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=== Example 1: Basic example ===
=== Example 1: Basic example ===
Given <math>h(x)=\frac{e^x}{x^2}</math>, let <math>f(x)=e^x, g(x)=x^2</math>, then using the quotient rule:<math display="block">\begin{align}
\frac{d}{dx} \left(\frac{e^x}{x^2}\right) &= \frac{\left(\frac{d}{dx}e^x\right)(x^2) - (e^x)\left(\frac{d}{dx} x^2\right)}{(x^2)^2} \\
&= \frac{(e^x)(x^2) - (e^x)(2x)}{x^4} \\
&= \frac{x^2 e^x - 2x e^x}{x^4} \\
&= \frac{x e^x - 2 e^x}{x^3} \\
&= \frac{e^x(x - 2)}{x^3}.
\end{align}</math>
=== Example 2: Derivatives of tangent and cotangent functions ===
=== Example 2: Derivatives of tangent and cotangent functions ===
Formula for the derivative of a ratio of functions
In calculus , the quotient rule is a method of finding the derivative of a function that is the ratio of two differentiable functions.[ 1] [ 2] [ 3]
h
(
x
)
=
f
(
x
)
/
g
(
x
)
,
{\displaystyle h(x)=f(x)/g(x),}
f and g are differentiable and
g
(
x
)
≠
0.
{\displaystyle g(x)\neq 0.}
h (x )
h
′
(
x
)
=
f
′
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
2
.
{\displaystyle h'(x)={\frac {f'(x)g(x)-f(x)g'(x)}{g(x)^{2}}}.}
It is provable in many ways by using other derivative rules .
Examples
Example 1: Basic example
Given
h
(
x
)
=
e
x
x
2
{\displaystyle h(x)={\frac {e^{x}}{x^{2}}}}
f
(
x
)
=
e
x
,
g
(
x
)
=
x
2
{\displaystyle f(x)=e^{x},g(x)=x^{2}}
d
d
x
(
e
x
x
2
)
=
(
d
d
x
e
x
)
(
x
2
)
−
(
e
x
)
(
d
d
x
x
2
)
(
x
2
)
2
=
(
e
x
)
(
x
2
)
−
(
e
x
)
(
2
x
)
x
4
=
x
2
e
x
−
2
x
e
x
x
4
=
x
e
x
−
2
e
x
x
3
=
e
x
(
x
−
2
)
x
3
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {d}{dx}}\left({\frac {e^{x}}{x^{2}}}\right)&={\frac {\left({\frac {d}{dx}}e^{x}\right)(x^{2})-(e^{x})\left({\frac {d}{dx}}x^{2}\right)}{(x^{2})^{2}}}\\&={\frac {(e^{x})(x^{2})-(e^{x})(2x)}{x^{4}}}\\&={\frac {x^{2}e^{x}-2xe^{x}}{x^{4}}}\\&={\frac {xe^{x}-2e^{x}}{x^{3}}}\\&={\frac {e^{x}(x-2)}{x^{3}}}.\end{aligned}}}
Example 2: Derivatives of tangent and cotangent functions
The quotient rule can be used to find the derivative of
tan
x
=
sin
x
cos
x
{\displaystyle \tan x={\frac {\sin x}{\cos x}}}
d
d
x
tan
x
=
d
d
x
(
sin
x
cos
x
)
=
(
d
d
x
sin
x
)
(
cos
x
)
−
(
sin
x
)
(
d
d
x
cos
x
)
cos
2
x
=
(
cos
x
)
(
cos
x
)
−
(
sin
x
)
(
−
sin
x
)
cos
2
x
=
cos
2
x
+
sin
2
x
cos
2
x
=
1
cos
2
x
=
sec
2
x
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {d}{dx}}\tan x&={\frac {d}{dx}}\left({\frac {\sin x}{\cos x}}\right)\\&={\frac {\left({\frac {d}{dx}}\sin x\right)(\cos x)-(\sin x)\left({\frac {d}{dx}}\cos x\right)}{\cos ^{2}x}}\\&={\frac {(\cos x)(\cos x)-(\sin x)(-\sin x)}{\cos ^{2}x}}\\&={\frac {\cos ^{2}x+\sin ^{2}x}{\cos ^{2}x}}\\&={\frac {1}{\cos ^{2}x}}=\sec ^{2}x.\end{aligned}}}
cot
x
=
cos
x
sin
x
{\displaystyle \cot x={\frac {\cos x}{\sin x}}}
d
d
x
cot
x
=
d
d
x
(
cos
x
sin
x
)
=
(
d
d
x
cos
x
)
(
sin
x
)
−
(
cos
x
)
(
d
d
x
sin
x
)
cos
2
x
=
(
−
sin
x
)
(
sin
x
)
−
(
cos
x
)
(
cos
x
)
sin
2
x
=
−
(
sin
2
x
+
cos
2
x
)
sin
2
x
=
−
1
sin
2
x
=
−
csc
2
x
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {d}{dx}}\cot x&={\frac {d}{dx}}\left({\frac {\cos x}{\sin x}}\right)\\&={\frac {\left({\frac {d}{dx}}\cos x\right)(\sin x)-(\cos x)\left({\frac {d}{dx}}\sin x\right)}{\cos ^{2}x}}\\&={\frac {(-\sin x)(\sin x)-(\cos x)(\cos x)}{\sin ^{2}x}}\\&={\frac {-(\sin ^{2}x+\cos ^{2}x)}{\sin ^{2}x}}\\&={\frac {-1}{\sin ^{2}x}}=-\csc ^{2}x.\end{aligned}}}
Reciprocal rule
The reciprocal rule is a special case of the quotient rule in which the numerator
f
(
x
)
=
1
{\displaystyle f(x)=1}
h
′
(
x
)
=
d
d
x
[
1
g
(
x
)
]
=
0
⋅
g
(
x
)
−
1
⋅
g
′
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
2
=
−
g
′
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
2
.
{\displaystyle h'(x)={\frac {d}{dx}}\left[{\frac {1}{g(x)}}\right]={\frac {0\cdot g(x)-1\cdot g'(x)}{g(x)^{2}}}={\frac {-g'(x)}{g(x)^{2}}}.}
h
′
(
x
)
=
lim
k
→
0
h
(
x
+
k
)
−
h
(
x
)
k
=
lim
k
→
0
1
g
(
x
+
k
)
−
1
g
(
x
)
k
=
lim
k
→
0
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
+
k
)
k
⋅
g
(
x
)
g
(
x
+
k
)
=
lim
k
→
0
[
−
g
(
x
+
k
)
−
g
(
x
)
k
]
⋅
lim
k
→
0
[
1
g
(
x
)
g
(
x
+
k
)
]
=
−
g
′
(
x
)
⋅
1
g
(
x
)
2
=
−
g
′
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
2
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}h'(x)&=\lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {h(x+k)-h(x)}{k}}\\&=\lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {{\frac {1}{g(x+k)}}-{\frac {1}{g(x)}}}{k}}\\&=\lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {g(x)-g(x+k)}{k\cdot g(x)g(x+k)}}\\&=\lim _{k\to 0}\left[-{\frac {g(x+k)-g(x)}{k}}\right]\cdot \lim _{k\to 0}\left[{\frac {1}{g(x)g(x+k)}}\right]\\&=-g'(x)\cdot {\frac {1}{g(x)^{2}}}\\&={\frac {-g'(x)}{g(x)^{2}}}.\end{aligned}}}
lim
k
→
0
1
g
(
x
+
k
)
g
(
x
)
=
1
g
(
x
)
2
{\displaystyle \lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {1}{g(x+k)g(x)}}={\frac {1}{g(x)^{2}}}}
g
(
x
)
{\displaystyle g(x)}
lim
k
→
0
g
(
x
+
k
)
=
g
(
x
)
{\displaystyle \lim _{k\to 0}g(x+k)=g(x)}
Proofs
Proof from derivative definition and limit properties
Let
h
(
x
)
=
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
.
{\displaystyle h(x)={\frac {f(x)}{g(x)}}.}
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
{\displaystyle f(x)g(x)}
h
′
(
x
)
=
lim
k
→
0
h
(
x
+
k
)
−
h
(
x
)
k
=
lim
k
→
0
f
(
x
+
k
)
g
(
x
+
k
)
−
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
k
=
lim
k
→
0
f
(
x
+
k
)
g
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
+
k
)
k
⋅
g
(
x
)
g
(
x
+
k
)
=
lim
k
→
0
f
(
x
+
k
)
g
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
+
k
)
k
⋅
lim
k
→
0
1
g
(
x
)
g
(
x
+
k
)
=
lim
k
→
0
[
f
(
x
+
k
)
g
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
+
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
+
k
)
k
]
⋅
1
g
(
x
)
2
=
[
lim
k
→
0
f
(
x
+
k
)
g
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
k
−
lim
k
→
0
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
+
k
)
−
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
k
]
⋅
1
g
(
x
)
2
=
[
lim
k
→
0
f
(
x
+
k
)
−
f
(
x
)
k
⋅
g
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
⋅
lim
k
→
0
g
(
x
+
k
)
−
g
(
x
)
k
]
⋅
1
g
(
x
)
2
=
f
′
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
2
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}h'(x)&=\lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {h(x+k)-h(x)}{k}}\\&=\lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {{\frac {f(x+k)}{g(x+k)}}-{\frac {f(x)}{g(x)}}}{k}}\\&=\lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {f(x+k)g(x)-f(x)g(x+k)}{k\cdot g(x)g(x+k)}}\\&=\lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {f(x+k)g(x)-f(x)g(x+k)}{k}}\cdot \lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {1}{g(x)g(x+k)}}\\&=\lim _{k\to 0}\left[{\frac {f(x+k)g(x)-f(x)g(x)+f(x)g(x)-f(x)g(x+k)}{k}}\right]\cdot {\frac {1}{g(x)^{2}}}\\&=\left[\lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {f(x+k)g(x)-f(x)g(x)}{k}}-\lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {f(x)g(x+k)-f(x)g(x)}{k}}\right]\cdot {\frac {1}{g(x)^{2}}}\\&=\left[\lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {f(x+k)-f(x)}{k}}\cdot g(x)-f(x)\cdot \lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {g(x+k)-g(x)}{k}}\right]\cdot {\frac {1}{g(x)^{2}}}\\&={\frac {f'(x)g(x)-f(x)g'(x)}{g(x)^{2}}}.\end{aligned}}}
lim
k
→
0
1
g
(
x
+
k
)
g
(
x
)
=
1
g
(
x
)
2
{\displaystyle \lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {1}{g(x+k)g(x)}}={\frac {1}{g(x)^{2}}}}
g
(
x
)
{\displaystyle g(x)}
lim
k
→
0
g
(
x
+
k
)
=
g
(
x
)
{\displaystyle \lim _{k\to 0}g(x+k)=g(x)}
Proof using implicit differentiation
Let
h
(
x
)
=
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
,
{\displaystyle h(x)={\frac {f(x)}{g(x)}},}
f
(
x
)
=
g
(
x
)
h
(
x
)
.
{\displaystyle f(x)=g(x)h(x).}
product rule then gives
f
′
(
x
)
=
g
′
(
x
)
h
(
x
)
+
g
(
x
)
h
′
(
x
)
.
{\displaystyle f'(x)=g'(x)h(x)+g(x)h'(x).}
h
′
(
x
)
{\displaystyle h'(x)}
h
(
x
)
{\displaystyle h(x)}
h
′
(
x
)
=
f
′
(
x
)
−
g
′
(
x
)
h
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
f
′
(
x
)
−
g
′
(
x
)
⋅
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
f
′
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
2
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}h'(x)&={\frac {f'(x)-g'(x)h(x)}{g(x)}}\\&={\frac {f'(x)-g'(x)\cdot {\frac {f(x)}{g(x)}}}{g(x)}}\\&={\frac {f'(x)g(x)-f(x)g'(x)}{g(x)^{2}}}.\end{aligned}}}
Proof using the reciprocal rule or chain rule
Let
h
(
x
)
=
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
f
(
x
)
⋅
1
g
(
x
)
.
{\displaystyle h(x)={\frac {f(x)}{g(x)}}=f(x)\cdot {\frac {1}{g(x)}}.}
h
′
(
x
)
=
f
′
(
x
)
⋅
1
g
(
x
)
+
f
(
x
)
⋅
d
d
x
[
1
g
(
x
)
]
.
{\displaystyle h'(x)=f'(x)\cdot {\frac {1}{g(x)}}+f(x)\cdot {\frac {d}{dx}}\left[{\frac {1}{g(x)}}\right].}
reciprocal rule , or the power rule along with the chain rule :
d
d
x
[
1
g
(
x
)
]
=
−
1
g
(
x
)
2
⋅
g
′
(
x
)
=
−
g
′
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
2
.
{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dx}}\left[{\frac {1}{g(x)}}\right]=-{\frac {1}{g(x)^{2}}}\cdot g'(x)={\frac {-g'(x)}{g(x)^{2}}}.}
Substituting the result into the expression gives
h
′
(
x
)
=
f
′
(
x
)
⋅
1
g
(
x
)
+
f
(
x
)
⋅
[
−
g
′
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
2
]
=
f
′
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
2
=
f
′
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
2
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}h'(x)&=f'(x)\cdot {\frac {1}{g(x)}}+f(x)\cdot \left[{\frac {-g'(x)}{g(x)^{2}}}\right]\\&={\frac {f'(x)}{g(x)}}-{\frac {f(x)g'(x)}{g(x)^{2}}}\\&={\frac {f'(x)g(x)-f(x)g'(x)}{g(x)^{2}}}.\end{aligned}}}
Proof by logarithmic differentiation
Let
h
(
x
)
=
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
.
{\displaystyle h(x)={\frac {f(x)}{g(x)}}.}
natural logarithm of both sides of the equation gives
ln
|
h
(
x
)
|
=
ln
|
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
|
{\displaystyle \ln |h(x)|=\ln \left|{\frac {f(x)}{g(x)}}\right|}
ln
|
h
(
x
)
|
=
ln
|
f
(
x
)
|
−
ln
|
g
(
x
)
|
{\displaystyle \ln |h(x)|=\ln |f(x)|-\ln |g(x)|}
logarithmic derivative of both sides,
h
′
(
x
)
h
(
x
)
=
f
′
(
x
)
f
(
x
)
−
g
′
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
{\displaystyle {\frac {h'(x)}{h(x)}}={\frac {f'(x)}{f(x)}}-{\frac {g'(x)}{g(x)}}}
h
′
(
x
)
{\displaystyle h'(x)}
f
(
x
)
/
g
(
x
)
{\displaystyle f(x)/g(x)}
h
(
x
)
{\displaystyle h(x)}
h
′
(
x
)
=
h
(
x
)
[
f
′
(
x
)
f
(
x
)
−
g
′
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
]
=
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
[
f
′
(
x
)
f
(
x
)
−
g
′
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
]
=
f
′
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
2
=
f
′
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
2
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}h'(x)&=h(x)\left[{\frac {f'(x)}{f(x)}}-{\frac {g'(x)}{g(x)}}\right]\\&={\frac {f(x)}{g(x)}}\left[{\frac {f'(x)}{f(x)}}-{\frac {g'(x)}{g(x)}}\right]\\&={\frac {f'(x)}{g(x)}}-{\frac {f(x)g'(x)}{g(x)^{2}}}\\&={\frac {f'(x)g(x)-f(x)g'(x)}{g(x)^{2}}}.\end{aligned}}}
logarithmic differentiation of functions that can have negative values, as logarithms are only defined for positive arguments. This works because
d
d
x
(
ln
|
u
|
)
=
u
′
u
{\displaystyle {\tfrac {d}{dx}}(\ln |u|)={\tfrac {u'}{u}}}
Higher order derivatives
Implicit differentiation can be used to compute the n th derivative of a quotient (partially in terms of its first n − 1
f
=
g
h
{\displaystyle f=gh}
f
″
=
g
″
h
+
2
g
′
h
′
+
g
h
″
{\displaystyle f''=g''h+2g'h'+gh''}
h
″
{\displaystyle h''}
h
″
=
(
f
g
)
″
=
f
″
−
g
″
h
−
2
g
′
h
′
g
.
{\displaystyle h''=\left({\frac {f}{g}}\right)''={\frac {f''-g''h-2g'h'}{g}}.}
See also
References
![{\displaystyle h'(x)={\frac {d}{dx}}\left[{\frac {1}{g(x)}}\right]={\frac {0\cdot g(x)-1\cdot g'(x)}{g(x)^{2}}}={\frac {-g'(x)}{g(x)^{2}}}.}](https://wikimedia.org/enwiki/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d4e609f5e7b44f69edc0c1030bc9ae9d0cb2a104)
![{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}h'(x)&=\lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {h(x+k)-h(x)}{k}}\\&=\lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {{\frac {1}{g(x+k)}}-{\frac {1}{g(x)}}}{k}}\\&=\lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {g(x)-g(x+k)}{k\cdot g(x)g(x+k)}}\\&=\lim _{k\to 0}\left[-{\frac {g(x+k)-g(x)}{k}}\right]\cdot \lim _{k\to 0}\left[{\frac {1}{g(x)g(x+k)}}\right]\\&=-g'(x)\cdot {\frac {1}{g(x)^{2}}}\\&={\frac {-g'(x)}{g(x)^{2}}}.\end{aligned}}}](https://wikimedia.org/enwiki/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ed78895600b915819afafc6129ed3d7d696b487c)
![{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}h'(x)&=\lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {h(x+k)-h(x)}{k}}\\&=\lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {{\frac {f(x+k)}{g(x+k)}}-{\frac {f(x)}{g(x)}}}{k}}\\&=\lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {f(x+k)g(x)-f(x)g(x+k)}{k\cdot g(x)g(x+k)}}\\&=\lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {f(x+k)g(x)-f(x)g(x+k)}{k}}\cdot \lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {1}{g(x)g(x+k)}}\\&=\lim _{k\to 0}\left[{\frac {f(x+k)g(x)-f(x)g(x)+f(x)g(x)-f(x)g(x+k)}{k}}\right]\cdot {\frac {1}{g(x)^{2}}}\\&=\left[\lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {f(x+k)g(x)-f(x)g(x)}{k}}-\lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {f(x)g(x+k)-f(x)g(x)}{k}}\right]\cdot {\frac {1}{g(x)^{2}}}\\&=\left[\lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {f(x+k)-f(x)}{k}}\cdot g(x)-f(x)\cdot \lim _{k\to 0}{\frac {g(x+k)-g(x)}{k}}\right]\cdot {\frac {1}{g(x)^{2}}}\\&={\frac {f'(x)g(x)-f(x)g'(x)}{g(x)^{2}}}.\end{aligned}}}](https://wikimedia.org/enwiki/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/39ff7267ba5a87cdd17ba664f2983de34c26b434)
![{\displaystyle h'(x)=f'(x)\cdot {\frac {1}{g(x)}}+f(x)\cdot {\frac {d}{dx}}\left[{\frac {1}{g(x)}}\right].}](https://wikimedia.org/enwiki/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4eb1ec4c4cd3ce8891ece4a7f4db407fd158470c)
![{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dx}}\left[{\frac {1}{g(x)}}\right]=-{\frac {1}{g(x)^{2}}}\cdot g'(x)={\frac {-g'(x)}{g(x)^{2}}}.}](https://wikimedia.org/enwiki/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3578de83a411d6ecc2753ffb336bbefa818b2508)
![{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}h'(x)&=f'(x)\cdot {\frac {1}{g(x)}}+f(x)\cdot \left[{\frac {-g'(x)}{g(x)^{2}}}\right]\\&={\frac {f'(x)}{g(x)}}-{\frac {f(x)g'(x)}{g(x)^{2}}}\\&={\frac {f'(x)g(x)-f(x)g'(x)}{g(x)^{2}}}.\end{aligned}}}](https://wikimedia.org/enwiki/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b5e48e21734bd7ece53d34d687e5b82ac0fe5a7b)
![{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}h'(x)&=h(x)\left[{\frac {f'(x)}{f(x)}}-{\frac {g'(x)}{g(x)}}\right]\\&={\frac {f(x)}{g(x)}}\left[{\frac {f'(x)}{f(x)}}-{\frac {g'(x)}{g(x)}}\right]\\&={\frac {f'(x)}{g(x)}}-{\frac {f(x)g'(x)}{g(x)^{2}}}\\&={\frac {f'(x)g(x)-f(x)g'(x)}{g(x)^{2}}}.\end{aligned}}}](https://wikimedia.org/enwiki/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a30778dbc5e1cd7b1f21fec351752fc348cb88af)
