Environmental epigenetics: Difference between revisions
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Environmental epigenetics
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Lead
Environmental epigenetics is a category of epigenetics that deals with how external factors can influence gene expression on a developing embryo[1]. The way that the genes are expressed may be passed down to offspring, but the environmental influences do not change the genome.
Article body
During embryonic development, gene expression is determined by epigenetics, which in turn determines phenotype. When the fetus is still developing, external factors that exclude lifestyle choices genes are turned on and off depending on the degree of exposure. When certain genes are turned on and off it increases the risk of developmental diseases or abnormal phenotypes. Environmental influence on epigenetics is highly variable and risks detrimental diseases being expressed at both early and adult life stages[2].
Environmental Triggers for Epigenetic Change
Mechanisms Influencing Epigenetics
DNA Methylation
see also DNA methylation
One mechanism in the modification and expression of genes is DNA methylation, the process of adding a methyl group to a cytosine base on a specific enzyme via covalent bond. [3] These additions can also be reversed in a process known as demethylation. The addition or removal
of a methyl group to the cytosine bases can attract proteins involved in gene repression or inhibit the binding on transcription factors, thus altering the overall genome. [4]
Acetylation
see also Acetylation
Acetylation is a reaction that introduces an acetyl functional group into an organic chemical compound. mainly the substitution of the acetyl group for a hydrogen atom. While deacetylation is the removal of an acetyl group from an organic chemical compound. This correlates to metabolic pathways in the body and metabolism is an extremely important topic when relating to epigenetics.
References
- ^ academic.oup.com. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.109.080952 https://academic.oup.com/biolreprod/article-lookup/doi/10.1095/biolreprod.109.080952. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ academic.oup.com https://academic.oup.com/ilarjournal/article/53/3-4/289/654435#11295162. Retrieved 2023-02-12.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Miller, Rachel L.; Ho, Shuk-mei (2008-03-15). "Environmental Epigenetics and Asthma". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 177 (6): 567–573. doi:10.1164/rccm.200710-1511pp. ISSN 1073-449X. PMC 2267336. PMID 18187692.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Moore, Lisa D.; Le, Thuc; Fan, Guoping (2013-01). "DNA Methylation and Its Basic Function". Neuropsychopharmacology. 38 (1): 23–38. doi:10.1038/npp.2012.112. ISSN 1740-634X.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)
4. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/acetylation retrieved 2023-03-01