Hawarya Krestos: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Member of the higher clergy at the Gondarine court and an Royal chronicler}} |
{{short description|Member of the higher clergy at the Gondarine court and an Royal chronicler}} |
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'''Hawarya Krestos''' (died 4 May 1700) was a member of the [[Gondar]]ine court and royal [[Chronicle|chronicler]]. |
'''Hawarya Krestos''' (died 4 May 1700) was a member of the [[Gondar]]ine court and royal [[Chronicle|chronicler]].<ref name=Annales60/> |
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==Biography== |
==Biography== |
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Hawarya Krestos belonged to the higher clergy ([[Liqawant]]{{refn|group=note|[[Liqawant]] is the [[plural]] word of [[Liq]], and it means chief, senior or a church scholar. It generally denoted a person of authority, a senior in both the spiritual and secular spheres. As men of learning, the [[liqawant]] played an important role in traditional law and the judiciary.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Uhlig |editor-first1=Siegbert |editor-last2=Bausi |editor-first2=Alessandro |date=2003 |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N |work=Liq |publisher= |location=Wiesbaden |page=576 |url=https://books.google.nl/books/about/Encyclopaedia_Aethiopica_He_N.html?id=l4WUdKWGcYsC&redir_esc=y |access-date= |isbn=9783447056076 |issn= |oclc=921905105 }}</ref>}}) in the court of the Gondarine rulers and to the royal counsellors. As such, he held the title of [[Azzaz]].{{refn|group=note|[[Azzaz]] is a common term for civil administrator. During the 17th century Gondarine era, the term was a common one for officials whose duties were to supervise the execution of daily affairs in the various departments of the royal court. All such chiefs were called [[Azzaz]], with some addition to this title to indicate their special function.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Uhlig |editor-first1=Siegbert |editor-last2=Bausi |editor-first2=Alessandro |editor-last3=Yimam |editor-first3=Baye |editor-last4=Crummey |editor-first4=Donald |editor-last5=Goldenberg |editor-first5=Gideon |date=2003 |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |work=Azzaz |publisher=Harrassowitz |location=Wiesbaden |page=422 |url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=-dJyAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR17&dq=encyclopedia+aethiopica+a-c&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjOusOHgLb5AhWYuKQKHafaArYQ6AF6BAgCEAI |access-date= |isbn=9783447047463 |issn= |oclc=722894586 }}</ref> }}<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Uhlig |editor-first1=Siegbert |editor-last2=Bausi |editor-first2=Alessandro |editor-last3=Yimam |editor-first3=Baye |date=2003 |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha |work=Hawarya Krestos |publisher=Harrassowitz |location=Wiesbaden |page=1049 |url=https://books.google.nl/books/about/Encyclopaedia_Aethiopica_D_Ha.html?id=oFhyAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |access-date= |isbn=9783447052382 |issn= |oclc= }}</ref> |
Hawarya Krestos belonged to the higher clergy ([[Liqawant]]{{refn|group=note|[[Liqawant]] is the [[plural]] word of [[Liq]], and it means chief, senior or a church scholar. It generally denoted a person of authority, a senior in both the spiritual and secular spheres. As men of learning, the [[liqawant]] played an important role in traditional law and the judiciary.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Uhlig |editor-first1=Siegbert |editor-last2=Bausi |editor-first2=Alessandro |date=2003 |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N |work=Liq |publisher= |location=Wiesbaden |page=576 |url=https://books.google.nl/books/about/Encyclopaedia_Aethiopica_He_N.html?id=l4WUdKWGcYsC&redir_esc=y |access-date= |isbn=9783447056076 |issn= |oclc=921905105 }}</ref>}}) in the court of the Gondarine rulers and to the royal counsellors. As such, he held the title of [[Azzaz]].{{refn|group=note|[[Azzaz]] is a common term for civil administrator. During the 17th century Gondarine era, the term was a common one for officials whose duties were to supervise the execution of daily affairs in the various departments of the royal court. All such chiefs were called [[Azzaz]], with some addition to this title to indicate their special function.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Uhlig |editor-first1=Siegbert |editor-last2=Bausi |editor-first2=Alessandro |editor-last3=Yimam |editor-first3=Baye |editor-last4=Crummey |editor-first4=Donald |editor-last5=Goldenberg |editor-first5=Gideon |date=2003 |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |work=Azzaz |publisher=Harrassowitz |location=Wiesbaden |page=422 |url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=-dJyAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR17&dq=encyclopedia+aethiopica+a-c&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjOusOHgLb5AhWYuKQKHafaArYQ6AF6BAgCEAI |access-date= |isbn=9783447047463 |issn= |oclc=722894586 }}</ref> }}<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Uhlig |editor-first1=Siegbert |editor-last2=Bausi |editor-first2=Alessandro |editor-last3=Yimam |editor-first3=Baye |date=2003 |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha |work=Hawarya Krestos |publisher=Harrassowitz |location=Wiesbaden |page=1049 |url=https://books.google.nl/books/about/Encyclopaedia_Aethiopica_D_Ha.html?id=oFhyAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |access-date= |isbn=9783447052382 |issn= |oclc= }}</ref> |
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[[Yohannes I]] died on 19 July 1682 and Iyasu ascended the throne, with the [[serag masare]] [[Malkea Krestos]] putting the crown on his head. The [[Tsehafi Taezaz]]'s (Hawarya Krestos and [[Walda Haymanot]]) sent sealed letters to various countries to announce the death of [[Yohannes I]], and that the reign of his son [[Iyasu I]] has begun.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alāf Sagad |first=Zenahu la negus negast |date=1955 |title=Annales Iohannis I, Iyāsu I, Bakāffā |url=https://archive.org/details/annalesiohannisi0022znhl_5/page/60/mode/2up |location= |publisher=Louvain L. Durbecq |quote-pages=60-61 |isbn= |oclc=1244212657 |quote=Le seräg masare Malke’a Krestos mit la couronne sur sa tête; lanai Hawarya Krestos et l’azai Walda Haymanot, qui étaient sahafe te’zaz, envoyèrent dans les divers pays des lettres scellées pour annoncer que son père Ÿohannes élait mort, et que le fils de celui- ci régnait à sa place. li n'y eut pas alors de trouble ni de confusion dans la capitale ou dans le pays; mais la tranquillité, le calme et la paix régnèrent parlout, comme auparavant. |trans-quote=The seräg masare Malke'a Krestos put the crown on his head; lanai Hawarya Krestos and the azai Walda Haymanot, who were sahafe te'zaz, sent sealed letters to the various countries to announce that his father Ÿohannes was dead, and that his son reigned in his place. There was then no trouble or confusion in the capital or in the country; but tranquility, calm and peace reigned everywhere, as before. }}</ref> |
[[Yohannes I]] died on 19 July 1682 and Iyasu ascended the throne, with the [[serag masare]]{{refn|group=note|[[Serag masare]] was one of the highest offical court titles. During the Gondarine era, the [[serag masare]] was a palace official whose was responsible for activities including the planning, hosting, and presiding of ceremonial events for visiting chiefs of regions and heads of monasteries and parishes, as well as coordinating logistics for the visits. He arranged itineraries for for foreign dignitaries visiting Ethiopia and accompanied the emperor on all official travel. During the coronation, the [[serag masare]] took part in the coronation rituals by offering oil to the metropolitan and to invest the new emperor with the crown and royal vestments.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |last2=Bausi |first2=Alessandro |last3=Yimam |first3=Baye |date=2010 |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: O-X |work=Serag masare |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |location=Wiesbaden |pages=630-631 |url=https://books.google.nl/books/about/Encyclopaedia_Aethiopica.html?id=t8VHAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y |access-date= |isbn=978-3-447-06246-6 |issn= |oclc=}}{{refend}}</ref>}} [[Malkea Krestos]] putting the crown on his head. The [[Tsehafi Taezaz]]'s (Hawarya Krestos and [[Walda Haymanot]]) sent sealed letters to various countries to announce the death of [[Yohannes I]], and that the reign of his son [[Iyasu I]] has begun.<ref name=Annales60>{{cite book |last=Alāf Sagad |first=Zenahu la negus negast |date=1955 |title=Annales Iohannis I, Iyāsu I, Bakāffā |url=https://archive.org/details/annalesiohannisi0022znhl_5/page/60/mode/2up |location= |publisher=Louvain L. Durbecq |quote-pages=60-61 |isbn= |oclc=1244212657 |quote=Le seräg masare Malke’a Krestos mit la couronne sur sa tête; lanai Hawarya Krestos et l’azai Walda Haymanot, qui étaient sahafe te’zaz, envoyèrent dans les divers pays des lettres scellées pour annoncer que son père Ÿohannes élait mort, et que le fils de celui- ci régnait à sa place. li n'y eut pas alors de trouble ni de confusion dans la capitale ou dans le pays; mais la tranquillité, le calme et la paix régnèrent parlout, comme auparavant. |trans-quote=The seräg masare Malke'a Krestos put the crown on his head; lanai Hawarya Krestos and the azai Walda Haymanot, who were sahafe te'zaz, sent sealed letters to the various countries to announce that his father Ÿohannes was dead, and that his son reigned in his place. There was then no trouble or confusion in the capital or in the country; but tranquility, calm and peace reigned everywhere, as before. }}</ref> |
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== Notes== |
== Notes== |
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Revision as of 03:33, 22 February 2023
Hawarya Krestos (died 4 May 1700) was a member of the Gondarine court and royal chronicler.[1]
Biography
Hawarya Krestos belonged to the higher clergy (Liqawant[note 1]) in the court of the Gondarine rulers and to the royal counsellors. As such, he held the title of Azzaz.[note 2][4]
Yohannes I died on 19 July 1682 and Iyasu ascended the throne, with the serag masare[note 3] Malkea Krestos putting the crown on his head. The Tsehafi Taezaz's (Hawarya Krestos and Walda Haymanot) sent sealed letters to various countries to announce the death of Yohannes I, and that the reign of his son Iyasu I has begun.[1]
Notes
- ^ Liqawant is the plural word of Liq, and it means chief, senior or a church scholar. It generally denoted a person of authority, a senior in both the spiritual and secular spheres. As men of learning, the liqawant played an important role in traditional law and the judiciary.[2]
- ^ Azzaz is a common term for civil administrator. During the 17th century Gondarine era, the term was a common one for officials whose duties were to supervise the execution of daily affairs in the various departments of the royal court. All such chiefs were called Azzaz, with some addition to this title to indicate their special function.[3]
- ^ Serag masare was one of the highest offical court titles. During the Gondarine era, the serag masare was a palace official whose was responsible for activities including the planning, hosting, and presiding of ceremonial events for visiting chiefs of regions and heads of monasteries and parishes, as well as coordinating logistics for the visits. He arranged itineraries for for foreign dignitaries visiting Ethiopia and accompanied the emperor on all official travel. During the coronation, the serag masare took part in the coronation rituals by offering oil to the metropolitan and to invest the new emperor with the crown and royal vestments.[5]
References
- ^ a b Alāf Sagad, Zenahu la negus negast (1955). Annales Iohannis I, Iyāsu I, Bakāffā. Louvain L. Durbecq. OCLC 1244212657. pp. 60–61:
Le seräg masare Malke'a Krestos mit la couronne sur sa tête; lanai Hawarya Krestos et l'azai Walda Haymanot, qui étaient sahafe te'zaz, envoyèrent dans les divers pays des lettres scellées pour annoncer que son père Ÿohannes élait mort, et que le fils de celui- ci régnait à sa place. li n'y eut pas alors de trouble ni de confusion dans la capitale ou dans le pays; mais la tranquillité, le calme et la paix régnèrent parlout, comme auparavant.
[The seräg masare Malke'a Krestos put the crown on his head; lanai Hawarya Krestos and the azai Walda Haymanot, who were sahafe te'zaz, sent sealed letters to the various countries to announce that his father Ÿohannes was dead, and that his son reigned in his place. There was then no trouble or confusion in the capital or in the country; but tranquility, calm and peace reigned everywhere, as before.] - ^ Uhlig, Siegbert; Bausi, Alessandro, eds. (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N. Wiesbaden. p. 576. ISBN 9783447056076. OCLC 921905105.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Uhlig, Siegbert; Bausi, Alessandro; Yimam, Baye; Crummey, Donald; Goldenberg, Gideon, eds. (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 422. ISBN 9783447047463. OCLC 722894586.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Uhlig, Siegbert; Bausi, Alessandro; Yimam, Baye, eds. (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 1049. ISBN 9783447052382.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Uhlig, Siegbert; Bausi, Alessandro; Yimam, Baye (2010). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: O-X. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 630–631. ISBN 978-3-447-06246-6.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)
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