Alma-Ata Protocol: Difference between revisions

Alma-Ata Protocol
Type	Treaty establishing a founding declarations and principles of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
Signed	21 December 1991
Location	Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, Soviet Union
Effective	21 December 1991
Signatories	Russia: Boris Yeltsin; Belarus: Stanislav Shushkevich; Ukraine: Leonid Kravchuk; Armenia: Levon Ter-Petrosyan; Azerbaijan: Ayaz Mutallibov; Kazakhstan: Nursultan Nazarbayev; Kyrgyzstan: Askar Akayev; Moldova: Mircea Snegur; Tajikistan: Rahmon Nabiyev; Turkmenistan: Saparmurat Niyazov; Uzbekistan: Islam Karimov;

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The Alma-Ata Protocols were the founding declarations and principles of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus had agreed to the Belovezha Accords on 8 December 1991, declaring the Soviet Union dissolved and forming the CIS. On 21 December 1991, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan agreed to the Alma-Ata Protocols, formally establishing the CIS. The latter agreement included the original three Belavezha signatories, as well as eight additional former Soviet republics. Georgia was the only former republic that did not participate while Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia refused to do so as according to their governments, the Baltic states were illegally incorporated into the USSR in 1940.^[1]

The protocols consisted of a declaration, three agreements and separate appendices. In addition, Marshal Yevgeny Shaposhnikov was confirmed as acting Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Separate treaty was signed between Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine "About mutual measures in regards to nuclear weapons".^[2]

The Alma-Ata Protocols removed any doubt that the Soviet Union no longer existed "as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality" (in the words of the Belovezha Accords' preamble), since 11 of the 12 remaining republics had declared that the Soviet Union had dissolved. The signatories preemptively accepted the resignation of Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, who told CBS News that he would resign when he saw the CIS was a reality.^[3] Gorbachev resigned on 25 December, and the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR voted the Soviet Union out of existence on 26 December.

Agreement on Councils of Heads of State and Government

A provisional agreement on the membership and conduct of Councils of Heads of State and Government was concluded between the members of the Commonwealth of Independent States on 30 December 1991.

Agreement on strategic forces

Concluded between the 11 members of the Commonwealth of Independent States on 30 December 1991.^{[citation needed]}

Agreement on armed forces and border troops

Concluded between the members of the Commonwealth of Independent States on 30 December 1991.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ "THE ALMA-ATA DECLARATION". Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Belarus / Appendix C. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 22 January 2001.
^ (Угода про спільні заходи щодо ядерної зброї). Verkhovna Rada. 21 December 1991
^ Clines, Francis X. (22 December 1991). "11 Soviet States Form Commonwealth Without Clearly Defining Its Powers". The New York Times.

External links

[1] "THE ALMA-ATA DECLARATION". Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Belarus / Appendix C. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 22 January 2001.

[2] (Угода про спільні заходи щодо ядерної зброї). Verkhovna Rada. 21 December 1991

[3] Clines, Francis X. (22 December 1991). "11 Soviet States Form Commonwealth Without Clearly Defining Its Powers". The New York Times.

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-The '''Alma-Ata Protocols''' were the founding declarations and principles of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS). The leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus had agreed to the [[Belovezh Accords]] on 8 December 1991, declaring the Soviet Unio. [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolved]] and forming the CIS.  On 21 December 1991, [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Belarus]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Moldova]], [[Russia]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Ukraine]], and [[Uzbekistan]] agreed to the Alma-Ata Protocols, formally establishing the CIS.  The latter agreement included the original three Belavezha signatories, as well as eight additional former Soviet republics. [[Republic of Georgia|Georgia]] was the only former republic that did not participate while [[Lithuania]], [[Latvia]] and [[Estonia]] refused to do so as according to their governments, the Baltic states were illegally incorporated into the USSR in 1940.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/belarus/by_appnc.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010122033300/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/belarus/by_appnc.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 22 January 2001|title = THE ALMA-ATA DECLARATION|website = Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Belarus / Appendix C|publisher = Library of Congress}}</ref>
+The '''Alma-Ata Protocols''' were the founding declarations and principles of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS). The leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus had agreed to the [[Belovezha Accords]] on 8 December 1991, declaring the Soviet Union [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolved]] and forming the CIS.  On 21 December 1991, [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Belarus]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Moldova]], [[Russia]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Ukraine]], and [[Uzbekistan]] agreed to the Alma-Ata Protocols, formally establishing the CIS.  The latter agreement included the original three Belavezha signatories, as well as eight additional former Soviet republics. [[Republic of Georgia|Georgia]] was the only former republic that did not participate while [[Lithuania]], [[Latvia]] and [[Estonia]] refused to do so as according to their governments, the Baltic states were illegally incorporated into the USSR in 1940.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/belarus/by_appnc.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010122033300/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/belarus/by_appnc.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 22 January 2001|title = THE ALMA-ATA DECLARATION|website = Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Belarus / Appendix C|publisher = Library of Congress}}</ref>
 The protocols consisted of a declaration, three agreements and separate appendices.  In addition, Marshal [[Yevgeny Shaposhnikov]] was confirmed as acting Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Separate treaty was signed between Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine "About mutual measures in regards to nuclear weapons".<ref>[https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/998_086 (Угода про спільні заходи щодо ядерної зброї)]. [[Verkhovna Rada]]. 21 December 1991</ref>
+The Alma-Ata Protocols removed any doubt that the Soviet Union no longer existed "as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality" (in the words of the Belovezha Accords' preamble), since 11 of the 12 remaining republics had declared that the Soviet Union had dissolved. The signatories preemptively accepted the resignation of [[President of the Soviet Union|Soviet President]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], who told [[CBS News]] that he would resign when he saw the CIS was a reality.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Clines |first=Francis X. |date=1991-12-22 |title=11 Soviet States Form Commonwealth Without Clearly Defining Its Powers |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/world/end-soviet-union-11-soviet-states-form-commonwealth-without-clearly-defining-its.html}}</ref> Gorbachev resigned on 25 December, and the [[Soviet of Nationalities|Soviet of the Republics]] of the [[Supreme Soviet of the USSR]] voted the Soviet Union out of existence on 26 December.
 ==Agreement on Councils of Heads of State and Government==