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'''Mukhalingam''', also known as '''Srimukhalingam''' or '''Mukhalinga''' is a village panchayat in [[Jalumuru]] mandal of [[Srikakulam district]] in indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. Mukhalingam is derived from an [[Odia language|Odia]] word ''Moohalinga'' which is the corrupt form of "Madhukalinga" or "Mahulalinga", a linga formed by madhuka/Mahula in odia (Honey plant) tree.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=HULTZSCH |editor1-first=E. |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol 4 |location=CALCUTTA |page=188 |url=https://archive.org/details/EpigraphiaIndicaVol4/page/n242/mode/1up |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref> Before 1936 it was under undivided [[Ganjam District]]. It was the erstwhile capital of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]] dynasty, and later the capital of Khemundi Gangas of [[Paralakhemundi Estate]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahapatra |first=Purnachandra |title=Paralakhemundi Itihasa |publisher=Siddhanta |year=2010 |series=Paralakhemundi Itihasa |volume=1|location=Paralakhemundi, Odisha |chapter=No 5-29 -Kalingara Rajadhani katakaku Sthanantarana parabarti abasthare khemundi o Kalinga Nagara |author-link=Purnachandra Mahapatra}}</ref> It is home to a group of three Śiva temples - Madhukeswara, Someswara, Bhimeswara - which have been variously dated by historians from late eighth century to early eleventh century CE.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Murthy|first=K. Krishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SxnfNSalih4C&dq=mukhalingam&pg=PA65|title=Glimpses of Art, Architecture, and Buddhist Literature in Ancient India|date=1987|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-226-0|pages=71|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Davidson|first=Ronald M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_VquVQvnBwC&dq=mukhalingam&pg=PA342|title=Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement|date=2004|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1991-7|pages=342|language=en}}</ref> The village is located on the left bank of [[Vamsadhara River|Vamsadhara]] river at a distance of 31&nbsp;km from [[Paralakhemundi]] town and 48&nbsp;km from [[Srikakulam]] town. The main temple of Sri mukhalingam was built by [[Eastern Ganga Dynasty]] King '''Kamaranava deva II''', great grand father of [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]] Deva of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]].Later in 17th century Maharaja of [[Paralakhemundi Estate]] Renovated this temple.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajguru |first=Padmashri Dr. Satyanarayana |title= Odisha Ra Sanskrutika Itihasa |publisher=Orissa Sahitya Akademi|year=1986|series= Odisha Ra Sanskrutika Itihasa |volume=4 |location=Cuttack, Odisha |pages=148 |chapter=No 3 - Ganga o Gajapati Shashanare Samaja Sikhya Dharma kala o Sanskruti |author-link=Satyanarayana Rajguru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Donaldson |first=Thomas E. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12709005 |title=Hindu temple art of Orissa |date=1985-1987 |publisher=New York |isbn=90-04-07173-3 |location=Leiden |pages=143 |oclc=12709005}}</ref>
'''Mukhalingam''', also known as '''Srimukhalingam''' or '''Mukhalinga''' is a village panchayat in [[Jalumuru]] mandal of [[Srikakulam district]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The village is located on the left bank of [[Vamsadhara River|Vamsadhara]] river at a distance of 31&nbsp;km from [[Paralakhemundi]] town and 48&nbsp;km from [[Srikakulam]] town. Mukhalingam is home to a group of three Śiva temples - Madhukeswara, Someswara, Bhimeswara - which have been variously dated by historians from late eighth century to early eleventh century CE.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Murthy |first=K. Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SxnfNSalih4C&dq=mukhalingam&pg=PA65 |title=Glimpses of Art, Architecture, and Buddhist Literature in Ancient India |date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-226-0 |pages=71 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Davidson |first=Ronald M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_VquVQvnBwC&dq=mukhalingam&pg=PA342 |title=Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement |date=2004 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1991-7 |pages=342 |language=en}}</ref>

Mukhalingam was the erstwhile capital of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]] dynasty, and later the capital of Khemundi Gangas of [[Paralakhemundi Estate]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahapatra |first=Purnachandra |title=Paralakhemundi Itihasa |publisher=Siddhanta |year=2010 |series=Paralakhemundi Itihasa |volume=1|location=Paralakhemundi, Odisha |chapter=No 5-29 -Kalingara Rajadhani katakaku Sthanantarana parabarti abasthare khemundi o Kalinga Nagara |author-link=Purnachandra Mahapatra}}</ref> The main temple of Sri Mukhalingam was built by [[Eastern Ganga Dynasty]] King Kamaranava Deva II, great-grand father of [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]] Deva of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]]. Later in 17th century Maharaja of [[Paralakhemundi Estate]] renovated this temple.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajguru |first=Padmashri Dr. Satyanarayana |title= Odisha Ra Sanskrutika Itihasa |publisher=Orissa Sahitya Akademi|year=1986|series= Odisha Ra Sanskrutika Itihasa |volume=4 |location=Cuttack, Odisha |pages=148 |chapter=No 3 - Ganga o Gajapati Shashanare Samaja Sikhya Dharma kala o Sanskruti |author-link=Satyanarayana Rajguru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Donaldson |first=Thomas E. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12709005 |title=Hindu temple art of Orissa |date=1985-1987 |publisher=New York |isbn=90-04-07173-3 |location=Leiden |pages=143 |oclc=12709005}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Various views by have been put forward for the origin of the name Mukhalingam. One view states that the [[Lingam|linga]] at the Madhukeswara shrine is a faceted one and therefore the shrine and the town were termed as [[Mukhalinga]] with "Mukha" meaning face in [[Sanskrit]]/[[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Murthy |first=K. Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SxnfNSalih4C&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA65&dq=Mukhalingam+word&hl=en |title=Glimpses of Art, Architecture, and Buddhist Literature in Ancient India |date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-226-0 |pages=65 |language=en}}</ref> It as also been posited that "Mukhalingam" is derived from "Mudu-Kalingam" which is the Telugu translation of the Sanskrit word "Tri-kalinga".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastry |first=Putcha Vasudeva Parabrahma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvPZAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=Mukhalingam+Mudu+Kalingam&q=Mukhalingam+Mudu+Kalingam&hl=en |title=Rural Studies in Early Andhra |date=1996 |publisher=V.R. Publication |pages=20 |language=en |author-link=P. V. Parabrahma Sastry}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Mukhalingam was the main city in the region of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], also known in the ancient period as Tri-Kalinga because it was divided into three regions.<ref name=":2" /> Another view states that "Mukhalingam" is a corruption of "Mohalingam", which is the [[Odia language|Odia]]/[[Prakrit]] form of "Madhu[ka]linga".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/EpigraphiaIndicaVol4/page/n242/mode/1up |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol 4 |editor1-last=Hultzsch |editor1-first=E. |location=Calcutta |page=188 |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
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== Transportation ==
== Transportation ==


[[Srimukhalingam]] is well Connected by road ways. Andhrapradesh State Highway 106<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jarjangi Pindruvada Rd - Google Search|url=https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=APq-WBtTMTXyZw50OOyN7UvtI1G2L7uqFQ:1645871529804&q=Jarjangi+Pindruvada+Rd&ludocid=7993193475640551717&gsas=1&client=ms-android-samsung-gj-rev1&lsig=AB86z5XNEHmriZGwTgm3BVhDOa5S&kgs=3125c6d31427d2e7&shndl=-1&source=sh/x/kp/local/2&entrypoint=sh/x/kp/local|access-date=2022-02-26|website=www.google.com}}</ref> passes through Srimukhalingam village.
Srimukhalingam is well connected by road ways. Andhra Pradesh State Highway 106 passes through Srimukhalingam village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jarjangi Pindruvada Rd - Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=APq-WBtTMTXyZw50OOyN7UvtI1G2L7uqFQ:1645871529804&q=Jarjangi+Pindruvada+Rd&ludocid=7993193475640551717&gsas=1&client=ms-android-samsung-gj-rev1&lsig=AB86z5XNEHmriZGwTgm3BVhDOa5S&kgs=3125c6d31427d2e7&shndl=-1&source=sh/x/kp/local/2&entrypoint=sh/x/kp/local |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=www.google.com}}</ref>

The village is also very near to [[Paralakhemundi]] town , district Headquarter of [[Gajapati District]] of [[Odisha]] state. Auto , taxi, bus , cabs facilities are there from the town.


[[APSRTC]] operates Several buses from [[srikakulam]] bus stand to [[Srimukhalingam]] village. Many of Autos , Taxis and cabs are also available from [[Challavanipeta]] village to Srimukhalingam village.
[[APSRTC]] operates several buses from [[Srikakulam]] bus stand to [[Srimukhalingam]] village. Many of autos, taxis and cabs are also available from [[Challavanipeta]] village to Srimukhalingam village. The village is also very near to [[Paralakhemundi]] town, district Headquarter of [[Gajapati District]] of [[Odisha]] state. Auto, taxi, bus, cabs facilities are there from the town.


[[Andhrapradesh]] SH106 Connects [[Jarjangi]], [[Challavanipeta]], [[Jalumuru]], Budithi , komanapalli and Pindruvada villages with Sri mukhalingam village.
Andhra Pradesh SH106 Connects [[Jarjangi]], [[Challavanipeta]], [[Jalumuru]], Budithi, Komanapalli and Pindruvada villages with Sri Mukhalingam village.


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
Line 78: Line 81:


== Culture ==
== Culture ==
The dating of the temples has been contested among historians. The temples have been variously dated from late eighth century to eleventh century CE.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last = Linda|first = Mary F.|date = 1990-01-01|title = Nārāyaṇapuram: A Tenth Century Site in Kaliṅga|jstor = 3250071|journal = Artibus Asiae|volume = 50|issue = 3/4|pages = 232–262|doi = 10.2307/3250071}}</ref> The earliest among them was constructed in the late eighth or early ninth century and the latest one dates to early eleventh century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kapoor|first=Subodh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncL8Ve9FqNwC&dq=mukhalingam&pg=PA4967|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Meya-National Congress|date=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-273-7|pages=4967|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kumari|first=M. Krishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B5SaAGpGNbAC&dq=mukhalingam&pg=PA147|title=Social and Cultural Life in Medieval Andhra|date=1990|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-102-3|pages=151|language=en}}</ref> Every year famous Chakratirtha Snana (holy bath) is taken by pilgrims. Lakhs of pilgrims visit from Odisha and Andhra Pradesh on the auspicious day to take the holy bath and take blessings of Lord Shiva. The tample's first daily avisheka happens on the name of present [[Eastern Ganga Dynasty]] ruler of [[Paralakhemundi Estate]] as Dharmakata of the temple.
The dating of the temples has been contested among historians. The temples have been variously dated from late eighth century to eleventh century CE.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last = Linda|first = Mary F.|date = 1990-01-01|title = Nārāyaṇapuram: A Tenth Century Site in Kaliṅga|jstor = 3250071|journal = Artibus Asiae|volume = 50|issue = 3/4|pages = 232–262|doi = 10.2307/3250071}}</ref> The earliest among them was constructed in the late eighth or early ninth century and the latest one dates to early eleventh century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kapoor|first=Subodh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncL8Ve9FqNwC&dq=mukhalingam&pg=PA4967|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Meya-National Congress|date=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-273-7|pages=4967|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kumari|first=M. Krishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B5SaAGpGNbAC&dq=mukhalingam&pg=PA147|title=Social and Cultural Life in Medieval Andhra|date=1990|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-102-3|pages=151|language=en}}</ref> Every year famous Chakratirtha Snana (holy bath) is taken by pilgrims. Lakhs of pilgrims visit from Odisha and Andhra Pradesh on the auspicious day to take the holy bath and take blessings of Lord Shiva. Before 1936 it was under undivided [[Ganjam District]].


== Gallery ==
== Gallery ==

Revision as of 11:29, 24 March 2023

For a Hindu icon related to the linga, see Mukhalinga.

Mukhalingam
Srimukhalingam
Village
Srimukhalingam temple
Srimukhalingam temple
Mukhalingam is located in Andhra Pradesh
Mukhalingam
Mukhalingam
Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
Mukhalingam is located in India
Mukhalingam
Mukhalingam
Mukhalingam (India)
Coordinates: 18°36′00″N 83°58′00″E / 18.6000°N 83.9667°E / 18.6000; 83.9667
Country India
StateAndhra Pradesh
DistrictSrikakulam
TalukasJalumuru
Population
 • Total
3,204
Languages
 • OfficialTelugu
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
532428
Vehicle RegistrationAP30 (Former)
AP39 (from 30 January 2019)[1]

Mukhalingam, also known as Srimukhalingam or Mukhalinga is a village panchayat in Jalumuru mandal of Srikakulam district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The village is located on the left bank of Vamsadhara river at a distance of 31 km from Paralakhemundi town and 48 km from Srikakulam town. Mukhalingam is home to a group of three Śiva temples - Madhukeswara, Someswara, Bhimeswara - which have been variously dated by historians from late eighth century to early eleventh century CE.[2][3]

Mukhalingam was the erstwhile capital of the Eastern Ganga dynasty, and later the capital of Khemundi Gangas of Paralakhemundi Estate.[4] The main temple of Sri Mukhalingam was built by Eastern Ganga Dynasty King Kamaranava Deva II, great-grand father of Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva of Kalinga. Later in 17th century Maharaja of Paralakhemundi Estate renovated this temple.[5][6]

Etymology

Various views by have been put forward for the origin of the name Mukhalingam. One view states that the linga at the Madhukeswara shrine is a faceted one and therefore the shrine and the town were termed as Mukhalinga with "Mukha" meaning face in Sanskrit/Telugu.[7] It as also been posited that "Mukhalingam" is derived from "Mudu-Kalingam" which is the Telugu translation of the Sanskrit word "Tri-kalinga".[8][7] Mukhalingam was the main city in the region of Kalinga, also known in the ancient period as Tri-Kalinga because it was divided into three regions.[7] Another view states that "Mukhalingam" is a corruption of "Mohalingam", which is the Odia/Prakrit form of "Madhu[ka]linga".[9]

Geography

Mukhalingam is located at 18°35′39″N 83°57′49″E / 18.5943°N 83.9635°E / 18.5943; 83.9635.[10] It has an average elevation of 28 metres (92 ft).

Transportation

Srimukhalingam is well connected by road ways. Andhra Pradesh State Highway 106 passes through Srimukhalingam village.[11]

APSRTC operates several buses from Srikakulam bus stand to Srimukhalingam village. Many of autos, taxis and cabs are also available from Challavanipeta village to Srimukhalingam village. The village is also very near to Paralakhemundi town, district Headquarter of Gajapati District of Odisha state. Auto, taxi, bus, cabs facilities are there from the town.

Andhra Pradesh SH106 Connects Jarjangi, Challavanipeta, Jalumuru, Budithi, Komanapalli and Pindruvada villages with Sri Mukhalingam village.

Demographics

According to the 2011 Census of India, the demographic details of Mukhalingam are as follows:[12]

  • Total Population: 3,022 in 837 Households
  • Male Population: 1,504 and Female Population: 1,518
  • Children under six years of age: 265 (Boys - 139 and Girls - 126)
  • Literacy rate: 63.58%

Culture

The dating of the temples has been contested among historians. The temples have been variously dated from late eighth century to eleventh century CE.[2][3][13] The earliest among them was constructed in the late eighth or early ninth century and the latest one dates to early eleventh century.[14][15] Every year famous Chakratirtha Snana (holy bath) is taken by pilgrims. Lakhs of pilgrims visit from Odisha and Andhra Pradesh on the auspicious day to take the holy bath and take blessings of Lord Shiva. Before 1936 it was under undivided Ganjam District.

  • A relief of Trimurti on a dome at Sri Mukhalingam temple complex
    A relief of Trimurti on a dome at Sri Mukhalingam temple complex
  • View of a dome at Sri Mukhalingam Temple complex
    View of a dome at Sri Mukhalingam Temple complex
  • A relief carved out on walls for a drain at Sri Mukhalingam
    A relief carved out on walls for a drain at Sri Mukhalingam
  • A Temple in Sri Mukhalingam temple complex
    A Temple in Sri Mukhalingam temple complex

References

  1. ^ "New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched". The New Indian Express. Vijayawada. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  2. ^ a b Murthy, K. Krishna (1987). Glimpses of Art, Architecture, and Buddhist Literature in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. p. 71. ISBN 978-81-7017-226-0.
  3. ^ a b Davidson, Ronald M. (2004). Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 342. ISBN 978-81-208-1991-7.
  4. ^ Mahapatra, Purnachandra (2010). "No 5-29 -Kalingara Rajadhani katakaku Sthanantarana parabarti abasthare khemundi o Kalinga Nagara". Paralakhemundi Itihasa. Paralakhemundi Itihasa. Vol. 1. Paralakhemundi, Odisha: Siddhanta.
  5. ^ Rajguru, Padmashri Dr. Satyanarayana (1986). "No 3 - Ganga o Gajapati Shashanare Samaja Sikhya Dharma kala o Sanskruti". Odisha Ra Sanskrutika Itihasa. Odisha Ra Sanskrutika Itihasa. Vol. 4. Cuttack, Odisha: Orissa Sahitya Akademi. p. 148.
  6. ^ Donaldson, Thomas E. (1985–1987). Hindu temple art of Orissa. Leiden: New York. p. 143. ISBN 90-04-07173-3. OCLC 12709005.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  7. ^ a b c Murthy, K. Krishna (1987). Glimpses of Art, Architecture, and Buddhist Literature in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. p. 65. ISBN 978-81-7017-226-0.
  8. ^ Sastry, Putcha Vasudeva Parabrahma (1996). Rural Studies in Early Andhra. V.R. Publication. p. 20.
  9. ^ Hultzsch, E. (ed.). Epigraphia Indica Vol 4. Calcutta. p. 188. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  10. ^ "Maps, Weather, and Airports for Mukhalingam, India". www.fallingrain.com. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  11. ^ "Jarjangi Pindruvada Rd - Google Search". www.google.com. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  12. ^ "Mukhalingam Village Population - Jalumuru - Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh". www.census2011.co.in. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  13. ^ Linda, Mary F. (1 January 1990). "Nārāyaṇapuram: A Tenth Century Site in Kaliṅga". Artibus Asiae. 50 (3/4): 232–262. doi:10.2307/3250071. JSTOR 3250071.
  14. ^ Kapoor, Subodh (2002). The Indian Encyclopaedia: Meya-National Congress. Cosmo Publications. p. 4967. ISBN 978-81-7755-273-7.
  15. ^ Kumari, M. Krishna (1990). Social and Cultural Life in Medieval Andhra. Discovery Publishing House. p. 151. ISBN 978-81-7141-102-3.
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