Bara, Syria: Difference between revisions
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The settlement was established in the fourth century at an important trade route between [[Antioch]] and [[Apamea (Syria)|Apamea]]. Due to good location and excellent conditions to produce wine and [[olive oil]], it flourished in the 5th and 6th centuries; this was aided by the plentiful underground water in the area.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ross. |first=Burns, |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/701061115 |title=The monuments of Syria : a guide |date=2009 |publisher=I.B .Tauris |isbn=978-0-85771-489-3 |oclc=701061115}}</ref> Agricultural development accelerated from the 5th century, with peasants digging to access underground springs rather than relying on waterfalls, the appearance of a network of wells and canals across the region, the cutting of private reservoirs in courtyards to collect rainwater, and the digging of large communal reservoirs.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=...) |first=Kanjou, Youssef. Tsuneki, Akira, (1954- |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/967777503 |title=A history of Syria in one hundred sites |date=2016 |publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-1-78491-381-6 |oclc=967777503}}</ref> |
The settlement was established in the fourth century at an important trade route between [[Antioch]] and [[Apamea (Syria)|Apamea]]. Due to good location and excellent conditions to produce wine and [[olive oil]], it flourished in the 5th and 6th centuries; this was aided by the plentiful underground water in the area.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ross. |first=Burns, |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/701061115 |title=The monuments of Syria : a guide |date=2009 |publisher=I.B .Tauris |isbn=978-0-85771-489-3 |oclc=701061115}}</ref> Agricultural development accelerated from the 5th century, with peasants digging to access underground springs rather than relying on waterfalls, the appearance of a network of wells and canals across the region, the cutting of private reservoirs in courtyards to collect rainwater, and the digging of large communal reservoirs.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=...) |first=Kanjou, Youssef. Tsuneki, Akira, (1954- |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/967777503 |title=A history of Syria in one hundred sites |date=2016 |publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-1-78491-381-6 |oclc=967777503}}</ref> |
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The site’s affluence is demonstrated by well-decorated stonework, industrial-scale olive presses and a small number of decorated monumental tombs from the 6th century. The settlement is one of the only mountain sites of the Dead Cities with more than a dozen hearths.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Georges. |first=Tchalenko, |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/163449364 |title=Villages antiques de la Syrie du Nord : le massif du Bélus à l'époque Romaine |date= |
The site’s affluence is demonstrated by well-decorated stonework, industrial-scale olive presses and a small number of decorated monumental tombs from the 6th century. The settlement is one of the only mountain sites of the Dead Cities with more than a dozen hearths.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Georges. |first=Tchalenko, |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/163449364 |title=Villages antiques de la Syrie du Nord : le massif du Bélus à l'époque Romaine |date=1958 |publisher=Geuthner |oclc=163449364}}</ref> A series of ruined monasteries are close to the southern edge of the site, with Deir Sobat in good condition and Deir Debbane and al-Deir in a poorer state of repair.<ref name=":0" /> Church E5, in the centre of the complex, is particularly richly decorated, with the church layout and mosaic representations similar to those of nearby [[Apamea, Syria|Apamea]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jean-Pascal. |first=Fourdrin, |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1136129551 |title=Eglise E.5 d'El Bara |oclc=1136129551}}</ref> |
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At the height of the [[Byzantine Empire]]’s power, the emperors increased their control over sites like Bara, strategically positioned to both protect mountain access and survey the more contested plains to the east.<ref name=":2" /> When [[Muslim conquest of the Levant|Muslims conquered the region]] and trading routes were disrupted and other Dead Cities were abandoned, Bara remained inhabited, most inhabitants remained Christians, and the town even became a seat of a bishopric subordinate of Antioch under [[Peter I of Narbonne|Peter of Narbonne]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Westervelt|first1=Eric|title=Al Bara And Serjilla: A Taste of Syria's 'Dead Cities'|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=95939710|date=22 October 2008|publisher=npr.org|access-date=2 March 2018}}</ref> The centre of the town was excavated in 2007-2010, revealing a large mosque identified thanks to its fully preserved ''[[mihrab]]''. The excavation also uncovered a bath complex which had undergone four distinct phases of occupation: the construction of late [[Thermae|Roman thermal baths]], the conversion to ''[[Hammam|hammams]]'' during the early Islamic period, their abandonment during the 11th century, and their conversion to housing during the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk period]].<ref name=":1" /> |
At the height of the [[Byzantine Empire]]’s power, the emperors increased their control over sites like Bara, strategically positioned to both protect mountain access and survey the more contested plains to the east.<ref name=":2" /> When [[Muslim conquest of the Levant|Muslims conquered the region]] and trading routes were disrupted and other Dead Cities were abandoned, Bara remained inhabited, most inhabitants remained Christians, and the town even became a seat of a bishopric subordinate of Antioch under [[Peter I of Narbonne|Peter of Narbonne]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Westervelt|first1=Eric|title=Al Bara And Serjilla: A Taste of Syria's 'Dead Cities'|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=95939710|date=22 October 2008|publisher=npr.org|access-date=2 March 2018}}</ref> The centre of the town was excavated in 2007-2010, revealing a large mosque identified thanks to its fully preserved ''[[mihrab]]''. The excavation also uncovered a bath complex which had undergone four distinct phases of occupation: the construction of late [[Thermae|Roman thermal baths]], the conversion to ''[[Hammam|hammams]]'' during the early Islamic period, their abandonment during the 11th century, and their conversion to housing during the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk period]].<ref name=":1" /> |
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Revision as of 19:57, 16 March 2023
بارة | |
 Ruins of Bara | |
  Shown within Syria | |
| Location | Idlib Governorate, Syria |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 35°40′59″N 36°31′59″E / 35.683°N 36.533°E |
| Type | settlement |
| Part of | Dead Cities |
| History | |
| Founded | 4th century AD |
| Abandoned | 12th century AD |
| Cultures | Byzantine |
| Site notes | |
| Condition | Ruins |
| Ownership | Public |
| Public access | Yes |
Al-Bara
البارة | |
|---|---|
Village | |
| Country |  Syria |
| Governorate | Idlib Governorate |
| District | Ariha District |
| Nahiyah | Ihsim |
| Occupation | |
| Population (2004 census)[1] | |
• Total | 10,353 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
Bara or al-Bara (Template:Lang-ar) is one of the former "Dead Cities" in northwestern Syria. It is located in the Zawiya Mountain approximately 65 kilometres (40 mi) north from Hama and approx. 80 km southwest from Aleppo. Al-Bara is also a town in Ariha district. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), al-Bara had a population of 10,353 in the 2004 census.[1]
History
The settlement was established in the fourth century at an important trade route between Antioch and Apamea. Due to good location and excellent conditions to produce wine and olive oil, it flourished in the 5th and 6th centuries; this was aided by the plentiful underground water in the area.[2] Agricultural development accelerated from the 5th century, with peasants digging to access underground springs rather than relying on waterfalls, the appearance of a network of wells and canals across the region, the cutting of private reservoirs in courtyards to collect rainwater, and the digging of large communal reservoirs.[3]
The site’s affluence is demonstrated by well-decorated stonework, industrial-scale olive presses and a small number of decorated monumental tombs from the 6th century. The settlement is one of the only mountain sites of the Dead Cities with more than a dozen hearths.[4] A series of ruined monasteries are close to the southern edge of the site, with Deir Sobat in good condition and Deir Debbane and al-Deir in a poorer state of repair.[2] Church E5, in the centre of the complex, is particularly richly decorated, with the church layout and mosaic representations similar to those of nearby Apamea.[5]
At the height of the Byzantine Empire’s power, the emperors increased their control over sites like Bara, strategically positioned to both protect mountain access and survey the more contested plains to the east.[4] When Muslims conquered the region and trading routes were disrupted and other Dead Cities were abandoned, Bara remained inhabited, most inhabitants remained Christians, and the town even became a seat of a bishopric subordinate of Antioch under Peter of Narbonne.[6] The centre of the town was excavated in 2007-2010, revealing a large mosque identified thanks to its fully preserved mihrab. The excavation also uncovered a bath complex which had undergone four distinct phases of occupation: the construction of late Roman thermal baths, the conversion to hammams during the early Islamic period, their abandonment during the 11th century, and their conversion to housing during the Mamluk period.[3]
In 1098, Al-Bara was conquered by crusaders (from there they later set off to the infamous cannibalistic massacre of Ma`arat al-Numan) led by Raymond de Saint-Gilles. The town was taken by Ridwan in 1104 and retaken by Tancred a year later. However, it was retaken by Muslims from 1119 to 1122. In 1123, the town was reconquered by Belek Ghazi who built a small fortress. By 1130, it was retaken by the crusaders of Antioch until it was finally controlled by Nur ad-Din in 1148.[7] Later in the 12th century, after a severe earthquake, the town was abandoned.
Later, in the beginning of the 20th century, a modern village of the same name arose near the site of the ancient town and till today it has grown to the size of a small town.
Al-Bara's ruins are the most extensive of all Dead Cities and are scattered among fields, olive groves and orchards. Due to its long continuous inhabitation, the ruins are also some of the most varied of the Dead Cities.[2] Among many others, one can distinguish remains of at least five churches, three monasteries, several villas, two pyramidal tombs and one underground tomb.
References
- ^ a b General Census of Population and Housing 2004 Archived 1 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). Idlib Governorate. (in Arabic)
- ^ a b c Ross., Burns, (2009). The monuments of Syria : a guide. I.B .Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85771-489-3. OCLC 701061115.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b ...), Kanjou, Youssef. Tsuneki, Akira, (1954- (2016). A history of Syria in one hundred sites. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78491-381-6. OCLC 967777503.
{{cite book}}:|last=has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Georges., Tchalenko, (1958). Villages antiques de la Syrie du Nord : le massif du Bélus à l'époque Romaine. Geuthner. OCLC 163449364.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Jean-Pascal., Fourdrin,. Eglise E.5 d'El Bara. OCLC 1136129551.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Westervelt, Eric (22 October 2008). "Al Bara And Serjilla: A Taste of Syria's 'Dead Cities'". npr.org. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ Edmond Pottier; René Dussaud; Gaston Migeon (1948). Syria, Volume 25 (in French). High Commission of the French Republic in Syria and Lebanon, French Institute of Archaeology in Beirut. p. 106.
External links
Media related to Al-Bara at Wikimedia Commons- Simeon Citadel and Dead Cities, Suggestion to have al-Bara recognized as a UNESCO world heritage site, in 2006, as part of "Simeon Citadel and Dead Cities"-project.
- Syria Gate
- MiddleEast.com
- Tens of pictures of this dead city
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