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==Life==
==Life==
===Family===
===Family===
⚫
[[File:Coat of arms Cornelis Bicker van Swieten.jpg|thumb|160px|left|Coat of arms Cornelis Bicker]]

Born in Amsterdam, Cornelis Bicker was a member of that city's [[Bicker family]] - along with their allies the [[De Graeff]] family, they controlled Amsterdam's city government and the province of Holland for half a century. Both families were powerful and influential between the earlier 17th century and the [[Rampjaar]] 1672 during the height of the Republic's power.<ref>{{in lang|nl}} [http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/molh003nieu10_01/molh003nieu10_01_0113.htm Biography of Andries Bicker on DBNL]</ref>
Born in Amsterdam, Cornelis Bicker was a member of that city's [[Bicker family]] - along with their allies the [[De Graeff]] family, they controlled Amsterdam's city government and the province of Holland for half a century. Both families were powerful and influential between the earlier 17th century and the [[Rampjaar]] 1672 during the height of the Republic's power.<ref>{{in lang|nl}} [http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/molh003nieu10_01/molh003nieu10_01_0113.htm Biography of Andries Bicker on DBNL]</ref>


Line 17: Line 15:
# Maria Bicker van Swieten (1629–1653), ⚭ with Gerbrand Ornia
# Maria Bicker van Swieten (1629–1653), ⚭ with Gerbrand Ornia
# [[Gerard Bicker (I) van Swieten]] (1632–1716), Rekenmeester van Holland en West-Friesland ⚭ I) with his grand cousin Alida van Papenbroek (1633–1656); II) with his cousin Cornelia Bicker (1638–1665); III) with Jkvr. Catherine van Sypesteyn (1629–1709)
# [[Gerard Bicker (I) van Swieten]] (1632–1716), Rekenmeester van Holland en West-Friesland ⚭ I) with his grand cousin Alida van Papenbroek (1633–1656); II) with his cousin Cornelia Bicker (1638–1665); III) with Jkvr. Catherine van Sypesteyn (1629–1709)

====Coat of arms====
⚫
[[File:Coat of arms Cornelis Bicker van Swieten.jpg|thumb|160px|Coat of arms Cornelis Bicker]]

Description:
* ''Quartered, I and IV in gold a red crossbar Van den Anxter [maternal ancestors], II and III in silver three black tillers Helmer(s) [paternal ancestors] placed one above the other, A half-sighted helmet, wrinkled silver and red, tarpaulins red and gold, helmet sign an emerging beard man of natural color on a silver pedestal, dressed in old red clothes, gold knotted and decorated and with an old-fashioned red cap, gold decorated, holding with the right hand at the back and with the left hand at the front a golden torch''.


===Genealogical and political Legacy===
===Genealogical and political Legacy===
[[Image:Descendants of Knight Andries Boelens (1455-1519).jpg|thumb|160px|right|Descendants of [[Andries Boelens]]. Overview of the personal family relationships of the [[Amsterdam]] [[oligarchy]] between the [[Regenten|regent]]-dynasties [[Boelens Loen]], [[De Graeff]], [[Bicker family|Bicker (van Swieten)]], [[Witsen family|Witsen]] and [[Johan de Witt]] in the [[Dutch Golden Age]]]]
[[Image:Descendants of Knight Andries Boelens (1455-1519).jpg|thumb|160px|left|Descendants of [[Andries Boelens]]. Overview of the personal family relationships of the [[Amsterdam]] [[oligarchy]] between the [[Regenten|regent]]-dynasties [[Boelens Loen]], [[De Graeff]], [[Bicker family|Bicker (van Swieten)]], [[Witsen family|Witsen]] and [[Johan de Witt]] in the [[Dutch Golden Age]]]]


Cornelis and [[Andries Bicker]], together with their cousins [[Cornelis de Graeff|Cornelis]] and [[Andries de Graeff]], saw themselves as the political heirs of the old regent family [[Boelens Loen|Boelens]], whose main lineage, which had remained catholic, had died out in the male line in 1647. They had received the very significant first names ''Andries'' and ''Cornelis'' from their Boelens ancestors. As in a real dynasty, members of the two families frequently intermarried in the 17th century in order to keep their political and commercial capital together. Its great historical ancestor was [[Andries Boelens]] (1455-1519), the city's most influential medieval mayor. Both families, Bicker and [[De Graeff]], descend in the female line from Boelens. He was allowed to hold the highest office in Amsterdam fifteen times.<ref>[https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_zev001199001_01/_zev001199001_01_0018.php#401 DBNL, Amsterdamse burgemeesters zonder stamboom. De dichter Vondel en de schilder Colijns vervalsen geschiedenis, by S.A.C. Dudok van Heel, p 147 (1990)]</ref>
Cornelis and [[Andries Bicker]], together with their cousins [[Cornelis de Graeff|Cornelis]] and [[Andries de Graeff]], saw themselves as the political heirs of the old regent family [[Boelens Loen|Boelens]], whose main lineage, which had remained catholic, had died out in the male line in 1647. They had received the very significant first names ''Andries'' and ''Cornelis'' from their Boelens ancestors. As in a real dynasty, members of the two families frequently intermarried in the 17th century in order to keep their political and commercial capital together. Its great historical ancestor was [[Andries Boelens]] (1455-1519), the city's most influential medieval mayor. Both families, Bicker and [[De Graeff]], descend in the female line from Boelens. He was allowed to hold the highest office in Amsterdam fifteen times.<ref>[https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_zev001199001_01/_zev001199001_01_0018.php#401 DBNL, Amsterdamse burgemeesters zonder stamboom. De dichter Vondel en de schilder Colijns vervalsen geschiedenis, by S.A.C. Dudok van Heel, p 147 (1990)]</ref>


===Career===
===Career===
[[File:Abraham Rademaker 002.jpg|thumb|left|180px|The old town hall by [[Abraham Rademaker]]]]

In 1617 Cornelis Bicker and his wife settled at [[Singel]] 130 in Amsterdam, in a building which his family only sold in 1767. In 1622 he became governor of the [[Dutch West India Company]] and also held several directorships, such as of the [[Bank of Amsterdam|Wisselbank]].<ref name="Elias"/> In 1628 he became a [[schepen]]. In 1632 he bought the Swieten estate and manorhouse from Hugo Cuyk van Mierop - from these he later derived his title.<ref>{{in lang|nl}} [https://archive.today/20120530183048/http://www.oudzoeterwoude.nl/website/index.php/kasteel-zwieten-te-zoeterwoude-gesch.html Het kasteel Zwieten te Zoeterwoude]</ref><ref>{{in lang|nl}} [http://www.mathieuinwonderland.nl/nl_master.html?http://www.mathieuinwonderland.nl/kasteel_zwieten/nl_kasteel_zwieten.html Het Kasteel Swieten]</ref> In 1634 he was appointed a captain in the [[schutterij]] (militia guard). He was [[list of mayors of Amsterdam|burgomaster of Amsterdam]] in 1646, 1650 and 1654. In 1647 he became a deputy for [[East Friesland]] at the States General.<ref name="Elias"/>
In 1617 Cornelis Bicker and his wife settled at [[Singel]] 130 in Amsterdam, in a building which his family only sold in 1767. In 1622 he became governor of the [[Dutch West India Company]] and also held several directorships, such as of the [[Bank of Amsterdam|Wisselbank]].<ref name="Elias"/> In 1628 he became a [[schepen]]. In 1632 he bought the Swieten estate and manorhouse from Hugo Cuyk van Mierop - from these he later derived his title.<ref>{{in lang|nl}} [https://archive.today/20120530183048/http://www.oudzoeterwoude.nl/website/index.php/kasteel-zwieten-te-zoeterwoude-gesch.html Het kasteel Zwieten te Zoeterwoude]</ref><ref>{{in lang|nl}} [http://www.mathieuinwonderland.nl/nl_master.html?http://www.mathieuinwonderland.nl/kasteel_zwieten/nl_kasteel_zwieten.html Het Kasteel Swieten]</ref> In 1634 he was appointed a captain in the [[schutterij]] (militia guard). He was [[list of mayors of Amsterdam|burgomaster of Amsterdam]] in 1646, 1650 and 1654. In 1647 he became a deputy for [[East Friesland]] at the States General.<ref name="Elias"/>


Revision as of 10:38, 29 March 2023

Bicker, painted by Cornelis van der Voort (1618)

Cornelis Bicker van Swieten (25 October 1592 – 15 September 1654), heer (lord) van Swieten, was an Amsterdam regent of the Dutch Republic during the Golden Age and a governor of the Dutch West India Company. He was also a sugar merchant, hoogheemraad of the Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland and a counsellor of the States of Holland and West Friesland for Amsterdam at The Hague. He belonged to the Dutch States Party and was in opposition to the House of Orange.

Cornelis Bicker, together with his brother Andries Bicker and his cousin Cornelis de Graeff,[1] was one of the main initiators for a peace with Spain in the Eighty Years' War and for the participation of the Dutch provinces in the Peace of Münster.[2][3]

Life

Family

Born in Amsterdam, Cornelis Bicker was a member of that city's Bicker family - along with their allies the De Graeff family, they controlled Amsterdam's city government and the province of Holland for half a century. Both families were powerful and influential between the earlier 17th century and the Rampjaar 1672 during the height of the Republic's power.[4]

Cornelis Bicker was the son of Gerrit Bicker, merchant and in 1603 burgomaster of Amsterdam in 1603, and Aleyd Boelens Loen.[5] His brothers were Andries, Jacob and Jan Bicker. In 1617 he married Aertge Witsen (1599–1652)(1599–1652), daughter of merchant and burgomaster Gerrit Jacobsz Witsen. They had five children:[5]

  1. Margaretha Bicker van Swieten (1619–1697), ⚭ with Gerard van Hellemond and afterwards with Cornelis Geelvinck, burgomaster of Amsterdam
  2. Alida Bicker van Swieten (1620–1702), ⚭ with Lambert Reynst, burgomaster of Amsterdam
  3. Elisabeth Bicker van Swieten (1623–1656), ⚭ with her uncle and cousin Andries de Graeff, statesman, burgomaster of Amsterdam
  4. Maria Bicker van Swieten (1629–1653), ⚭ with Gerbrand Ornia
  5. Gerard Bicker (I) van Swieten (1632–1716), Rekenmeester van Holland en West-Friesland ⚭ I) with his grand cousin Alida van Papenbroek (1633–1656); II) with his cousin Cornelia Bicker (1638–1665); III) with Jkvr. Catherine van Sypesteyn (1629–1709)

Coat of arms

Coat of arms Cornelis Bicker

Description:

  • Quartered, I and IV in gold a red crossbar Van den Anxter [maternal ancestors], II and III in silver three black tillers Helmer(s) [paternal ancestors] placed one above the other, A half-sighted helmet, wrinkled silver and red, tarpaulins red and gold, helmet sign an emerging beard man of natural color on a silver pedestal, dressed in old red clothes, gold knotted and decorated and with an old-fashioned red cap, gold decorated, holding with the right hand at the back and with the left hand at the front a golden torch.

Genealogical and political Legacy

Descendants of Andries Boelens. Overview of the personal family relationships of the Amsterdam oligarchy between the regent-dynasties Boelens Loen, De Graeff, Bicker (van Swieten), Witsen and Johan de Witt in the Dutch Golden Age

Cornelis and Andries Bicker, together with their cousins Cornelis and Andries de Graeff, saw themselves as the political heirs of the old regent family Boelens, whose main lineage, which had remained catholic, had died out in the male line in 1647. They had received the very significant first names Andries and Cornelis from their Boelens ancestors. As in a real dynasty, members of the two families frequently intermarried in the 17th century in order to keep their political and commercial capital together. Its great historical ancestor was Andries Boelens (1455-1519), the city's most influential medieval mayor. Both families, Bicker and De Graeff, descend in the female line from Boelens. He was allowed to hold the highest office in Amsterdam fifteen times.[6]

Career

In 1617 Cornelis Bicker and his wife settled at Singel 130 in Amsterdam, in a building which his family only sold in 1767. In 1622 he became governor of the Dutch West India Company and also held several directorships, such as of the Wisselbank.[5] In 1628 he became a schepen. In 1632 he bought the Swieten estate and manorhouse from Hugo Cuyk van Mierop - from these he later derived his title.[7][8] In 1634 he was appointed a captain in the schutterij (militia guard). He was burgomaster of Amsterdam in 1646, 1650 and 1654. In 1647 he became a deputy for East Friesland at the States General.[5]

Cornelis Bicker was member even of the Bickerse league, which included his brothers Andries Jacob, Jan, Andries' son Gerard Bicker, and their distant cousins, the brothers Jacob Jacobsz Bicker (1612-1676; he was also the husband of Andries' daughter Alida Bicker) and Hendrick Jacobsz Bicker (1615-1651). They opposed the stadtholder Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, who intended the centralize the five admiralties, which would cause the Admiralty of Amsterdam to lose influence.[9]

During the 1640s, the republican elite of the province of Holland, the brothers Cornelis, Andries, Jacob and Jan Bicker[10] Jacob de Witt and the brothers Andries[10] and Cornelis de Graeff advocated an end to the Eighty Years' War with the Kingdom of Spain and a reduction in land forces.[11] This ongoing state of war prevented the economic growth and social development of the Republic of the United Netherlands. Also, this state of war strengthened the atadtholder's power as commander-in-chief of the armed forces, something the Republicans did not want. This intensified the conflict between them and the governor Frederick Henry of Orange and the Reformed Hollands. In 1648, due to the immense political pressure from the entire Bicker-De Graeff Clan[10] the United Netherlands entered into peace negotiations with Spain in order to end the Eighty Years' War with the Peace of Münster.[12]

Cornelis Bicker painted by Govaert Flinck in 1654

After the peace treaties and the reduction of the land forces, the political opposition to the House of Orange and in particular to the new stadtholder William II, who wanted to make the city of Amsterdam docile in 1650 by means of a coup d'etat, deepened. In May 1650 he supported a proposal that suggested military cutbacks to encourage peace efforts. On 30 July 1650 he activated the militia to defend against an attack on Amsterdam by the new stadholder William II after being warned of William's approach by a postman travelling from Hamburg to Amsterdam, who passed on the news to Bicker's nephew (via his brother, the former burgomaster Andries) Gerard Bicker, then the bailiff or drost of Muiden. Gerard set off for Amsterdam immediately and after receiving the news Cornelis and Andries raised the bridges, shut the gates and deployed artillery. The attack failed but after the attack burgomaster Cornelis de Graeff passed on a message from William II that Cornelis and Andries must resign from their posts on the town council.[5] However, they were restored to them on 22 November the same year afterwards William died shortly of smallpox.

Cornelis Bicker's last appointment as burgomaster was in 1654, when he died.[5] He was buried in Amsterdam's Oude Kerk.

In art

Bailly's portrait of Bicker's wife Aertge Witsen.

Blick commissioned a large-format portrait of himself and his family from Cornelis van der Voort in 1618. Cornelis Bicker also appears as a captain in a 1638 militia group portrait by Joachim von Sandrart, commissioned by the Kloveniersdoelen to mark the visit of Maria de Medici and now in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.[13][14] Another painting of Blick dates to 1654 and is attributed to Govert Flinck - this work was praised by Vondel.[15] His wife was also painted by David Bailly.[16]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cornelis Bicker.

References

  1. ^ Oliver Krause: Die Variabilität frühneuzeitlicher Staatlichkeit. Die niederländische „Staats“-Formierung der Statthaltosen Epoche (1650–1672) als interkontinentales Regiment (Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2018)
  2. ^ Amsterdam: a brief life of the city. By Geert Mak, Harvill Press (1999), p 123
  3. ^ Buitenplaatsen in de Gouden Eeuw: De rijkdom van het buitenleven in de Republik. By Y. Kuiper, Ben Olde Meierink, Elyze Storms-Smeets, p 71 (2015)
  4. ^ (in Dutch) Biography of Andries Bicker on DBNL
  5. ^ a b c d e f Johan Engelbert Elias, De Vroedschap van Amsterdam, 1578-1795, Deel 1, p 175
  6. ^ DBNL, Amsterdamse burgemeesters zonder stamboom. De dichter Vondel en de schilder Colijns vervalsen geschiedenis, by S.A.C. Dudok van Heel, p 147 (1990)
  7. ^ (in Dutch) Het kasteel Zwieten te Zoeterwoude
  8. ^ (in Dutch) Het Kasteel Swieten
  9. ^ Burke, P. (1974) Venice and Amsterdam. London: Temple Smith, p. 59?
  10. ^ a b c Amsterdam: a brief life of the city. By Geert Mak, Harvill Press (1999), p 123
  11. ^ Oliver Krause: Die Variabilität frühneuzeitlicher Staatlichkeit. Die niederländische „Staats“-Formierung der Statthaltosen Epoche (1650–1672) als interkontinentales Regiment (Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2018)
  12. ^ Buitenplaatsen in de Gouden Eeuw: De rijkdom van het buitenleven in de Republik. Herausgegeben von Y. Kuiper, Ben Olde Meierink, Elyze Storms-Smeets, S. 71 (2015)
  13. ^ (in Dutch) http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/aria/aria_assets/SK-C-393?lang=nl
  14. ^ Captain Bicker's company ready to receive Maria de Medici in September 1638, (ca 1638-40), by Joachim von Sandrart (Rijksmuseum Amsterdam)
  15. ^ (in Dutch)Poem by Vondel
  16. ^ (Rijksmuseum)

Bibliography

  • Jonathan I. Israel: The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall: 1477-1806. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1995, ISBN 978-0-19-820734-4
  • (in Dutch) Cornelis Bicker - Biography on DBNL
  • (in Dutch) Kernkamp, G.W. (1977) Prins Willem II 1626-1650
  • (in Dutch) P. Burke: Venetië en Amsterdam. Een onderzoek naar de elites in de zestiende eeuw. 1974
  • (in Dutch) J.E. Elias, De Vroedschap van Amsterdam 1578-1795, deel 1 (Haarlem 1903), p. 175
  • (in Dutch) Zandvliet, Kees De 250 rijksten van de Gouden Eeuw - Kapitaal, macht, familie en levensstijl (2006 Amsterdam; Nieuw Amsterdam Uitgevers)
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