fossils-found-on-cyprus-1.266678 | work =Fox Television | accessdate = 2007-12-06 }}</ref> [[Mitochondrial DNA]] suggests that its closest living relative is the common [[hippopotamus]], with an estimated divergence between 1.36 to 1.58 million years ago.<ref>Mitochondrial sequences of the extinct Cypriot pygmy hippopotamus confirm its phylogenetic placement Nikolaos Psonis, Despoina Vassou, Loucas Nicolaou, Socrates Roussiakis, George Iliopoulos, Nikos Poulakakis, Spyros Sfenthourakis ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society'', {{doi|10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab089}} Published: 19 November 2021</ref> |
The {{convert|200|kg|lb|adj=on}} Cyprus dwarf hippo was roughly the same size as the extant [[pygmy hippopotamus]]. Unlike the modern pygmy hippo, the Cyprus dwarf became small through the process of [[insular dwarfism]]. This same process is believed to cause the dwarfism found in some [[dwarf elephant]]s, the [[pygmy mammoth]], and ''[[Homo floresiensis]]''. The animal is estimated to have measured {{cvt|76|cm|ft|sigfig=2}} tall and {{cvt|121|cm|ft|sigfig=2}} long.<ref>{{cite news | first=Menelaos | last=Hadjicostis | title=Dwarf Hippo Fossils Found on Cyprus | date= 6 December 2007 | publisher=The Associated Press | url =http://www.ctvnews.ca/dwarf-hippo-fossils-found-on-cyprus-1.266678 | work =Fox Television | accessdate = 2007-12-06 }}</ref> [[Mitochondrial DNA]] suggests that its closest living relative is the common [[hippopotamus]], with an estimated divergence between 1.36 to 1.58 million years ago.<ref>Mitochondrial sequences of the extinct Cypriot pygmy hippopotamus confirm its phylogenetic placement Nikolaos Psonis, Despoina Vassou, Loucas Nicolaou, Socrates Roussiakis, George Iliopoulos, Nikos Poulakakis, Spyros Sfenthourakis ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society'', {{doi|10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab089}} Published: 19 November 2021</ref> |
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Revision as of 22:49, 18 February 2023
| Cyprus dwarf hippo Temporal range: Pleistocene to Early Holocene,
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|---|---|
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| Composite mounted skeleton of H. minor | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | Hippopotamidae |
| Genus: | Hippopotamus Linnaeus, 1758 |
| Species: | †H. minor
|
| Binomial name | |
| †Hippopotamus minor | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Phanourios minor Sondaar and Boekschoten, 1972 | |
The Cyprus dwarf hippopotamus or Cypriot pygmy hippopotamus (Hippopotamus minor or Phanourios minor) is an extinct species of hippopotamus that inhabited the island of Cyprus from the Pleistocene until the early Holocene.
The 200-kilogram (440 lb) Cyprus dwarf hippo was roughly the same size as the extant pygmy hippopotamus. Unlike the modern pygmy hippo, the Cyprus dwarf became small through the process of insular dwarfism. This same process is believed to cause the dwarfism found in some dwarf elephants, the pygmy mammoth, and Homo floresiensis. The animal is estimated to have measured 76 cm (2.5 ft) tall and 121 cm (4.0 ft) long.[2] Mitochondrial DNA suggests that its closest living relative is the common hippopotamus, with an estimated divergence between 1.36 to 1.58 million years ago.[3]
H. minor is the smallest hippopotamus of all known insular hippopotamuses. The extremely small size of the hippo is in favour of a Middle Pleistocene or perhaps even Early Pleistocene colonization.[4] At the time of its extinction between 11,000 and 9,000 years ago, the Cyprus dwarf hippo, along with the similarly sized Cyprus dwarf elephant, were the only large mammals native to the islands. It was a herbivore and had no natural predators.[5] Analysis of the carpal bones and the bones of the hindlimbs suggests that it was more terrestrial than its living relatives, and capable of moving on the rugged terrain of Cyprus.[6][7]
Excavation sites on Cyprus, particularly Aetokremnos, provide evidence that the Cyprus dwarf hippo may have encountered and been driven to extinction by the early human residents of Cyprus.[8][9][10] However, these suggestions have been criticised, with an alternative proposal that bones at Aetokremnos accumulated naturally over hundreds of years and were then subsequently used by humans as a source of fuel.[11][12]
Taxonomy
Many scientists maintain the name Phanourios minor for the Cypriot dwarf hippo. This generic name was given by Paul Sondaar and Bert Boekschoten in 1972,[13] based on the remains from Agios Georgios, Cyprus. At the site, a chapel had been built into the fossiliferous rocks. The rock strata here are very rich in bone content (bone breccia). For centuries, as already mentioned by Bordone in the 16th century,[14] villagers have gone there to collect these bones, which in their opinion are holy, because they are the petrified remains of Saint Fanourios (see also Phanourios (saint)), a Greek Orthodox saint who, according to local myth, had fled from Syria to escape his persecutors, but had been stranded on the hostile rocky coast of Cyprus. The collected bones are ground into a powder believed to have medicinal powers. To honour the local tradition and to refer to the site, Sondaar and Boekschoten named their new genus Phanourios, following the Greek spelling. They gave the specific name minutus, but this was later changed to minor following rules of priority.
See also
- Cretan dwarf hippopotamus
- Maltese dwarf hippopotamus
- Sicilian dwarf hippopotamus
- Cyprus dwarf elephant
References
- ^ Desmarest, A.G., 1822. Mammalogie ou description des espèces de mammifères. Mme Veuve Agasse imprimeur édit., Paris, 2ème part., pp.277-555.
- ^ Hadjicostis, Menelaos (6 December 2007). "Dwarf Hippo Fossils Found on Cyprus". Fox Television. The Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-12-06.
- ^ Mitochondrial sequences of the extinct Cypriot pygmy hippopotamus confirm its phylogenetic placement Nikolaos Psonis, Despoina Vassou, Loucas Nicolaou, Socrates Roussiakis, George Iliopoulos, Nikos Poulakakis, Spyros Sfenthourakis Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab089 Published: 19 November 2021
- ^ Van der Geer A., Lyras G., De Vos J., Dermitzakis M. 2010. Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands. Wiley-Blackwell.
- ^ Burness, G. P.; Diamond, J.; Flannery, T. (2001-12-04). "Dinosaurs, dragons, and dwarfs: The evolution of maximal body size". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (25): 14518–14523. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9814518B. doi:10.1073/pnas.251548698. ISSN 0027-8424. JSTOR 3057309. PMC 64714. PMID 11724953.
- ^ Georgitsis, Michail K.; Liakopoulou, Dionysia Ε; Theodorou, Georgios E. (2022). "Morphofunctional examination of the carpal bones of pygmy hippopotamus from Ayia Napa, Cyprus". The Anatomical Record. 305 (2): 297–320. doi:10.1002/ar.24738. ISSN 1932-8494. PMID 34369097. S2CID 236959026.
- ^ Georgitsis, Michail K.; Liakopoulou, Dionysia Ε.; Theodorou, Georgios E.; Tsiolakis, Efthymios (2022-08). "Functional morphology of the hindlimb of fossilized pygmy hippopotamus from Ayia Napa (Cyprus)". Journal of Morphology. 283 (8): 1048–1079. doi:10.1002/jmor.21488. ISSN 0362-2525.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ The earliest prehistory of Cyprus from colonization to exploitation, ed. Swiny, Stuart, American Schools of Oriental Research, 2001, In PDF
- ^ Simmons, A. H. (1999). Faunal extinction in an island society: pygmy hippopotamus hunters of Cyprus. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. p. 382. doi:10.1007/b109876. ISBN 978-0306460883. OCLC 41712246.
- ^ Simmons, A. H.; Mandel, R. D. (December 2007). "Not Such a New Light: A Response to Ammerman and Noller". World Archaeology. 39 (4): 475–482. doi:10.1080/00438240701676169. JSTOR 40026143. S2CID 161791746.
- ^ Zazzo, Antoine; Lebon, Matthieu; Quiles, Anita; Reiche, Ina; Vigne, Jean-Denis (2015-08-18). "Direct Dating and Physico-Chemical Analyses Cast Doubts on the Coexistence of Humans and Dwarf Hippos in Cyprus". PLOS ONE. 10 (8): e0134429. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1034429Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134429. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4540316. PMID 26284623.
- ^ Nicolaou, Loucas; Iliopoulos, George; Roussiakis, Socrates (December 2020). "Population dynamics on Aetokremnos hippos of Cyprus or have Cypriots ever tasted hippo meat?". Quaternary International. 568: 55–64. Bibcode:2020QuInt.568...55N. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.09.016. S2CID 224982319.
- ^ Boekschoten G.J., Sondaar P.Y. 1972. On the fossil mammalia of Cyprus, I & II. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (Series B), 75 (4): 306–38.
- ^ Bordone B. 1528. Libro di Benedetto Bordone. Nel qual si ragiona di tutte l'Isole del mondo, con li lor nomi antichi & moderni, historie, favole, & modi del loro vivere. Niccolo Zoppino, Venice. In facsimile, Edizioni Aldine, Modena, 1982.