Lahnda: Difference between revisions
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==Development== |
==Development== |
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Saraiki and Hindko have been cultivated as literary languages.<ref name="Shackle 2010">{{cite book|last=Shackle|first=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Shackle|chapter=Lahnda|page=635|year=2010|editor1-last=Brown|editor1-first=Keith|editor2-last=Ogilvie|editor2-first=Sarah|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|location=Oxford|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780080877754}}</ref> The development of the standard written Saraiki began in the 1960s.{{sfn|Rahman|1997|p=838}}{{sfn|Shackle|1977}} The national census of Pakistan has counted Saraiki and Hindko speakers since 1981.{{sfn|Javaid|2004|p=46}} |
Saraiki and Hindko have been cultivated as literary languages.<ref name="Shackle 2010">{{cite book|last=Shackle|first=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Shackle|chapter=Lahnda|page=635|year=2010|editor1-last=Brown|editor1-first=Keith|editor2-last=Ogilvie|editor2-first=Sarah|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|location=Oxford|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780080877754}}</ref> The development of the standard written Saraiki began in the 1960s.{{sfn|Rahman|1997|p=838}}{{sfn|Shackle|1977}} The national census of Pakistan has counted Saraiki and Hindko speakers since 1981.{{sfn|Javaid|2004|p=46}} |
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==Classification== |
==Classification== |
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Lahnda has several traits that distinguish it from Punjabi, such as a future tense in ''-s-''. Like [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], Siraiki retains breathy-voiced consonants, has developed implosives, and lacks tone. Hindko, also called ''Panjistani'' or (ambiguously) ''Pahari'', is more like Punjabi in this regard, though the equivalent of the low-rising tone of Punjabi is a high-falling tone in Peshawar Hindko.<ref name="Shackle 2010" /> |
Lahnda has several traits that distinguish it from Punjabi, such as a future tense in ''-s-''. Like [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], Siraiki retains breathy-voiced consonants, has developed implosives, and lacks tone. Hindko, also called ''Panjistani'' or (ambiguously) ''Pahari'', is more like Punjabi in this regard, though the equivalent of the low-rising tone of Punjabi is a high-falling tone in Peshawar Hindko.<ref name="Shackle 2010" /> |
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== Bibliography == |
== Bibliography == |
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* {{cite journal|last = Javaid|first = Umbreen|year = 2004|url = http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/english/Online_contents/Vol.%20XL%20No.2%20JRH%20July%202004.pdf|title = Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab|journal = Journal of Research (Humanities)|volume=40|issue=2|pages=45–55|location=Lahore|publisher = Department of English Language & Literature, University of the Punjab}} (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.) |
* {{cite journal|last = Javaid|first = Umbreen|year = 2004|url = http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/english/Online_contents/Vol.%20XL%20No.2%20JRH%20July%202004.pdf|title = Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab|journal = Journal of Research (Humanities)|volume=40|issue=2|pages=45–55|location=Lahore|publisher = Department of English Language & Literature, University of the Punjab}} (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.) |
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*{{Cite book| last = Masica| first = Colin P.|author-link = Colin Masica| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| series = Cambridge language surveys| date = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-23420-7}} |
* {{Cite book| last = Masica| first = Colin P.|author-link = Colin Masica| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| series = Cambridge language surveys| date = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-23420-7}} |
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*{{cite journal| last = Rahman| first = Tariq| author-link = Tariq Rahman| year = 1997| title = Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan| journal = Asian Survey| volume = 37| issue =9| pages = 833–839| doi=10.2307/2645700| jstor = 2645700}} |
* {{cite journal| last = Rahman| first = Tariq| author-link = Tariq Rahman| year = 1997| title = Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan| journal = Asian Survey| volume = 37| issue =9| pages = 833–839| doi=10.2307/2645700| jstor = 2645700}} |
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*{{ |
* {{cite journal| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| title = Siraiki: A Language Movement in Pakistan| journal = Modern Asian Studies| issn = 0026-749X| volume = 11| issue = 3| pages = 379–403| date = 1977| jstor = 311504| doi=10.1017/s0026749x00014190| s2cid = 144829301}} |
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*{{ |
* {{cite journal| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| title = Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab| journal = Transactions of the Philological Society| date = 1979| doi = 10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x| issn = 0079-1636| volume = 77| issue = 1| pages = 191–210}} |
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== Further reading == |
== Further reading == |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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*[http://llmap.org/assets/maps/LinguisticSurveyIndia/lahnpanj.jpg Map of Lahnda dialects] from [[G.A. Grierson|Grierson's]] early 20th-century [[Linguistic Survey of India]] |
* [http://llmap.org/assets/maps/LinguisticSurveyIndia/lahnpanj.jpg Map of Lahnda dialects] from [[G.A. Grierson|Grierson's]] early 20th-century [[Linguistic Survey of India]] |
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{{Punjabi dialects}} |
{{Punjabi dialects}} |
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Revision as of 15:04, 22 February 2023
| Lahnda | |
|---|---|
| Region | Western Punjab region |
| Perso-Arabic (Shahmukhi alphabet) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | lah |
| ISO 639-3 | lah |
Lahnda (/ˈlɑːndə/;[1] لہندا), also known as Lahndi or Western Punjabi, is a group of north-western Indo-Aryan language varieties spoken in parts of Pakistan and India. It is defined in the ISO 639 standard as a "macrolanguage"[2] and as a "series of dialects" in Masica (1991, pp. 17–18).[a] Its validity as a genetic grouping is not certain.[3] Terms like Lahnda or Western Punjabi are exonyms employed by linguists, and are not used by the speakers themselves.[4]
Lahnda includes the following languages: Saraiki (spoken mostly in southern Pakistani Punjab by about 26 million people), the diverse varieties of Hindko (with almost five million speakers in north-western Punjab and neighbouring regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, especially Hazara), Pahari/Pothwari (3.5 million speakers in north-central Punjab, Azad Kashmir and parts of Indian Jammu and Kashmir), Khetrani (20,000 speakers in Balochistan), and Inku (a possibly extinct language of Afghanistan).[citation needed] Ethnologue also subsumes under Lahnda a group of varieties that it labels as "Western Punjabi" (ISO 639-3 code: pnb) – the Majhi dialects transitional between Lahnda and Eastern Punjabi; these are spoken by about 66 million people.[2][5]
Name
Lahnda means "western" in Punjabi. It was coined by William St. Clair Tisdall (in the form Lahindā) probably around 1890 and later adopted by a number of linguists — notably George Abraham Grierson — for a dialect group that had no general local name.[6]: 883 This term has currency only among linguists.[3]
Development
Saraiki and Hindko have been cultivated as literary languages.[7] The development of the standard written Saraiki began in the 1960s.[8][9] The national census of Pakistan has counted Saraiki and Hindko speakers since 1981.[10]
Classification
Lahnda has several traits that distinguish it from Punjabi, such as a future tense in -s-. Like Sindhi, Siraiki retains breathy-voiced consonants, has developed implosives, and lacks tone. Hindko, also called Panjistani or (ambiguously) Pahari, is more like Punjabi in this regard, though the equivalent of the low-rising tone of Punjabi is a high-falling tone in Peshawar Hindko.[7]
Sindhi, Lahnda and Punjabi form a dialect continuum with no clear-cut boundaries. Ethnologue classifies the western dialects of Punjabi as Lahnda, so that the Lahnda–Punjabi isogloss approximates the Pakistani–Indian border.[11]
Notes
- ^ For the difficulties in assigning the labels "language" and "dialect", see Shackle (1979) for Punjabi and Masica (1991, pp. 23–27) for Indo-Aryan generally.
References
- ^ "Lahnda". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ a b Lahnda at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
- ^ a b Masica 1991, p. 18.
- ^ Masica 1991, p. 17–18.
- ^ Shackle 1979, p. 198.
- ^ Grierson, George A. (1930). "Lahndā and Lahndī". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 5 (4): 883–887. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00090571. S2CID 160784067.
- ^ a b Shackle, Christopher (2010). "Lahnda". In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Oxford: Elsevier. p. 635. ISBN 9780080877754.
- ^ Rahman 1997, p. 838.
- ^ Shackle 1977.
- ^ Javaid 2004, p. 46.
- ^ Lahnda at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Bibliography
- Javaid, Umbreen (2004). "Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab" (PDF). Journal of Research (Humanities). 40 (2). Lahore: Department of English Language & Literature, University of the Punjab: 45–55. (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)
- Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7.
- Rahman, Tariq (1997). "Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan". Asian Survey. 37 (9): 833–839. doi:10.2307/2645700. JSTOR 2645700.
- Shackle, Christopher (1977). "Siraiki: A Language Movement in Pakistan". Modern Asian Studies. 11 (3): 379–403. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00014190. ISSN 0026-749X. JSTOR 311504. S2CID 144829301.
- Shackle, Christopher (1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab". Transactions of the Philological Society. 77 (1): 191–210. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x. ISSN 0079-1636.
Further reading
- Singh Gill, Harjeet (1973). Linguistic Atlas Of The Punjab. Department of Anthropological Linguistics, Punjabi University, Patiala. p. 205.
- Chandra, Duni (1964). ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਦਾ ਵਿਆਕਰਣ. Publication Bureau, Panjab University, Chandigarh. p. 290.
- Bhardwaj, Mangat Rai (2016). Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge. p. 487. ISBN 978-1-315-76080-3.
- Malik, Moazzam Ali; Abbas, Furrakh; Noreen, Khadija (2020). "A comparative study of acoustic cues of Punjabi velar plosives in Majhi and Lehandi". Hamdard Islamicus. 43 (2): 1564–1571.
- Hussain, Qandeel (2022). "Phonation differences in the stop laryngeal contrasts of Jangli (Indo-Aryan)". (Formal) Approaches to South Asian Languages. 1 (1).
- Karamat, Nayyara (2001). "Phonemic Inventory of Punjabi". Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing: 179–188. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.1248.
- Malik, Moazzam Ali; Kokub, Iqra (2020). "Segmental study of Punjabi glottal fricative /H/". Competitive Linguistic Research Journal. 2 (1): 1–17.
External links
- Map of Lahnda dialects from Grierson's early 20th-century Linguistic Survey of India
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