Leprechaun

This article is about the creature in Irish mythology. For manifestations in popular culture, see Leprechauns in popular culture.

A modern stereotypical depiction of a Leprechaun of the type popularised in the 20th Century.

In Irish mythology, a leprechaun (Modern Irish: leipreachán) is a type of male faerie said to inhabit the island of Ireland. They are a class of "faerie folk" associated in Irish mythology and folklore, as with all faeries, with the Tuatha Dé Danann and other quasi-historical peoples said to have inhabited Ireland before the arrival of the Celts. They are to be found in the north of the island, in a small village called Carnlough. There every 1st August the locals catch them and make them drink whiskey until the winner declares "feck-it" Irish for "the festival has ended".

Leprechauns and other creatures of Irish mythology are often associated with "faerie forts" or "faerie rings" — often the sites of ancient (Celtic or pre-Celtic) earthworks or drumlins.

They usually take the form of old men who enjoy partaking in mischief, generally throwing stones at children and riding on the backs of stray dogs. Their trade is that of a cobbler or shoemaker. They are said to be very rich, having many treasure crocks buried during war-time.^[1] According to legend, if anyone keeps an eye fixed upon one, he cannot escape, but the moment the eye is withdrawn he vanishes. However this is widely regarded to be untrue as once a leprechaun is induced to drink whiskey his powers of disappearing are greatly inhibited and if tickled in such an inebriated state they will soil themselves. This gives rise to the popular Carnlough phrase "Tickle me once fair play, add whiskey tickle me no nae!"

The average Leprechaun family has between 2-9 children, who are weaned on whiskey from an early age, in most cases, as young as five. It is also customary for the grandmother (on the side of the male) to live with her son and family, to perform the traditional morning task of 'fecking' the children (the equivalent of getting a childs wind up). One local resident of carnlough, Mr Gary Patterson, is rumored to have fifteen Leprechauns employed in his whiskey distillery, where they are used as chief whiskey tasters. If the whiskey does not pass the test of these Leprechauns, it is thrown 'to feck' (a supposedly bottomless pit in the disused quarry region to the rear of carnlough village). The highest quality produce of Mr. Pattersons distillery, is available in the local public house, 'cheyannes' (derived from the irish phrase 'cheyrra nmhanne' which roughly translates as 'house of the small and drunken'

The days following the aforementioned August 1st festival is known in Irish as 'bmhunr na gailleha fhorrhas' anglicised to 'the days of ill feeling and migrane' (reference to the severe hang-overs suffered by the Leprechaun population of carnlough after the whiskey drinking festival) In 1978 the infamous night of the "Revolt of the leprechauns" occured in Carnlough, on the 250th 1st August Festival. On that fateful night a fight broke out among the 2 main factions of leprechauns, the O'Ballacks and the McGingers over who could drink the biggest bottle of whiskey. The fight quickly escalated and 10 leprechauns were brutally slain by the gun totting O Ballacks who fired indiscriminately into a public house. No leprechaun has been charged with these murders to date. It is thought that intimidation is preventing some leprechauns from going to the police.

Etymology

There are a number of possible etymologies of the name "leprechaun". One of the most widely accepted theories is that the name comes from the Irish Gaelic word leipreachán, defined by Dinneen as "a pigmy, a sprite, a leprechaun; for luchorpán"; the latter word Dinneen defines as "a pigmy, a leprechaun; 'a kind of aqueous sprite'";^[2] this word has also been identified as meaning "half-bodied", or "small-bodied". This is the etymology given in the Collins English Dictionary.^[3]

The word which is widely believed to be the root and one of the ones quoted by the Oxford English Dictionary is luchorpán. An alternative derivation for the name and another one quoted by the Oxford English Dictionary, is leath bhrógan, meaning shoe-maker — the leprechaun is known as the fairy shoemaker of Ireland and is often portrayed working on a single shoe.^[4]

A leprechaun counts his gold, in this engraving circa 1900.

Another derivation has the word "leprechaun" deriving from luch-chromain, meaning "little stooping Lugh", Lugh being the name of a leader of the Tuatha Dé Danann.^[5]

The word leprechaun was first recorded used in the English language in 1604 in Middleton and Dekker's The Honest Whore as lubrican. The original meaning was of some kind of spirit and not specifically associated with the Irish mythological character:^[6]

"As for your Irish Lubrican, that spirit

Whom by preposterous charms thy lust has raised." ^[7]

Some alternative spellings of the word leprechaun that have been used throughout the ages are; leprechawn, lepracaun and lubberkin. The word leprehaun has also been used.

Mythology

Leprechauns rarely appear in what would be classed as a folk tale; in almost all cases the interest of these stories centres round a human hero. Stories about leprechauns are generally very brief and generally have local names and scenery attached to them. The tales are usually told conversationally as any other occurrence might be told, whereas there is a certain solemnity about the repetition of a folk-tale proper.

In most tales and stories leprechauns are depicted as generally harmless creatures who enjoy solitude and live in remote locations, although opinion is divided as to if they ever enjoy the company of other spirits. Although rarely seen in social situations, leprechauns are supposedly very well spoken and, if ever spoken to, could make good conversation.

A leprechaun is shown crafting shoes in this Engraving made in 1858. In previous years leprechauns had a less homogenised appearance.

Among the most popular of beliefs about leprechauns is that they are extremely wealthy and like to hide their gold in secret locations, which can only be revealed if a person were to actually capture and interrogate a leprechaun for its money.

By nature, leprechauns are said to be ill-natured and mischievous, with a mind for cunning. Many tales present the leprechaun as outwitting a human, as in the following examples.

Examples of tales involving leprechauns

A farmer or young lad captures a leprechaun and forces him to reveal the location of his buried treasure. The leprechaun assures him that the treasure is buried in an open field beneath a particular ragwort plant. The farmer ties a red ribbon to the plant, first extracting a promise from the leprechaun not to remove the ribbon. Releasing the leprechaun, he leaves to get a shovel. Upon his return he finds that every weed in the field has been tied with an identical red ribbon, thus making it impossible to find the treasure.^[8][9]

In another story, a young girl finds a leprechaun and bids him show her the location of his buried money. She takes him up in her hand and sets out to find the treasure, but all of a sudden she hears a loud buzzing behind her. The leprechaun shouts at her that she is being chased by a swarm of bees, but when she looks around there are no bees and the leprechaun has vanished.^[10]

In other stories they are told of riding shepherds' dogs through the night, leaving the dogs exhausted and dirty in the morning. It is said that at the end of a rainbow, you may find a leprechaun and his treasured pot of gold.

Appearance

The leprechaun originally had a different appearance depending on where in Ireland he was found.^[11] Prior to the 20th century, it was generally agreed that the leprechaun wore red and not green. Samuel Lover, writing in the 1831 describes the leprechaun as,

... quite a beau in his dress, notwithstanding, for he wears a red square-cut coat, richly laced with gold, waistcoat and inexpressible of the same, cocked hat, shoes and buckles.^[12]

Yeats, in his 1888 book entitled Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry describes the leprechaun as follows:

He is something of a dandy, and dresses in a red coat with seven rows of buttons, seven buttons on each row, and wears a cocked-hat, upon whose pointed end he is wont in the north-eastern counties, according to McAnally, to spin like a top when the fit seizes him.^[13]

In a poem entitled The Lepracaun; or, Fairy Shoemaker, the 18th century Irish poet William Allingham describes the appearance of the leprechaun as:

A cluricaun with a jug of wine. The cluricaun is often confused with the leprechaun.

...A wrinkled, wizen'd, and bearded Elf,

Spectacles stuck on his pointed nose,

Silver buckles to his hose,

Leather apron - shoe in his lap... ^[14]

Some commentators accuse Allingham of leaving the legacy of the modern image of the leprechaun described below. ^[15]

The modern image of the leprechaun is almost invariant: he is depicted wearing an emerald green frock coat, and bestowed with the knowledge of the location of buried treasure, often in a crock of gold.

Related creatures

The leprechaun is related to the clurichaun and the far darrig in that he is a solitary creature. Some writers even go as far as to substitute these second two less well-known spirits for the leprechaun in stories or tales to reach a wider audience. The cluricaun is considered by some to be merely a leprechaun on a spree ^[16].

In politics

In the politics of the Republic of Ireland, leprechauns have been used to refer to the twee aspects of the tourist industry in Ireland ^{[17] [18]}. This can be seen from this example of John A. Costello addressing the Oireachtas in 1963:

For many years, we were afflicted with the miserable trivialities of our tourist advertising. Sometimes it descended to the lowest depths, to the caubeen and the shillelagh, not to speak of the leprechaun. ^[19]

Leprechauns have also been used in jokes regarding fiscal irresponsibility, the idea being that the politician or political party being attacked has found a pot of gold, or is going to ask a leprechaun for the location of such a pot, accommodating their spending.

The term leprechaun language, has been used by some Unionists in Northern Ireland, and is a pejorative for the Irish language.^[20][21]

Popular culture

Main article: Leprechauns in popular culture

Movies, television cartoons and advertising have popularized a specific image of leprechauns which bears scant resemblance to anything found in the cycles of Irish mythology. Many Irish people find the popularised image of a leprechaun to be little more than a series of offensive Irish stereotypes and a trivialisation of Ireland's rich and ancient culture.

The stereotypical image of a leprechaun bedecked in green is particularly strong in the United States, where it is widely used for a variety of purposes, both commercial and non-commercial.

See also

• Clurichaun ("cousin" of the Leprechaun)
• Far darrig
• Kallikantzaros
• Menehune
• Sprite (creature)
• Cultural appropriation

Notes

1. ^ From Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry.
2. ^ Dinneen, Patrick, Foclóir Gaedhilge agus Béarla, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, 1927
3. ^ Hanks, Patrick, ed. Collins Dictionary of the English Language, London: William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd, 1979
4. ^ Oxford English Dictionary (full ed.) (1989).
5. ^ Ireland Now - The Leprechauns.
6. ^ Oxford English Dictionary (full ed.) (1989).
7. ^ The Fairy Mythology by Thomas Keightley - Ireland
8. ^ The Field of Boliauns - A typical tale involving a leprechaun printed in the 1800s.
9. ^ Clever Tom and the Leprechaun
10. ^ The Leprechaun in the Garden
11. ^ Little Guy Style
12. ^ From Legends and Stories of Ireland
13. ^ From Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry.
14. ^ William Allingham - The Leprechaun
15. ^ Criticism of William Allingham's The Fairies
16. ^ From Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry.
17. ^ Dáil Éireann - Volume 495 - 20 October, 1998 - Tourist Traffic Bill, 1998: Second Stage.
18. ^ Dáil Éireann - Volume 206 - 11 December, 1963 Committee on Finance. - Vote 13—An Chomhairle Ealaoín.
19. ^ Dáil Éireann - Volume 206 - 11 December, 1963 Committee on Finance. - Vote 13—An Chomhairle Ealaoín.
20. ^ Republican Sinn Féin - AN GHAEILGE Why it is so important
21. ^ Celtic League - Press Release - PSNI Not 'On Message' over Language Rights

Further reading

• Croker, T. C. (1862) Fairy Legends and Traditions of the South of Ireland
• Yeats, W. B. (1888) Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry — available online here
• McAnally, D. R. (1900) The Leprechawn
• Lover, S. (1831) Legends and Stories of Ireland — available online here
• Hyde, D. (1910) Beside The Fire — available online here
• Keightley, T. (1870) The Fairy Mythology: Illustrative of the Romance and Superstition of Various Countries — available online here
• Wilde, F. S. (1887) Ancient Legends, Mystic Charms, and Superstitions of Ireland — available online here

External links

• The Leprechaun Companion (an illustrated guide)